Research Article |
Corresponding author: Weihai Li ( lwh7969@163.com ) Corresponding author: Dávid Murányi ( muranyi.david@nhmus.hu ) Academic editor: Marco Gottardo
© 2018 Weihai Li, Raorao Mo, Wenbin Dong, Ding Yang, Dávid Murányi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Li W, Mo R, Dong W, Yang D, Murányi D (2018) Two new species of Amphinemura (Plecoptera, Nemouridae) from the southern Qinling Mountains of China, based on male, female and larvae. ZooKeys 808: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.808.29433
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Two new species of the genus Amphinemura, A. albicauda sp. n. and A. dingoidea sp. n. from the southern Qinling Mountains, Foping County of Shaanxi Province, western China, are described based on both sexes and the larval stage. The new species are compared with related taxa, and the A. sinensis species group is defined for an Oriental lineage of the genus. Amphinemura sinensis (Wu, 1926) and A. unihamata (Wu, 1973) are reported from Shaanxi for the first time, and the hitherto unknown female of A. unihamata is described. A distribution map of the Amphinemurinae known from Qinling Mountains is given.
Amphinemura albicauda , A. dingoidea , Amphinemurinae , new records, new species, Shaanxi, Stoneflies
The subfamily Amphinemurinae belongs to the stonefly family Nemouridae. It is the second largest group in China (
Recent research has highlighted the high diversity of stonefly fauna of the poorly investigated Qinling Mountains, which range from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the North China Plain and separate northern and southern China (
The material studied was collected along stream banks by hand, or by using a beating sheet or an aquatic net. All material is deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing (
Male: tergum IX with short spines and long setae, epiproct with closely spaced lateral processes having sharp and out-curved apex, paraproctal outer lobe long and armed with large apical teeth, median lobe apically bilobed. Female: subgenital plate subquadrate and slightly lobed, inner sclerite with ear-shaped lobes. Larva: general color brown but cerci contrasting white and hairy, legs with distinct swimming hairs.
Adult habitus (Fig.
Male (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Female inner genitalia (Fig.
Mature larva (Fig.
Setation of the larva (Figs
Holotype male (
The new species belongs to a lineage of Amphinemura that is distributed in Oriental areas of China and Vietnam. This lineage can be characterized by the horn-shaped lateral processes of the dorsal sclerite, and pointed ventral sclerite of the male epiproct. It is defined here as the A. sinensis species group. The species belonging to this group are A. ancistroidea Li & Yang, 2007a, A. caoae Stark & Sivec, 2010, A. cestroidea Li & Yang, 2005, A. chui Wu, 1935, A. divergens Stark & Sivec, 2010, A. elongata Li, Yang & Sivec, 2005, A. fleurdelia (Wu, 1949), A. furcostyla (Wu, 1973), A. giay Stark & Sivec, 2010, A. guangdongensis Yang, Li & Zhu, 2004, A. hamiornata Li & Yang, 2008b, A. leigong Wang & Du in
The new species was found at a single locality at the lower section of a large stream at moderate elevation (Figs
The specific name is composed of the Latin words albus (white) and cauda (tail), and refers to the distinctive white cerci of the larva.
The adults and larvae were associated on the basis of pharate male and female adult terminalia dissected from matured larvae.
Male: tergum IX with long setae, ventral vesicle very long, epiproct weakly modified but with apical notch, paraproctal inner lobe long and slightly bilobed, median lobe long, curved and with 5 or 6 apical spines, outer lobe short and lacks spine. Female: subgenital plate strongly bilobed with dome-like median notch, paragenital plate with two branches, inner genitalia simple. Larva: general color light brown with specific, distinct dark brown dorsal pattern, setation long.
Adult habitus (Fig.
Male (Figs
Female (Fig.
Female inner genitalia (Fig.
Mature larva (Fig.
Setation of the larva (Figs
Holotype male (
On the basis of the simple epiproct and rather elongated median lobe of the paraproct, the male of A. dingoidea is similar to several other Chinese species, e.g. A. curvispina (Wu, 1973), A. filarmia Li & Yang, 2000, A. microhamita Li, Dong & Yang, 2018, and A. ovalis Li & Yang, 2005. However, the combination of the long and slightly bilobed inner lobe and short, spine-less outer lobe of paraproct, together with simple but apically notched epiproct, distinguish the new species from all congeners. The female can be easily distinguished from females of the hitherto known Asian Amphinemura species on the basis of the distinctive shape of their subgenital plate combined with rather simple inner genitalia. The larva is distinctive by its rather conspicuous pale and dark brown color pattern.
Most specimens were found along a small forest brook (Fig.
The specific name refers to the shape of the pod-like subgenital plate and the pot-like anterolateral branches, which overall resembles the Chinese “ding”, an ancient pot unique in Chinese culture.
The adults were associated with the single mature larva on the basis of the distinct pronotal pattern and similar, contrasting body color.
CHINA, Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong, Foping County, brook in Lover’s Valley by Foping Old Town, 870 m, 33°31.819'N, 107°59.335'E, 2018.IV.21, leg. W.H. Li, R.R. Mo and D. Murányi: 1 male (
This species was described from Jiangsu Province, later reported also from Beijing and Henan (
Known distribution of Amphinemurinae in the Qinling Mountains 1 Amphinemura lingulata, Mesonemoura membranosa 2 A. didyma, A. mamillata, Indonemoura auriformis, M. tritaenia 3 Sphaeronemoura separata 4 A. annulata, A. lingulata 5 A. annulata 6 A. dicroidea 7 A. longihamita, S. grandicauda 8 A. microhamita 9 A. microhamita 10 A. microhamita, A. multispina 11 S. grandicauda 12 S. grandicauda 13 A. albicauda, A. sinensis 14 A. dingoidea 15 A. dingoidea, A. sinensis, A. unihamata, Indonemoura sp., S. grandicauda 16 A. unihamata.
From both streams where we found this species, we also collected mature larvae that are probably belong to this species. These are very similar to the larva of A. albicercia in color pattern and setation, but lacks the distinctive, dense white hairs on the cerci.
(Fig.
Female inner genitalia (Fig.
CHINA, Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong, Foping County, steep forest brook in Panda valley, 1270 m, 33°40.322'N, 107°58.190'E, 2018.IV.20, leg. W.H. Li, R.R. Mo and D. Murányi: 1 male (
Previously, this species was known only from the holotype, collected in Sichuan. It was recently redescribed by
Amphinemura annulata Du & Ji in
Sloping from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the North China Plain, the Qinling Mountains form the boundary between the Palaearctic and Oriental realms and are an important biodiversity hotspot (
The first known Amphinemurinae species, Mesonemoura membranosa Du & Zhou in
Including the newly described or reported species in the present paper, 16 species are now known from the Qinling Mountains. However, this number must be just a fraction of the possible diversity. Seven of the species described from the range are known only from their Qinling type localities, whereas A. mamillata was later found also in Ningxia (
Amphinemura is a widespread Holarctic and Oriental genus, whereas Indonemoura Baumann, 1975, Mesonemoura Baumann, 1975, and Sphaeronemoura Shimizu & Sivec, 2001 are distributed primarily in the Oriental Region. Among these three genera, Indonemoura is not known to occur on the mainland north to Qinling, further supporting the uniqueness of this Palaearctic and Oriental border region.
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31372251), the Aid program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in higher Educational Institutions of Henan Province (17IRTSTHN18), and the landmark Innovative Project of Institute of Science and Technology (No. 2015BZ04).