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ZooKeys 208: 51–60, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.208.3378
Two new species of Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China
Xiaolong Lin 1,†, Xin Qi 2,‡, Xinhua Wang 1,§
1 College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
2 College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
† urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:AC3964DC-0709-4DCB-96AA-6EBEDFA04C07
‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C902B210-CE50-4C13-885B-CE172F2F633B
§ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:ACC3483B-5DD1-4F2D-88F7-1CE4C6458B68

Corresponding author: Xinhua Wang (xhwang@nankai.edu.cn)

Academic editor: Torsten Dikow

received 11 May 2012 | accepted 9 July 2012 | Published 17 July 2012


(C) 2012 Xiaolong Lin. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Abstract

Two new species of Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934, Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp. n. and Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n. are described and illustrated as males. A key to male imagines of the genus from China is presented.

Keywords

Chironomidae, Bryophaenocladius, new species, key, China

Introduction

The genus Bryophaenocladius was erected by Thienemann in 1934 with Orthocladius muscicola Kieffer, 1906 as type species. To date, more than 100 species have been recorded all over the world (Andersen and Schnell 2000, Ashe and Cranston 1990, Chaudhuri et al. 2001, Du and Wang 2010, Du et al. 2011, Freeman and Cranston 1980, Liu and Wang 2005, Makarchenko and Makarchenko 2006, 2009, 2011, Sæther 1973, Sæther et al. 2000, Sasa and Kikuchi 1995, Spies and Reiss 1996, Strenzke 1957, Wang 2000, Wang et al. 2001, 2004, 2006, Yamamoto 2004). So far 7 species of the genus were recorded in China, namely Bryophaenocladius cuneiformis Armitage, 1987, Bryophaenocladius parimberbus Du and Wang, 2010, Bryophaenocladius propinquus (Brundin, 1947), Bryophaenocladius scanicus (Brundin, 1947), Bryophaenocladius vernalis (Goetghebuer, 1921), Bryophaenocladius wufengensis Du and Wang, 2010, and Bryophaenocladius xinglongensis Du and Wang, 2010.

The adult males of most Bryophaenocladius species can be recognized by strong and decumbent acrostichals beginning close to antepronotum; wing membrane without setae, but with coarse punctation visible at 40x magnification, squama with one to several setae; tibial spurs strongly developed, with well developed, but not divergent lateral denticles; hind tibial comb well developed; sensilla chaetica absent; tergite IX distinctive, with strongly pigmented, semi-circular band running around posterior margin; anal point projecting from setose area, large, semicircular to triangular; virga consisting of simple spines; gonostylus often distinctly broadened, strong megaseta (Cranston et al. 1989). However, there are exceptions to nearly all of these diagnostic characters. Bryophaenocladius psilacrus Sæther is lacking acrostichals (Sæther 1982). Several species with bare squama (Andersen and Schnell 2000). The tibial spurs may be essentially without lateral denticles as in most Afrotropical species (Wang et al. 2001) and thus differ from the typical condition with lateral denticles separated but not as much as in Chaetocladius Kieffer. Tergite IX and the anal point may deviate from the typical form and it is the association of those species which are most in doubt such as Bryophaenocladius productus (Freeman, 1953) (Sæther 1973).

After examinzing the type specimen of Bryophaenocladius bicolor Wang, Sæther & Andersen, 2001 and the specimens of Bryophaenocladius ictericus (Meigen, 1830) collected from Canada, China and Sweden, two new species from oriental China are described. A key to male imagines of Bryophaenocladius from China and a distribution map of genus Bryophaenocladius in China is presented (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Distribution in China for the genus Bryophaenocladius A Bryophaenocladius cuneiformis Armitage, 1987 B Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp. n. C Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n. D Bryophaenocladius parimberbus Du & Wang, 2010 E Bryophaenocladius propinquus (Brundin, 1947) F Bryophaenocladius scanicus (Brundin, 1947). G Bryophaenocladius vernalis (Goetghebuer, 1921) H Bryophaenocladius wufengensis Du & Wang, 2010 I Bryophaenocladius xinglongensis Du & Wang, 2010.

Materials and methods

The morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980) and the abbreviations of parts measured follow Qi et al. (2012). The material examined was mounted on slides, following the procedure outlined by Sæther (1969). Measurements are given as ranges followed by the mean, when three or more specimens are measured, followed by the number of specimens measured (n) in parentheses. Examined specimens in this study are deposited in the College of Life Science, Nankai University, China and College of Life Science, Taizhou University, China.

Key to male imagines of Bryophaenocladius from China
1 Third palpomere with apical projection 2
– Third palpomere without apical projection 4
2 Squama with setae; AR>1.0 3
– Squama bare; AR<1.0 Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n.
3 Inferior volsella unobvious Bryophaenocladius xinglongensis Du & Wang, 2010
– Inferior volsella obvious Bryophaenocladius cuneiformis Armitage, 1987
4 Squama bare 5
– Squama setose 6
5 Crista dorsalis absent; inferior volsella obvious Bryophaenocladius vernalis (Goetghebuer, 1921)
– Crista dorsalis present; inferior volsella unobvious Bryophaenocladius parimberbus Du & Wang, 2010
6 Anal point broad 7
– Anal point slender 8
7 Inferior volsella finger-shaped Bryophaenocladius propinquus (Brundin, 1947)
– Inferior volsella almost rectangular Bryophaenocladius scanicus (Brundin, 1947)
8 Pseudospurs present on ta1, ta2 of mid and hind legs Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp. n.
– Pseudospurs absent Bryophaenocladius wufengensis Du & Wang, 2010
Taxonomy
Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:09174531-D113-4061-B288-6627445DFCAF

http://species-id.net/wiki/Bryophaenocladius_mucronatus

Figures 2–4
Diagnosis.

The male imago can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: third palpomere without apical digitiform projection; squama with 1–7, 4 setae; pseudospurs present on ta1 and ta2 of mid and hind legs; anal point hyaline, slender with pointed apex; tergite IX columnar; inferior volsella thumb-shaped, with 0–5, 3 setae.

Description.

Male imago (n = 29). Total length 2.20–3.00, 2.51 mm. Wing length 1.33–1.76, 1.55 mm. Total length/wing length 1.43–1.90, 1.65. Wing length/length of profemur 2.50–3.34, 2.75.

Coloration.Dark brown.

Head. AR 1.13–1.43, 1.26. Ultimate flagellomere 415–455, 430 μm long. Temporal setae 7–11, 9 including 2–4, 3 inner verticals; 4–6, 5 outer verticals and 1–2, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 2–5, 3 setae. Tentorium 105–150, 130 μm long, 18–25, 20 μm wide. Stipes 105–110, 108 μm long, 7–10, 8 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 20–50, 35; 30–95, 47; 55–110, 80; 60–100, 80; 100–125, 113. L: 5th/3rd 1.40–1.82, 1.56. Third palpomere without apical digitiform projection.

Wing (Fig. 2). Anal lobe developed. Coarse punctation easily visible at 40x magnification. VR 1.16–1.33, 1.26. Costa extension 40–63, 48 μm long. Brachiolum with 1–3, 2 setae. R with 3–6, 4 setae; R4+5 with 0–1, 0 seta. Remaining veins bare. Squama with 1–7, 4 setae.

Thorax. Antepronotum with 3–8, 4 lateral setae. Dorsocentrals 5–13, 9; acrostichals 3–10, 7; prealars 2–5, 3. Scutellum with 2–8, 4 setae.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 16–65, 45 μm long; spurs of mid tibia 20–40, 33 μm and 12–27, 20 μm long; spurs of hind tibia 42–58, 50 μm and 11–40, 23 μm long. Lateral denticles appressed to main shaft. Hind tibial comb with 6–16, 13 spines. Pseudospurs present on ta1 and ta2 of mid and hind legs, 18–23, 20 μm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 23–38, 30 mm, of mid tibia 25–35, 27 mm, of hind tibia 30–40, 35 mm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legsas in Table 1.

Table 1.

Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp. n.

P1 P2 P3
fe 500–594, 553 588–650, 622 580–690, 643
ti 620–783, 723 570–704, 661 648–810, 765
ta1 370–450, 415 240–324, 288 300–450, 415
ta2 220–270, 240 140–190, 170 160–250, 220
ta3 160–200, 180 105–135, 123 135–200, 173
ta4 105–130, 118 60–90, 75 80–110, 95
ta5 80–100, 86 60–95, 80 75–100, 88
LR 0.52–0.63, 0.57 0.42–0.48, 0.45 0.46–0.59, 0.55
BV 2.59–2.62, 2.61 3.37–3.57, 3.47 3.13–3.28, 3.19
SV 2.96–3.10, 3.03 4.32–4.58, 4.47 3.16–3.51, 3.31
BR 2.17–2.86, 2.41 2.22–3.00, 2.47 3.33–4.35, 3.81

Hypopygium (Figs 3–4). Anal point hyaline, slender, with pointed apex, 45–90, 70 μm long, 25–35, 30 μm wide. Anal point length/width: 2.14–2.71, 2.45. Tergite IX columnar, with 10–22, 15 setae, laterosernite IX with 4–8, 6 setae. Phallapodeme 45–85, 70 μm long. Transverse sternapodeme arcuate with developed oral projection, 68–100, 88 μm long. Gonocoxite 175–212, 190 μm long. Gonostylus 68–100, 87 μm long with 1–2, 1 megaseta, 8–13, 10 μm long. Crista dorsalis low. Inferior volsella thumb-shaped, 23–35, 27 μm long, with 0–5, 3 setae. Virga 10–25, 16 μm long, composed of 1–9, 5 spines. HR 1.95–2.36, 2.12. HV 2.59–3.00, 2.71.

Type materials.

Holotype: ♂ (BDN. I4B20), China, Zhejiang Province: Quzhou City, Kaihua County, Gutian Mountain, 29°14'35"N, 118°06'41"E, 18.iv.2011, Lin XL, sweeping net. Paratypes (28♂♂): 2♂♂, as holotype; 1♂, Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Qinyuan County, 27°45'08"N, 119°12'26"E, 15.iv.1994, Wu H, sweeping net; Fujian Province: 11♂♂, Wuyi Mountain, 27°38'22"N, 117°56'56"E, 26.iv.1993, Wang XH, sweeping net; Sichuan Province: 7♂♂, Wenchuan County, 30°59'27"N, 103°26'44"E, 14.vii.1987, Li XZ, sweeping net; 7♂♂, Wolong National Nature Reserve, 30°45'23"N, 103°13'55"E, 27.vii.1987, Li XZ, sweeping net.

Etymology.

The species name is from Latin mucronatus, pointed, referring to the shape of apex of anal point.

Remarks.

The present new species resembles to Bryophaenocladius bicolor Wang, Sæther & Andersen, 2001 in the shape of anal point, but it can be separated from Bryophaenocladius bicolor in the following combination of characters in Table 2.

Table 2.

Differences between Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp.n. and Bryophaenocladius bicolor Wang, Sæther & Andersen, 2001.

Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp. n. Bryophaenocladius bicolor Wang, Sæther & Andersen, 2001
Finger-shaped extension on third palpomere absent present
Seta on R1 bare 4–5 setae
LR1 0.52–0.63, 0.57 0.76–0.82, 0.80
Pseudospurs present on ta1, ta2 of mid and hind legs absent
Crista dorsalis present reduced

Female and immature stages unknown.

Distribution.

The species was found in Fujian, Sichuan and Zhejiang Provinces (Oriental China).

Figures 2–4.

Bryophaenocladius mucronatus sp. n. 2 wing 3 hypopygium (dorsal view) 4 hypopygium (ventral view).

Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:125AC1CD-0CD6-46B4-AACF-D43C1084EFA6

http://species-id.net/wiki/Bryophaenocladius_parictericus

Figs 5–9
Diagnosis.

The male imago can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: AR 0.52–0.55; third palpomere with apical digitiform projection; Costa extension 115–143, 122 μm long; squama bare; mid tibia comb with 3–7, 5 spines; anal point hyaline, slender with blunt apex; crista dorsalis absent; inferior volsella bubble-shaped, with 8–12, 9 setae.

Description.

Male imago (n = 6). Total length 2.65–3.08 2.76 mm. Wing length 1.63–2.48, 2.22 mm. Total length/wing length 1.10–1.46, 1.26. Wing length/length of profemur 2.78–3.19, 3.03.

Coloration. Dark brown.

Head (Fig. 5). AR 0.52–0.55 (n = 2). Ultimate flagellomere 230–245 (n = 2) μm long. Temporal setae 3–9, 7 including 2–7, 4 inner verticals; 0–4, 2 outer verticals and 0–2, 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 4–7, 5 setae. Tentorium 109–148, 129 μm long, 15–25, 20 μm wide. Stipes 80–100, 90 μm long, 5–8, 6 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 16–25, 20; 35–52, 41; 90–143, 114; 42–65, 57; 60–80, 71. L: 5th/3rd 0.76–0.80, 0.78. Third palpomere with apical digitiform projection.

Wing (Fig. 6). Anal lobe not developed. Coarse punctation easily visible at 40x magnification. VR 1.02–1.23, 1.17. Costa extension 115–143, 122 μm long. Brachiolum with 1 seate. R with 5–9, 7 setae. Remaining veins bare. Squama bare.

Thorax. Antepronotum with 2–5, 3 lateral setae. Dorsocentrals 8–10, 9; acrostichals 6–7, 7; prealars 2–4, 3. Scutellum with 3–7, 6 setae.

Legs (Fig. 7). Spur of fore tibia 40–58, 48 μm long; spurs of mid tibia 30–42, 38 μm and 21–32, 25 μm long; spurs of hind tibia 40–63, 52 μm and 21–32, 28 μm long. Lateral denticles appressed to main shaft. Mid tibial comb with 3–7, 5 spines; hind tibial comb with 9–14, 12 spines. Mid and hind legs without tarsal pseudospurs. Width at apex of fore tibia 35–45, 40 mm, of mid tibia 33–38, 36 mm, of hind tibia 40–48, 45 mm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs in Table 3.

Table 3.

Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n.

P1 P2 P3
fe 510–893, 718 600–914, 798 620–977, 735
ti 710–1134, 916 660–987, 873 770–1260, 994
ta1 360–670, 558 320–504, 427 400–683, 611
ta2 240–389, 322 170–263, 232 220–315, 282
ta3 180–273, 235 140–189, 176 180–284, 233
ta4 100–147, 132 70–105, 98 80–126, 115
ta5 70–108, 96 70–95, 87 70–105, 95
LR 0.51–0.64, 0.58 0.45–0.51, 0.48 0.52–0.58, 0.54
BV 2.68–2.92, 2.84 3.22–3.68-3.47 3.25–3.35, 3.30
SV 3.24–3.39, 3.31 3.94–4.11, 4.01 3.31–3.48, 3.39
BR 2.14–2.67, 2.33 2.00–2.14, 2.09 1.50–2.11, 2.01

Hypopygium (Figs 8–9). Anal hyaline, slender with blunt apex, 40–55, 48 μm long, 15–20, 18 μm in width. Anal point length/width: 2.22–2.75, 2.51. Tergite IX with 6–13, 9 setae, laterosernite IX with 3–5, 4 setae. Phallapodeme 48–91, 77 μm long. Oral projection of transverse sternapodeme vestigial, 75–96, 85 μm long. Gonocoxite 170–221, 194 μm long. Gonostylus slightly curved, 80–101, 92 μm long. Megaseta 13–21, 18 μm long. Crista dorsalis absent. Inferior volsella bubble-shaped, 18–27, 22 μm long, with 8–12, 9 setae. Virga absent. HR 1.88–2.50, 2.08. HV 2.62–3.48, 3.02.

Type materials.

Holotype: ♂ (BDN. K7A22), China, Zhejiang Province: Taizhou City, Xianju County, Shenxianju Scenic Area, 28°42'14"N, 120°36'25"E, 14.iv.2011, Lin XL, sweeping net. Paratypes (5♂♂): 1♂, as Holotype; Sichuan Province: 4♂♂, Yajiang County, 30°01'52"N, 101°00'52"E, 10.vi.1996, 3050 meters above sea level, Wang XH, sweeping net.

Etymology.

Named in closing to the species Bryophaenocladius ictericus (Meigen, 1830).

Remarks.

The present new species resembles to Bryophaenocladius ictericus (Meigen, 1830) in the shape of inferior volsella, but it can be separated by following combination of characters in Table 4.

Table 4.

Differences between Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n. and Bryophaenocladius ictericus (Meigen, 1830)

Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n. Bryophaenocladius ictericus (Meigen, 1830)
Antennal ratio (AR) 0.52–0.55 1.19–1.73, 1.56
Finger-shaped extension on third palpomere present absent
Length of Costal extension 115–143, 122 μm 64–105, 98 μm
Length of megaseta 13–21, 18 μm 7–14, 11 μm
Gonostylus bended straight
Virga absent present

Female and immature stages unknown.

Distribution.

The species was found in Sichuan and Zhejiang Provinces (Oriental China).

Figures 5–9.

Bryophaenocladius parictericus sp. n. 5 third palpomere 6 wing 7 mid tibia 8 hypopygium (dorsal view) 9 hypopygium (ventral view).

Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Y3100486, Y3110395), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant No. 30570207, J0630963), Fauna of China (FY120100) and the Science Foundation of Taizhou University (No. 2012QN18) are acknowledged with thanks. We also thank Jing Du for discussing some questions on the taxonomy of Bryophaenocladius.

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