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Research Article
Neocaridina fonticulata, a new land-locked freshwater shrimp from Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae)
expand article infoHsi-Te Shih‡, Yixiong Cai§, Yuh-Wen Chiu|
‡ National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
§ National Biodiversity Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

Corresponding author: Yuh-Wen Chiu ( chiuywlab@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Ingo S. Wehrtmann
© 2019 Hsi-Te Shih, Yixiong Cai, Yuh-Wen Chiu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Shih H-T, Cai Y, Chiu Y-W (2019) Neocaridina fonticulata, a new land-locked freshwater shrimp from Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae). ZooKeys 817: 11-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.29332
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F43B4D49-7D7E-4DA8-9D5F-A4D0040B1C33
Open Access

Abstract

A new species of land-locked freshwater shrimp, Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. (Atyidae), is described from Kenting, Hengchun Peninsula, Pingtung County, southern Taiwan. This new species can be distinguished from its congeners by rostrum structure, pereiopods, and male first and second pleopods. The molecular evidence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) also supports the establishment of a new species. This is the third endemic species of Neocaridina known from Taiwan.

Keywords

Neocaridina fonticulata , mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I, new species, morphology

Introduction

The genus Neocaridina Kubo, 1938 is a group of small-sized shrimps with a land-locked habit, inhabiting in the middle and upper reaches of rivers in East Asia, with more than 30 species recorded (Liang 2004, De Grave and Fransen 2011, Shih et al. 2017). In the East Asian arc, three species have been reported from Taiwan, viz. N. davidi (Bouvier, 1904), N. ketagalan Shih & Cai, 2007 and N. saccam Shih & Cai, 2007; two species from the Ryukyus, viz. N. ishigakiensis (Fujino & Shokita, 1975) and N. iriomotensis Naruse, Shokita & Cai, 2006; and two species from the main islands of Japan, viz. N. denticulata (De Haan, 1844) and N. ikiensis Shih, Cai, Niwa & Nakahara, 2017, with several introduced species reported (Naruse et al. 2006, Shih and Cai 2007, Shih et al. 2017).

A recent survey of the species diversity of freshwater shrimps of Taiwan showed an undescribed species from southern Taiwan with different morphological characters compared to other known species of Neocaridina, which was supported by molecular evidence. This species is herein described as a new species, endemic to Taiwan Island, which brings the total number of Taiwanese species of Neocaridina to four.

Materials and methods

Specimens of the genus Neocaridina examined in this study were collected from a spring in Sheding, Kenting, Hengchun Peninsula, Pingtung County, Taiwan and preserved in 70%–95% ethanol after collection. Some specimens were selected and illustrated with the help of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon stereo microscope (model SMZ 1000), and deposited in the Zoological Collections of the Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (NCHUZOOL) and the Zoological Reference Collection of the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore (formerly the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research) (ZRC). Carapace length is abbreviated cl, and the mode refers to the most frequently number occurring. The rostral formula was counted based on all specimens available. The egg measurements were based on five eggs each from four ovigerous females (see material examined).

Sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were obtained following the method described by Shih et al. (2017), with the primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994). Sequences were obtained by automated sequencing (Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA Analyzer), after verification with the complementary strand. Sequences obtained have been deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) and were analyzed with other sequences published in Shih and Cai (2007) and Shih et al. (2017).

The best-fitting model for sequence evolution was determined by MrModeltest (version 2.2, Nylander 2005), selected by the Akaike information criterion (AIC). The obtained best model was HKY + G, and was subsequently used for the Bayesian inference (BI) analysis. The BI analysis was performed with MrBayes (version 3.2.3, Ronquist et al. 2012). The search was run with four chains for 10 million generations and four independent runs, with trees sampled every 1000 generations. The convergence of chains was determined by the average standard deviation of split frequency values below the recommended 0.01 (Ronquist et al. 2005) and the first 1150 trees were discarded as the burnin accordingly. The maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted in RAxML (vers. 7.2.6, Stamatakis 2006). The model GTR + G (i.e., GTRGAMMA) was used with 100 runs, and found the best ML tree by comparing the likelihood scores. The robustness of the ML tree was evaluated by 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates under the model GTRGAMMA.

Other analyses, including the nucleotide composition, variable and parsimony informative positions, Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distance (Kimura 1980) and p-distance between haplotypes were calculated using MEGA (version 5.2.2, Tamura et al. 2011).

Systematic account

Family Atyidae De Haan, 1849

Neocaridina Kubo, 1938

Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5F96C596-4AF1-43E1-971B-BA49C15D5E1F
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4

Material examined

Holotype: male, cl 3.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15004, a spring at Sheding, Kenting, Pingtung County, Taiwan, 21°57'26.7"N, 120°48'35.5"E, elevation of 150 m, coll. H.-T. Shih and Y. C. Gan, 1 July 2015. Paratypes: 13 males, cl 2.5–3.3 mm, NCHUZOOL 15005, 5 females, cl 2.6–3.8 mm, 2 ovigerous females, cl 3.6–3.7 mm, NCHUZOOL 15006; 1 male, cl 4.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15007; 1 male, cl 3.9 mm, NCHUZOOL 15008; 7 males, cl 2.7–3.3 mm, 2 females, cl 3.6–3.8 mm, 2 ovigerous females, cl 3.5–3.6 mm, ZRC 2018.1013, same collection data as for holotype. 1 male, cl 3.5 mm, 1 damaged specimen, cl 4.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15009, Sheding, Kenting, Pingtung County, Taiwan, 5 May 2015, coll. Y. C. Gan.

Figure 1. 

Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n.: A carapace and cephalic appendages, lateral view B telson, dorsal view C preanal carina, lateral view D right scaphocerite and antenna, ventral view E right mandible F right maxillula G right maxilla H right 1st maxilliped I right 2nd maxilliped J right 3rd maxilliped. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B, E–J); 1 mm (C, D) (male, cl 3.0 mm, paratype, ZRC 2018.1013).

Other material

3 males, 9 females, NCHUZOOL 15010, Sheding, Kenting, Pingtung County, Taiwan, coll. Y. C. Gan, 5 May 2015. 3 males, 11 females, 2 ovigerous females, NCHUZOOL 15011, two damaged males, ZRC 2018.1014, same collection data as for holotype.

Comparative material

Neocaridina ikiensis: 1 male, cl 4.6 mm, ZRC 2017.0960, 1 female, cl 5.1 mm, ZRC 2017.0961, 8 males, cl 3.0–5.4 mm, 8 females, cl 2.9–5.1 mm, ZRC 2017.0962, small stream at Kugiyama-hure, Gonoura Town, Iki City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, coll. Yasuhiko Nakahara, 23 November 2015.

Diagnosis

Rostrum short, straight, slightly sloping downwards, reaching mostly to end of 1st segment of antennular peduncle, rostral formula 1–3+8–15/1–4. Pterygostomian margin armed with an indistinct spine. 1st pereiopod carpus 1.2–1.5 × as long as high; chela 2.0–2.1 × as long as broad; fingers slightly longer than palm. 2nd pereiopod carpus 1.1–1.2 × as long as chela, 3.9–4.3 × as long as high; chela 2.1–2.3 × as long as broad; fingers 1.3–1.4 × as long as palm. 3rd pereiopod with propodus straight in females, slightly incurved in males, 2.7–3.0 × as long as dactylus; dactylus terminating in two claws, 4–6 accessory spines on flexor margin, strongly incurved in males. 5th pereiopod propodus 2.7–2.8 × as long as dactylus, dactylus terminating in one claw, with 46–54 spinules on flexor margin. Endopod of male 1st pleopod extending to 0.8 × exopod length, inflated at distal ¾, pyriform, 1.7 × as long as wide, appendix interna at base of inflated part, short. Appendix masculina of male 2nd pleopod cylindrical, reaching to 0.7 length of endopod, appendix interna reaching to 0.6 length of appendix masculina. Uropodal diaeresis with 13–14 movable spinules. Eggs 1.10 × 0.68 to 1.20 × 0.75 mm in diameter.

Description

Rostrum short, straight, slightly sloping downwards, without distinct postrostral ridge, reaching slightly short of or slightly beyond end of 1st segment of antennular peduncle, occasionally reaching to, rarely beyond end of 2nd segment of antennular peduncle; armed dorsally with 9–18 (mode 13–15) very small teeth, including 1–3 (mode 2) on carapace, ventrally with 1–4 small teeth (mode 2–3). Antennal spine fused with inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomian margin sub-rectangular, armed with an indistinct spine.

Sixth pleomere in male 0.43cl, 1.40 × as long as 5th pleomere, slightly shorter than telson; 6th pleomere in female 0.48cl, 1.38 × as long as 5th pleomere, slightly shorter than telson. Telson 3.0 × as long as wide, with four or five pairs of dorsal spinules and one pair of dorsolateral spinules; posterior margin rounded, lined with four or five pairs of simple setae, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs. Pre-anal carina moderately high, lacking spine.

Eyes well developed, anterior corneal margin reaching to 0.6 × length of basal segment of antennular peduncle. Antennular peduncle 0.6 × as long as carapace; basal segment of antennular peduncle longer than combined length of 2nd and 3rd segments, anterolateral angle reaching 0.3 length of 2nd segment, 2nd segment distinctly longer than 3rd segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.7–0.8 length of basal segment of antennular peduncle. Scaphocerite 3.5 × as long as wide, with extension of the distolateral spine reaching end of antennular peduncle.

Mandible with incisor process ending in irregular teeth; molar process truncated. Maxillule lower lacinia broadly rounded; upper lacinia elongate, with a row of 30 distinct spiniform setae on inner margin; palp short. Maxilla distal endite subdivided; palp short; scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with some long, curved setae at posterior end. 1st maxilliped with stout palp. 2nd maxilliped typical of genus, endopod with fused dactylus and propodal segments. 3rd maxilliped reaching to end of antennular peduncle, with ultimate segment slightly longer than penultimate segment.

First four pereiopods with epipod. 1st pereiopod reaching slightly beyond distal end of basal segment of antennular peduncle; merus 1.8–2.1 × as long as broad, as long as carpus; carpus excavated anteriorly, shorter than chela, 1.2–1.5 × as long as high; chela 2.0–2.1 × as long as broad; fingers slightly longer than palm. 2nd pereiopod reaching end of antennular peduncle; merus shorter than carpus, 3.6–4.1 × as long as broad; carpus 1.1–1.2 × as long as chela, 3.9–4.3 × as long as high; chela 2.1–2.3 × as long as broad; fingers 1.3–1.4 × as long as palm. 3rd pereiopod reaching beyond end of antennular peduncle by dactylus; merus stout; propodus straight in females, slightly incurved in males, 2.7–3.0 × as long as dactylus (terminal claw included), 7.2–7.5 × as long as broad, numerous spinules on posterior margin; dactylus terminating in two claws, 4–6 accessory spines on flexor margin, strongly incurved in males. 4th pereiopod similar to 3rd pereiopod in form and length. 5th pereiopod reaching to end of 2nd segment of antennular peduncle, propodus 8.0–9.5 × as long as broad, 2.7–2.8 × as long as dactylus, dactylus 2.9–3.4 × as long as wide (spinules included), terminating in one claw, with 46–54 spinules on flexor margin.

Endopod of male 1st pleopod extending to 0.8 × exopod length, inflated at distal ¾, pyriform , 1.7 × as long as wide, with tiny spinules on distal margin of dorsal surface, appendix interna at base of inflated part, short. Appendix masculina of male 2nd pleopod cylindrical, reaching to about 0.7 length of endopod, inner and distal surface densely lined with long, stout spines, appendix interna reaching to 0.6 length of appendix masculina.

Uropodal diaeresis with 13–14 movable spinules.

Eggs 1.10 × 0.68 to 1.20 × 0.75 mm in diameter.

Colour in life

Body colour varying from translucent to light blue, with darker red-brown spots on dorsal surface and lighter red-brown spots on lateral surface of carapace; pleon usually with several dark red-brown vertical stripes on lower lateral surface, and white star-shaped pigment scattered on whole body (Figure 4A–D). Appendages mostly transparent.

Etymology

Neocaridina fonticulata is named after its known habitat, from the Latin root, fonticulus, for little spring.

Ecological notes

Specimens of the new species were collected from leaf litter layer of a small stream (Figure 4E, F) next to a spring outlet at a limestone hill. The collection site consists of concretized substrate and banks, representing the headwater of the stream. The water flow is slow, cool temperature (about 25 °C), neutral (pH 7.06–7.16), and with moderately high dissolved oxygen (7.33–7.70 mg/L). The freshwater crabs, Candidiopotamon rathbuni (De Man, 1914) and Geothelphusa ferruginea Shy, Ng & Yu, 1994, were found to be sympatric with this new species. Ovigerous females were found in July.

Distribution

Presently known only from Sheding, Kenting, southern Taiwan.

Remarks

With the short rostrum, Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. is morphologically most similar to the insular Chinese species Neocaridina zhoushanensis Cai, 1996, originally described as a subspecies of N. denticulata, from Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang Province. It can be differentiated by the more slender chela of the 1st pereiopod (2.0–2.1 × as long as wide in the new species vs. 1.6–1.7 × in N. zhoushanensis; cf. Figures 2A, 3B vs. fig. 10B in Cai 1996); the sexually dimorphic 3rd pereiopods (vs. no sexual dimorphism in N. zhoushanensis); the slender dactylus of the 3rd pereiopods (2.9–3.4 × as long as wide (spinules included) vs. 2.8 × in N. zhoushanensis; cf. Figures 2C, 3D vs. fig. 10E in Cai 1996), the spination of the dactylus of 5th pereiopods (with 46–54 spinules on flexor margin vs. 35–43 in N. zhoushanensis); and the shorter appendix interna on the male 2nd pleopod, which reaches to 0.6 length of appendix masculina (vs. 0.7 in N. zhoushanensis; cf. Figure 2H vs. fig. 9F in Cai 1996).

Figure 2. 

Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n.: pereiopods in lateral view. A right 1st pereiopod B right 2nd pereiopod C right 3rd pereiopod D same, dactylus E right 5th pereiopod F same, dactylus G right male 1st pleopod, front view H right male 2nd pleopod, internal view I diaeresis of left uropodal exopod. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C, E); 0.2 mm (D, F); 0.5 mm (G, H); 0.2 mm (I) (male, cl 3.0 mm, paratype, ZRC 2018.1013).

With the relatively short rostrum, Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. morphologically resembles two Taiwanese species, N. saccam Shih & Cai, 2007 and N. ketagalan Shih & Cai, 2007. It differs from N. saccam (cf. Shih and Cai 2007) by the shorter rostrum (falling slightly short of or reaching slightly beyond the end of the 1st segment of the antennular peduncle vs. reaching the midlength of the 2nd segment of the antennular peduncle or nearly reaching beyond it in N. saccam; cf. Figures 1A, 3A vs. figs 2A, 4A in Shih and Cai 2007); the more slender merus of the 1st pereiopod (1.8–2.0 × as long as high vs. 1.4–1.7 × in N. saccam; Figures 2A, 3B vs. figs 3A, 4B in Shih and Cai 2007); the more slender carpus of the 2nd pereiopod (3.9–4.3 × as long as high vs. 3.6–3.8 × in N. saccam; Figures 2B, 3C vs. figs 3B, 4C in Shih and Cai 2007); the more slender male 1st pleopod (1.7 × as long as broad vs. 1.4 × in N. saccam; Figure 2G vs. fig. 3G in Shih and Cai 2007); and the shorter endopod of the male 1st pleopod (0.8 × length of exopod vs. 0.9 × in N. saccam; Figure 2G vs. fig. 3G in Shih and Cai 2007).

Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. can be separated from N. ketagalan (cf. Shih and Cai 2007) by its shorter rostrum (reaching from slightly short of to slightly beyond end of 1st segment of antennular peduncle vs. reaching the middle or end of the 2nd segment of the antennular peduncle; Figures 1A, 3A vs. figs 5A, 6A in Shih and Cai 2007). It also differs from N. ketagalan (cf. Shih and Cai 2007) by the slender male 1st pleopod (1.7 × as long as broad vs. 1.4 × in N. ketagalan; Figure 2G vs. fig. 5J in Shih and Cai 2007); the male 2nd pleopod appendix masculina being half the endopod length (vs. 0.7 × in N. ketagalan; Figure 2H vs. fig. 5K in Shih and Cai 2007); and the appendix interna of the male 2nd pleopod being relatively longer, reaching to 0.7 × length of appendix masculine (vs. 0.6 × in N. ketagalan; Figure 2H vs. fig. 5K in Shih and Cai 2007).

Figure 3. 

Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n.: A carapace and cephalic appendages, lateral view B right 1st pereiopod C right 2nd pereiopod D left 3rd pereiopod E same, dactylus F left 5th pereiopod G same, dactylus. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (A); 1 mm (B–D, F); 0.2 mm (E, G) (female, cl 3.8 mm, paratype, ZRC 2018.1013).

With its relatively short rostrum, Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. morphologically also resembles the recently described Japanese species Neocaridina ikiensis Shih, Cai, Niwa & Nakahara, 2017. It can be differentiated from the latter by its shorter rostrum (reaching from slightly short of to slightly beyond the end of the 1st segment of antennular peduncle vs. reaching slightly short of to distinctly beyond the end of the 2nd segment of antennular peduncle; cf. Figures 1A, 3A vs. figs 2A, 4A in Shih et al. 2017). The propodus and dactylus of the 3rd pereiopod of the new species displays sexual dimorphism (vs. no sexual dimorphism in N. ikiensis); the male 2nd pleopod appendix masculina is 0.7 × endopod length (vs. 0.5 × in N. ikiensis; Figure 2H vs. fig. 3I in Shih et al. 2017); and the appendix interna of the male 2nd pleopod is relatively shorter (reaching to 0.6 length of appendix masculina vs. 0.8 in N. ikiensis; Figure 2H vs. fig. 3J in Shih et al. 2017).

With the relatively slender endopod of the male 1st pleopod, the new species is similar to N. koreana Kubo, 1938. It can be separated from the latter by the relatively shorter rostrum, which mostly reaches to or slightly beyond the end of the 1st segment of antennular peduncle vs. almost reaching to or slightly beyond antennular peduncle in N. koreana (cf. Kubo 1938); and the fewer ventral rostral teeth (2–6 teeth, mode 2–4 vs. 4–6, average 5.6 in N. koreana (cf. Kubo 1938)).

Figure 4. 

Live colouration of Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. (A–D) and its habitat in Kenting, southern Taiwan (E–F). Specimens were collected from the type locality on 1 July 2015 and kept in aquarium for observation and photography.

DNA analyses and discussion

A total of four specimens from Sheding, Kenting, were used in the molecular phylogenetic analysis. A 658-bp segment of COI was amplified, resulting in one haplotype (accession number LC427866). Based on the COI haplotypes, the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using BI analysis, with the support values from the BI and ML analyses shown in Figure 5. Specimens assigned to Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. formed a clade distinct from other species. The pairwise nucleotide divergences with the K2P distance and bp differences of haplotypes are shown in Table 1. The minimum K2P interspecific divergences between N. fonticulata sp. n. and N. ketagalan and N. saccam are 5.42% and 5.43% respectively, which are close to or larger than the values between species of N. davidi, N. denticulata, N. koreana, and N. palmata (from 2.17% to 5.56%; Table 1). Consequently, the establishment of the new taxon is warranted.

Figure 5. 

Bayesian inference (BI) tree of species of Neocaridina from East Asia and outgroups based on COI gene. Support values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for BI and maximum likelihood (ML), respectively.

Table 1.
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Matrix of percentage pairwise nucleotide divergences (lower left) and mean number of differences (upper right) based on COI within and between some species of Neocaridina from East Asia. Values of range are shown in parentheses.

Intraspecific Interspecific
Nucleotide divergence Mean nucleotide difference N. davidi N. denticulata N. koreana N. palmata N. fonticulata sp. n. N. ketagalan N. saccam
N. davidi 0.67 4.39 17.75 29.88 30.63 36.5 44.46 45.67
(0–1.54) (0–10) (14–22) (28–32) (28–34) (35–39) (41–48) (42–50)
N. denticulata 0.46 3 2.77 31.5 33.17 38.5 48.83 48.83
(0–0.77) (0–5) (2.17–3.46) (30–33) (31–36) (36–41) (46–52) (47–51)
N. koreana 0 (0) 0 (0) 4.73 5 35.67 46 46.33 52.33
(4.42–5.07) (4.75–5.25) (35–37) (46–46) (46–47) (52–53)
N. palmata 0.41 2.67 4.83 5.26 5.67 47 (47) 48.33 53 (53–53)
(0–0.61) (0–4) (4.4–5.39) (4.9–5.73) (5.56–5.89) (48–49)
N. fonticulata sp. n. 0 (0) 0 (0) 5.82 6.16 7.41 7.56 34.67 34.33
(5.57–6.24) (5.74–6.59) (7.41) (7.56–7.56) (34–35) (34–35)
N. ketagalan 0.1 0.67 7.17 7.94 7.49 7.82 5.53 38
(0–0.15) (0–1) (6.58–7.78) (7.44–8.5) (7.44–7.61) (7.76–7.93) (5.42–5.58) (37–39)
N. saccam 0.31 2 7.39 7.94 8.51 8.62 5.49 6.08
(0–0.46) (0–3) (6.75–8.14) (7.62–8.32) (8.45–8.63) (8.62–8.62) (5.43–5.6) (5.91–6.25)

The discovery of the new species increases the number of Neocaridina species in Taiwan to four, i.e., N. davidi, N. saccam, N. ketagalan, and N. fonticulata sp. n. (Shih and Cai 2007, Shih et al. 2017). While the common species, N. davidi, is distributed in both western and eastern sides of Taiwan Island, as well as the offshore islands, Penghu, Siaoliouciou and Kinmen (Shih and Cai 2007, Shih et al. 2017; unpublished data), the distributional range of the other three endemic species is narrower. Neocaridina ketagalan is distributed in northern Taiwan, N. saccam is limited in southwestern Taiwan, and N. fonticulata sp. n. is presently known only from Kenting. Previous molecular studies on aquatic organisms, including the freshwater crab Candidiopotamon rathbuni (De Man, 1914) and frog Hylarana latouchii (Boulenger, 1899) (= Sylvirana latouchii) (Shih et al. 2006, Jang-Liaw et al. 2008), have shown the populations in Hengchun Peninsula to be closely related to the populations in eastern Taiwan due to the weak isolation effect of the lower mountains. It is expected that Neocaridina fonticulata sp. n. will be found in eastern Taiwan as well.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 105-2621-B-005-002-MY3), Executive Yuan, Taiwan, to HTS; and the Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture (103 Forestry Development-07.1-Conservation-60), Executive Yuan, Taiwan to YWC. Thanks are also due to Ye Chen Gan for helping collection and Pei-Yi Hsu for measuring specimens. We acknowledge the subject editor Ingo Wehrtmann, Charles Fransen, Tomoyuki Komai, and one anonymous reviewer who greatly improved the manuscript.

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