ZooKeys 210: 9–17, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.210.3122
A new species of Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, 1921 from China (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) with a key to Chinese species
Jiu-Feng Wei 1,2,†, Ji-Nian Feng 2,‡
1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University
2 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China

Corresponding author: Ji-Nian Feng (jinianf@nwsuaf.edu.cn)

Academic editor: Mike Wilson

received 25 March 2012 | accepted 9 July 2012 | Published 24 July 2012


(C) 2012 Jiu-Feng Wei. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Abstract

A new species of armored scale, Pseudaulacaspis zhenyuanensis Wei & Feng, sp. n. is described and illustrated from specimens collected on Spermadictyon suaveolens in China. A key to armored scale species known from China is provided.

Keywords

Hemiptera, armored scale, taxonomy, Diaspididae, new species

Introduction

The Coccoidea is one of the four superfamilies of the monophyletic suborder Seternorrhyncha belongs to the Hemiptera (Gullan and Cook 2007), with at least 30 families and around 8000 species (Andersen 2010). The family Diaspididae is the largest family of the Coccoidea with more than 2400 dispidid species currently known (Ben-dov 2012). The higher classification within the family is uncertain but two of the major subfamilies are the Aspidiotinae and the Diaspidinae, and most species can be assigned to one or the other (Miller and Davidson 2005)

The genus Pseudaulacaspis was established by MacGillivray (1921) for Diaspis pentagona Targioni Tozzetti, 1886 was belongs to subfamily Diaspidinae. When he described it, he referred to it 9 nominal species, which are now considered to represent only 2 species. Since then, many additional species were described and added to Pseudaulacaspis by other authors (Chen 1983; Ferris 1953, 1955; Hu 1986; Takagi 1956, 1961, 1966, 1970, 1985; Tang 1986, 1988; Williams and Watson 1988; Hodgson and Lagowska 2011). This genus is large with 68 species (Hodgson and Lagowska 2011) which is a widespread and polyphaous genus infesting a large number of plant (Borchsenius 1966) and occurs in most of zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. Up until now, 32 species have been described from China.

In the present paper, a new species Pseudaulacaspis zhenyuanensis sp. n.is described and illustrated, bringing the number of recognized species in this genus to 69, of which 33 are recorded from China. And a key to species from China is included.

Materials and methods

The morphological terms for Diaspididae follow those of Henderson (2011). The illustrations of the adult female are drawn from slide-mounted specimens, which depict the dorsum on the left and venter on the right. Enlargements of important characters are shown around the edges of the main illustration. All measurements are given in micrometers (μm). Measurements were made using the measurement tools NIT-Elements D. The abbreviations L1, L2, L3 and L4 stand for median and second to fourth pygidial lobes.

All specimens are deposited in the Entomological Museum, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (NWAFU).

Taxonomy
Genus Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, 1921

http://species-id.net/wiki/Pseudaulacaspis

Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, 1921: 305. Type species: Diaspis pentagona Targioni Tozzetti, by original designation.
Generic diagnosis.

Female scale. White, suborbicular or long pyriform. Exuviae terminal. Male scale. Same colour as female scale, elongate.

Adult female. Body shape varied, fusiform, olivary or elongate; derm membraneous except for the marginal of pygidium; mesothorax, metathorax, and abdominal segments I-III produced laterally. Cephalothorax. Antennae each with a seta. Anterior spiracles each usually with a cluster of trilocular pores, posterior spiracle each associate with or without trilocular pores. Pygidium. With 2 or 3 pairs of lobes. Median lobes (L1) well-developed, much larger than lobules of lateral lobes, zygotic basally, with a distinct pair of marginal setae between lobes. In general, L1 divide into two types: bark-type, individuals occur on bark and prominent median lobes; leaf-type, those on leaves and sunken into the pygidium. Second lobes (L2) much smaller than the L1, bilobed, divided into inner lobule and outer lobule, outer lobule usually smaller than inner, in some species much reduced. Third lobes (L3) smaller than L2, bilobed or represented by serrations along the body margin in some species. Gland spines. Gland spines developed, usually single on abdominal segments VI-VIII, becoming shorter into conical on anterior segments which called gland tubercles. Ducts. Dorsum with 2-barred ducts, forming submedial and submarginal rows on abdominal and pygidium, usually as same size as marginal macroducts. Ventral microductsscattered. Anal opening. Anal opening close to the base of or situated about the centre of the pygidium. Perivulvar pores quinquelocular, in five groups.

Remarks.

This genus is very closely related to Chionaspis Signoret, 1868 and Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893 in feature of pygidial lobes and dorsal ducts present on pygidium and abdomen, but can differ from these genus: presence of a pair of setae between the median lobes in Pseudaulacaspis, but absent in Chionaspis and Aulacaspis.

Material examined.

Holotype: adult female:CHINA:Guizhou Prov., Zhenyuan County, 13. viii. 1996, Zeng (NWAFU).

Paratypes: 2 adult females: same data as the holotype (NWAFU).

Description

, n=3. Adult female. Appearance in life not recorded. Slide-mounted adult female 1755-1910 μm long (holotype 1910 μm long); 930-970 μm wide (holotype 931 μm wide), body outline fusiform, derm membranous except for pygidium. Normally widest at metathorax and abdominal segment I, lateral abdominal lobes well-developed, with large gland spines on the margin of prepygidial and pygidial segments. Cephalothorax. Antennae each with 1 long fleshy seta, distance between antennae is 111 µm. Anterior spiracle each with 12-31 trilocular pores in a cluster, posterior spiracle each with 11-17 trilocular pores. Pygidial Lobes. With 3 pairs of lobes; L1 well-developed, zygotic basally, protruding from pygidial margin, with small serrations along both margins, with a pair of setae between lobes; L2 bilobate, inner lobule rounded, much larger than outer lobule; L3 bilobate, slightly smaller than L2, inner lobule rounded, outer lobule margin serrate; L4 represented by serrations along the body margin. Gland spines. Large, arranged singly on pygidial segments VI-VIII but with 2 on segment V, 4-5 on segment IV, 5-6 on segment III, 5 on segment II, anterior spines smallest (on segment II). Gland tubercle present submarginally, with 2 on prothorax, 9-11 on mesothorax, 5-6 on metathorax, 6 on segment I. Ducts. Marginal macroducts, 2-barrel-shaped, 1 present between L1 and L2, 2 on segment VI, 1 on segment V. Dorsal macroducts on pygidium about same size as marginal macroducts, becoming slightly smaller on anterior abdomen, 2-barrel-shaped, arranged segmentally in submedian and submarginal rows; submedian: 3-6 on segment I, 4-5 on II, 4-6 on III, 7-13 on IV, 3-4 on V; submarginal: 11-14 on I, 11-12 on II, 10-11 on III, 10-11 on IV, 8-9 on V. Dorsal ducts scattered on margin of thorax, smaller than those on abdomen, 2-barrel-shaped, with 8 or 9 on prothorax, 15-17 on mesothorax, 14 or 15 on metathorax. Dorsal ducts on head as big as ventral microducts, very smaller than dorsal ducts present on thorax, scattered distribution. Ventral microductsscattered, numerous on head and with several microducts on submargin of pygidium and prothorax and submedian of abdomen, meso- and metathorax. Anal opening, small, 15-17µm in diameter, positioned 214 µm from posterior margin. Perivulvar pores in 5 groups, 31-37 in the median group, 33-44 in the anterolaterally and 45-48 in the posterolaterally.

Diagnosis.

This species is similar to Pseudaulacaspis chinensis (Cockerell, 1896) in body shape and the number of pygidial lobes, but can be distinguished by the following features (those for Pseudaulacaspis chinensis in brackets): 1) dorsal macroducts absent on abdominal segment VI (present); 2) L1 prominent the pygidium (sunken into the pygidium).

Host: Spermadictyon suaveolens.

Etymology.

The specific epithet is named after Zhenyuan, the type locality.

Distribution.

China (Guizhou).

Figures 1–8.

Pseudaulacaspis zhenyuanensis Wei & Feng, sp. n., adult female: 1 habitus 2 antennae 3 anterior spiracle 4 gland tubercles 5 detail of gland macroduct 6 detail of the duct in the head on the dorsum 7 detail of pygidium 8 pygidium.

Key to Chinese species of the genus Pseudaulacaspis

1 Trilocular pores absent near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis manni (Green & Mann, 1907)
Trilocular pores present near each anterior spiracle 2
2 Body slender, both side nearly parallel Pseudaulacaspis dendrobii Kuwana & Muramatsu, 1931
Body nonslender 3
3 Body suborbicular or oval 4
Body long ovate or furiform 8
4 Trilocular pores present near each anterior spiracle, absent near each posterior spiracle 5
Trilocular pores present near anterior spiracle and posterior spiracle 7
5 With 2 pairs of lobes on pygidium Pseudaulacaspis canarium Hu, 1986
With 3 pairs of lobes on pygidium 6
6 The eggs white or salmon; with 1 pairs of gland spines between L3 and the traces of L4, each bifurcate Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886)
The eggs always salmon; with 2 pairs of gland spines between L3 and the traces of L4, each pointed Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskell, 1895)
7 Perivular pores in 6 groups Pseudaulacaspis mirabilis Hu, 1986
Perivular pores in 5 groups Pseudaulacaspis ficicola Tang, 1986
8 Anterior spiracle and posterior spiracle both with trilocular pores 9
Anterior spiracle with trilocular pores, posterior spiracle without trilocular pores 14
9 Dorsal macroducts absent on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment VI 10
Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal or submedial area of abdominal segment VI 11
10 Submarginal and submedial macroducts present on abdominal segment I Pseudaulacaspis zhenyuanensis sp. n.
Submarginal and submedial macroducts absent on abdominal segment I Pseudaulacaspis ulmicola Tang & Li, 1988
11 Dorsal macroducts absent on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II 12
Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal or submedial area of abdominal segment II 13
12 Antennae 6 segments in first instar Pseudaulacaspis centreesa (Ferris, 1953)
Antennae 5 segments in first instar Pseudaulacaspis eucalypticola Tang, 1986
13 Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI; anal opening situated at the base of pygidium Pseudaulacaspis momi (Kuwana, 1931)
Dorsal macroducts present between submarginal or submediaal area of abdominal segment VI; anal opening situated on the centre of pygidium Pseudaulacaspis loncerae Tang, 1986
14 Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal or submedial area of abdominal segment VI 15
Dorsal macroducts absent on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment VI 23
15 Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment VI 16
Dorsal macroducts only present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI 18
16 L2 bilobate, each with a pair of short basal scleroses Pseudaulacaspis sasakawai Takagi, 1970
L2 bilobate, without basal scleroses 17
17 With 9-11 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis camelliae (Chen, 1983)
With more than 25 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis latisoma (Chen, 1983)
18 Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal or submedial area of abdominal segment I 19
Dorsal macroducts absent on submarginal or submedial area of abdominal segment I 20
19 L3 not obvious, anal opening situated on the centre of pygidium Pseudaulacaspis takahashii (Ferris, 1955)
L3 bilobate, anal opening situated at the base of 2/5 of pygidium Pseudaulacaspis chinensis (Cockerell, 1896)
20 L3 bilobate 21
L3 not obvious, present by a prominence 22
21 L1 protruding from pygidial margin Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley, 1897)
L1 sunk into apex of pygidium Pseudaulacaspis kentiae (Kuwana, 1931)
22 Only 1 submedial macroduct present on abdominal segment VI Pseudaulacaspis eugeniae (Maskell, 1892)
With 2 submedial macroducts present on abdominal segment VI Pseudaulacaspis ericacea (Ferris, 1953)
23 Submarginal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, submedial macroducts absent on abdominal segment II 24
Submarginal and submedial macroducts both present on abdominal segment II 26
24 Submedial macroducts absent on abdominal segment III Pseudaulacaspis subcorticalis (Green, 1905)
Submedial macroducts present on abdominal segment III 25
25 With more than 30 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis poloosta (Ferris, 1953)
With 20 or fewer trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis megaloba (Green, 1899)
26 L3 obvious, bilobate 27
L3 not obvious, present by a shallow prominence 28
27 With 2-4 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis subrhombica (Chen, 1983)
With 11-14 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis frutescens (Hu, 1986)
28 With 10 or fewer trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle 29
With more than 15 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle 31
29 L1 protruding from pygidial margin, only with 2 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis taiwana (Takahashi, 1935)
L1 sunk into apex of pygidium, with more than 4 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle 30
30 The terminal of L3 arc-shaped, smoothly, with 4-8 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis abbrideliae (Chen, 1983)
The terminal of L3 serration, with more than 4 trilocular pores near each anterior spiracle Pseudaulacaspis brideliae (Takahashi, 1933)
31 Gland tubercles present on prothorax, dorsal ducts present on head, smaller than those present on pygidium and abdomen Pseudaulacaspis syzygicola (Tang, 1986)
Gland tubercles absent on prothorax, dorsal ducts absent on head 32
32 L2 small, bilobulate, with 17-20 submedial macroduct in total Pseudaulacaspis kuishiuensis (Kuwana, 1909)
L2 very small, the outer lobule at times almost obsolete, with 4-11 submedial macroduct in total Pseudaulacaspis celtis (Kuwana, 1928)
Acknowledgements

This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30870324).

References
Andersen JC, Wu J, Gruwell ME, Gwiazdowski R, Santana SE, Feliciano NM, Morse GE, Normark BB (2010) A phylogenetic analysis of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), based upon nuclear, mitochondrial, and endosymbiont gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 992-1003. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.002
Ben-Dov Y (2012) Scalenet. Species in genus Pseudaulacaspis query result. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudaulacaspis/ [Accessed February 2012]
Borchsenius NS (1966) A catalogue of the armoured scale insects (Diaspidoidea) of the world. Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, 449 pp.[In Russian]
Chen FG (1983) The Chionaspidini (Diaspididae, Coccoidea, Homoptera) from China. Science & Technology Publishing House, Sichuan Province, 175 pp.
Ferris GF (1953) Report upon scale insects collected in China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Part IV. (Contribution No. 84). Microentomology 18: 59-84.
Ferris GF (1955) The genus Phenacaspis Cooley and Cockerell, Part I. (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea) (Contribution No. 93). Microentomology 20: 41-82.
Gullan PJ, Cook LG (2007) Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Zootaxa 1668: 413-425.
Henderson RC (2011) Diaspididae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand66. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, Canterbury, 275 pp.
Hodgson CJ, Lagowska B (2011) New scale insect (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) records from Fiji: three new species, records of several new invasive species and an updated checklist of Coccoidea. Zootaxa 2766: 1-29.
Hu JL (1986) Studies on scale insects in the Hainan Island of China (Part I). Contributions from Shanghai Institute of Entomology 6: 213-227.
MacGillivray AD (1921) The Coccidae. Tables for the Identification of the Subfamilies and Some of the More Important Genera and Species, Together with Discussions of Their Anatomy and Life History. Scarab, Urbana, Ill., 502 pp.
Miller DR, Davidson JA (2005) Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 442 pp.
Morse GE, Normark BB (2006) A molecular phylogenetic study of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Systematic Entomology 31: 338-349. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2005.00316.x
Takagi S (1956) Notes on the Japanese species of the genus Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, with description of a new species. Insecta Matsumurana 19: 113-116.
Takagi S (1961) A contribution to the knowledge of the Diaspididini of Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea) Pt. III. Insecta Matsumurana 24: 69-103.
Takagi S, Kawai S (1966) Some Diaspididae of Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana 28: 93-119.
Takagi S (1970) Diaspididae of Taiwan based on material collected in connection with the Japan-US Cooperative Science Programme, 1965 (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pt. II. Insecta Matsumurana 33: 1-146.
Takagi S (1985) The scale insect genus Chionaspis: A revised concept (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Insecta Matsumurana Series Entomology. New Series, 33: 1-77.
Tang FT (1986) The Scale Insects of Horticulture and Forests of China. Volume III. Shanxi Agricultural University Press, Taigu, Shanxi, 305 pp.
Tang FT, Li J (1988) Observations on the Coccoidea of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia University Press, 227 pp.
Williams DJ, Watson GW (1988) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 1. The Armoured Scales (Diaspididae). CAB International Institute of Entomology, London, 290 pp.