Research Article |
Corresponding author: Chirasak Sutcharit ( jirasak4@yahoo.com ) Academic editor: Eike Neubert
© 2019 Chirasak Sutcharit, Jonathan D. Ablett, Somsak Panha.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sutcharit C, Ablett JD, Panha S (2019) An annotated type catalogue of seven genera of operculate land snails (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) in the Natural History Museum, London. ZooKeys 842: 1-65. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.842.29243
|
The collection of the seven cyclophorid snail genera housed in the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), includes 95 available species-level names belonging to the genera Pterocyclos Benson, 1832, Cyclotus Swainson, 1840, Myxostoma Troschel, 1847, Rhiostoma Benson, 1860, Scabrina Blanford, 1863, Crossopoma Martens, 1891, and Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902. Lectotypes are here designated for twelve available species-level names to stabilise existing the nomenclature. A complete catalogue of these types, including colour photographs, is provided for the first time. After examining these type specimens, an unpublished manuscript name was found and is described herein as Pterocyclos anamullayensis Sutcharit & Panha, sp. n.
systematics, type specimen, Southeast Asia, taxonomy, NHM, molluscs, conservation
Cyclophoridae
Gray, 1847 is a major group of terrestrial operculate snails found across southern Europe, Central America, Asia, Africa, and Australia (
The cyclophorinid genera Pterocyclos Benson, 1832, Cyclotus Swainson, 1840, Myxostoma Troschel, 1847, Rhiostoma Benson, 1860, Scabrina Blanford, 1863, Crossopoma Martens, 1891, and Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902, represent approximately 180 nominal species, distributed across South and Southeast Asia, southern China and Japan (
Since the complete morphological revision of these seven genera by Wilhelm
The traditional classification of Crossopoma, Cyclotus, Myxostoma, Pearsonia, Pterocyclos, Rhiostoma and Scabrina dates back to
Type specimens provide key species data, as they represent the international standard and form the basis of nomenclatural stability when following the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) guidelines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the type status of Crossopoma, Cyclotus, Myxostoma, Pearsonia, Pterocyclos, Rhiostoma, and Scabrina type specimens in the NHM collections and to document and figure them in accordance with
Collections: The primary type specimens (i.e., holotype, lectotype, and syntype/s) along with secondary type specimens (paratype/s and paralectotype/s) of Crossopoma, Cyclotus, Myxostoma, Pearsonia, Pterocyclos, Rhiostoma, and Scabrina species described from the early of 19th century until the year 2018 are here examined. When considering the type specimens, in publications where a single primary type was not clearly designated, and the available specimens proved to form part of the type series, these are considered to be syntypes. In cases where a holotype was not designated, but it is clear from the original publication that the name was based on a single specimen, these are considered a holotype fixed by monotypy (
All specimens considered as forming part of the type series are photographed in the standard positions (apertural, apical, and umbilical views). The original labels have been photographed and checked against the original description. The measurements of the holotype, lectotype, and syntypes were taken in mm with a digital caliper. We have also included specimen data in cases where the primary type is housed in another museum collection but paratype(s) or paralectotype(s) are kept in the NHM collections.
Presentation: This illustrated catalogue is listed by current genera with species in alphabetical order, regardless of termination, incorrect original spelling, and the association with the authorships and dates. The synonymy tabulation and the usage of each taxon name have been comprehensively provided in
Institutional abbreviations: Abbreviation of the museum collection appeared below in the lists of taxa and species descriptions are listed as follows:
There are 95 available taxa that are classified into the seven genera of Cyclotus, Crossopoma, Myxostoma, Scabrina, Personia, Pterocyclos and Rhiostoma. Twelve species names “atronitens”, “burrailensis”, “butleri”, “coorgensis”, “daflensis”, “hengdanensis”, “hirtus”, “lahupaensis”, “lemani”, “lhotaensis”, “parrus”, and “sylhetensis” are unpublished and found only on the labels of the specimens in Godwin-Austen collection, which are considered as unavailable nominal taxa (
Rhiostoma abletti Thach, 2016: 37, 38, figs 53, 122–124.
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Northwest of Lai Châu city, on the way going to Paso, Lai Châu Province (north Vietnam).
Holotype
Pterocyclos aborensis
Godwin-Austen, 1915: 498, pl. 39, figs 1, 1a.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Abor Hills; Pongping; Rami Lampang [region in Arunachal Pradesh State, India].
Syntype
Godwin-Austen’s description was based on three lots of specimens. The original description includes an illustration and one set of measurements. The original description stated “Type no. 3104 Brit. Mus.” There are three specimens from Godwin-Austen type collection that relate to this registration number. The specimen figured in the original description which corresponds to the measurements given is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclotus (Eucyclotus) amabilis Fulton, 1905: 93.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
N. Borneo [North Borneo].
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration and only one set of shell measurements was given. The author stated “sometime zigzag”, which implied that this taxon was based on more than one specimen. The NHM collections contain a lot comprised of a single specimen purchased from Sowerby and Fulton with a label stating “Type” and with a collection locality written on the original label, this specimen is figured herein.
Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) amboinense
Pfeiffer, 1854b [1852]: 144.
Cyclotus amboinensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Amboyna [Ambon Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The original description lacked mention of an operculum and did not include an illustration, and only one set of shell measurements was given.
Spiraculum andersoni Blanford, 1869b: 447.
Pterocyclos andersoni — Hanley and Theobald 1872: 23, pl. 49, figs 3, 4.
Pearsonia andersoni
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
ad Bhamo cum praecedente [Bhamo District, Kachin State, Myanmar].
Syntype
The species description was clearly based on more than one specimen, but an illustration was not included in the original description. Later, the species was figured in Hanley and Theobald (1872). The figured specimen with red wool inside the aperture is illustrated in Figure
Cyclostoma angulifera
Souleyet, 1841: 347.
Pterocyclos anguliferus
—
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Les environs de Touranne (Cochinchine) [Da Nang City, Vietnam].
Syntype
The original description included one set of measurements. Later,
Pterocyclos aspersus
Bullen, 1906: 129, with text figure.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Loeboek, Bangko [region in Bangko, Merangin Regency, Jambi Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
The original description is clearly based on more than one specimen, but only one set of measurements and illustrations were given. The NHM type collections contain a lot of six shells with the label stating the taxon name, collection locality, and “Type”. The specimen figured in the original description, which is closest to the shell dimensions given in the original description, is illustrated in Figure
Spiraculum assamense Fulton, 1900: 87, 88.
Pearsonia assamensis
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Khasi Hills, Assam [Khasi Hills, Meghalaya State, India].
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration, and only one set of shell measurements was given. There are two shells in the NHM collection with Fulton’s handwritten label stating “TYPE (larger)”. The larger specimen corresponds to the measurements given in the original description and is illustrated in Figure
Spiraculum avanum Blanford, 1863: 319–321.
Pterocyclos avanus — Hanley and Theobald 1875: 54, pl. 134, figs 8, 9.
Pearsonia avana
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Shan Hills, east of the town of Ava [Shan Hills, Kyaukse District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar].
Syntype
The species was clearly based on two specimens, one dead and one alive. The original description did not include an illustration and only one set of measurements was given. Subsequently, Hanley and Theobald (1875) figured a specimen of this species. The single specimen in the NHM from the Godwin-Austen collection, ex. WT Blanford collection and figured in Hanley and Theobald (1875) is figured herein.
Cyclotus batchianensis
Pfeiffer, 1861: 28, pl. 3, fig. 1.
Pterocylos batchianensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Ise of Batchian [Bacan Islands, north Maluku Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
The original description by Pfeiffer includes an illustration and one set of shell measurements. The type lot in the NHM collections was collected by “Mr. Wallace” and is from the Cuming collection as stated in the original description. It has an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwritings giving the species name and collection locality. The adult specimen that closely matches the measurements and the illustration shown in the original description is figured herein.
Cyclophorus (Myxostoma) bathyrhaphe Smith, 1878: 497–499, fig. 3.
Crossopoma bathyrhaphe
—
Crossopoma Martens, 1891
Borneo.
Holotype
Smith clearly stated that this taxon was described based on a single specimen from the GB Sowerby I collection. The species description included an illustration and a set of shell dimensions. The NHM collections contain a type lot that has an original label stating “Type”, subsequently re-written as “Holotype”. Therefore, we recognise this single shell as the holotype fixed by monotypy.
Spiraculum beddomei Blanford, 1866: 31, 32.
Pterocyclos beddomei — Hanley and Theobald 1875: 54, pl. 134, figs 5, 6.
Pearsonia beddomei
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Kimeky Hills near Waltair (Vizagapatam), northern division of the Madras Presidency [Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh State, India].
Syntype
The species description was based on more than one specimen. The original description did not include an illustration, and only one set of measurements was given. Hanley and Theobald (1875) subsequently figured this species. There is a specimen in the NHM from the Blanford collection figured in Hanley and Theobald (1875) that closely matches the dimensions given in the original description, it is figured herein.
Spiraculum bhamoense Theobald, 1876: 186, 187.
Pearsonia bhamoensis
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Bhamo valle Iravadi Regno Burmanico [Ayeyarwady Valley, Bhamo District, Kachin State, Myanmar].
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration, and only one set of measurements was given.
Pterocyclos bifrons
Pfeiffer, 1855b: 117.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Ceylon [Sri Lanka].
Syntype
The species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection. The original description did not include illustrations, and only one set of measurements was given.
Cyclostoma birostre Pfeiffer, 1855a [1854]: 300.
Pterocyclos birostris
—
Cyclotus birostris
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Sarawak, Borneo [Sarawak, Malaysia].
Syntype
This species was described based on material from the Cuming collection, and only one set of shell measurements was given. Later,
Spiraculum bitubiferum Theobald, 1876: 187.
Pearsonia bitubifera
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Bhamo [Bhamo District, Kachin State, Myanmar].
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration, and only one set of measurements was given.
A, B Syntype of Pearsonia assamenseis C syntype of Pearsonia avana D syntype of Cyclotus batchianensis E holotype of Crossopoma bathyrhaphe F syntype of Pearsonia beddomei G syntype of Pearsonia bhamoensis H, I syntype of Pterocyclos bifrons J, K syntype of Cyclotus birostris L syntype of Pearsonia bitubifera.
Cyclotus boxalli
Godwin-Austen, 1889: 343, 344, pl. 36, fig. 4, 4a.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Molu Hills [Gunung Mulu National Park, Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysia].
Syntype
This species was described from the Hungerford collection. An illustration and a set of shell dimensions were given in the original description.
Rhiostoma boxalli
Godwin-Austen, 1893: 32, 33, fig. 1a–c.
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Near Kina Balu [Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia]; Palawan [Palawan Islands, Province of Palawan, Mimaropa Region, Philippines].
Syntypes
The original description gives a set of shell measurements and figures of two specimens, so this species is clearly based on more than one specimen. There is a type lot (two shells) with differing registration numbers, one specimen
Pterocyclos brahmakundensis
Godwin-Austen, 1915: 499, 500, with text figure 1.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Brahmakund, eastern Assam [Parshuram Kund, Lohit District, Arunachal Pradesh State, India].
Syntype
Godwin-Austen clearly stated that the original description was based on a lot of three shells “Type No. 713 B.M.”. The NHM type collections contain a lot of three shells from the Godwin-Austen collection and original label states “TYPE”. The specimen with red wool inside the aperture that corresponds to the illustrations and measurements given in the original description, and it is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclophorus (Scabrinus) brounae Sykes, 1898: 73, figs 2, 3.
Scabrina brounae
—
Scabrina Blanford, 1863
Nuwara–Eliya [Nuwara Eliya District, Central Province, Sri Lanka].
Holotype
Sykes clearly stated that this taxon was described based on a single specimen collected by Mrs. Broun. The original description included an illustration and a set of shell measurements. The NHM collections contain a Sykes type lot that has an original label stating “Type”, and so we recognise this single illustrated specimen as the holotype fixed by monotypy.
Cyclophorus calyx
Benson, 1856: 228, 229.
Scabrina calyx
—
Scabrina Blanford, 1863
ad Akaouktong, prope ripas fluminis Irawadi [Akauk Taung (Hill), Padaung Township, Pyay District, Bago Region, Myanmar].
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration or state the number of specimens examined and there is no information concerning the operculum, however one set of shell measurements were given. Later,
Pterocyclos cambodjensis
Morelet, 1875: 286, 287, pl. 13, fig. 1.
Rhiostoma cambodjense
—
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Battambang, Cambodje [Battambang Province, Cambodia].
Syntype
The original description includes an illustration and one set of shell measurements is given. However, the species description was not clearly based on a single specimen. Only one shell was found in the NHM collections with an original label stating “Type” and giving the reference of the original description and collection locality. This figured specimen exactly matches with the illustration and shell measurements given in the original description.
Cyclotus celebensis Smith, 1896b: 101, pl. 7, figs 4–6.
Pterocyclos celebensis
—
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
South Celebes, 2000–4000 feet [South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
There are two specimens in the type lot with original labels in Smith’s handwriting stating “Type”. The original description gives one set of measurements and illustrates one specimen. The specimen that corresponds to the illustrations in
Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) chinense Pfeiffer, 1855a [1854]: 299.
Leptopoma chinense
—
Cyclotus chinensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Hong Kong, China.
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration, and one set of shell measurements was given. Later,
Rhiostoma christae Thach, 2016: 38, figs 51, 130–133.
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Near the road No. 6 to Chieng Ngan, Son La Province (north Vietnam).
Holotype
Rhiostoma chupingense Tomlin, 1938: 73, p1. 2, figs 1, 2.
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Bukit Chuping, Perlis, Malaysia.
Lectotype (design. n.)
The original description was clearly based on more than one specimen, and included an illustration and one set of shell measurements. There is only one specimen in the NHM type collections with Tomlin’s hand written label stating “Type” and the collection locality. This specimen exactly matches with the illustration (not full adult stage) and the measurements given in the original description and is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name. The other two lots of Tomlin collections in the
Cyclostoma (Opisthophorus) cochinchinense Pfeiffer, 1857a [1856]: 337.
Pterocyclos cochinchinensis
—
Cyclotus cochinchinensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Cochinchina [south of Vietnam].
Probable syntype
This species was described from specimens in the Cuming collection and only one set of shell measurements was given in the original description. The NHM collections contains a lot of a single shell from the Cuming collection with an original label, probably in Pfeiffer’s handwriting, stating the species name, however this has subsequently been overwritten.
Pterocyclus comatus
Beddome in Nevill, 1881: 146.
Pterocyclos comatus
—
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Anaamullays.
Lectotype (designated by
One lot of four specimens
Cyclophorus confluens
Pfeiffer, 1860a: 140.
Japonia (Lagochilus) confluens
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Borneo.
Syntype
The species description by Pfeiffer did not indicate the number of available specimens and did not include an illustration. Only one set of shell measurements was given in the original description.
Pterocyclos cucullus
Godwin-Austen, 1889: 340, pl. 35, figs 2, 2a.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Niah Hills [Niah National Park, Miri Division, Srawak, Malaysia].
Syntype
The original description included an illustration and one set of shell measurements. Only one specimen is housed in the NHM type collections, with an original label stating “Type”. This shell closely matches the illustration and the measurements given in the original description.
Pterocyclos cumingi
Pfeiffer, 1851: 5.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
insula Ceylon [Sri Lanka].
Lectotype (designated by
Rhiostoma dalyi Blanford, 1902: 34, 35, fig. 1.
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Juxta Phitsanulok, in sylvis humidis et densis [Phitsanulok Province, Thailand].
Syntype
This species was described from specimens collected by Mr. WM. Daly from Thailand. The original description included an illustration and a set of shell dimensions. The NHM collections contain a lot of three specimens collected by Mr. Daly and have an original label stating the species name and collection locality. The specimen which is identical to the illustration, particularly in respect to the breathing device, and the shell measurements given in the original description is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) daucinum Pfeiffer, 1857a [1856]: 337.
Cyclotus daucinus
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Salomon’s Islands [Solomon Islands].
Syntype
This species was described from material in the Cuming collection, and the original description included only one set of shell dimensions.
A, B Syntype of Cyclotus chinensis C lectotype of Rhiostoma chupingense D probable syntype of Cyclotus cochinchinensis E lectotype of Pterocyclos comatus F syntype of Cyclotus confluens G syntype of Pterocyclos cucullus H lectotype of Pterocyclos cumingi I, J syntype of Rhiostoma dalyi K, L syntype of Cyclotus daucinus.
Opisthophorus dautzenbergi
Sykes, 1902a: 23.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Kelantan, Malay Peninsula [Kelantan, Malaysia].
Syntype
The species description does not include an illustration, but later,
Pterocyclos diluvium Sutcharit & Panha, 2014: 336, fig. 3l–p.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Tam Sumano, Patthalung, Thailand (7°35'183"N, 99°52'80"E).
Holotype
Cyclostoma discoideum
Sowerby I, 1843a: 111, pl. 25, figs 87, 88.
Cyclotus discoideus
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Demerara.
Syntype
The original description and illustration in Sowerby I (1843a) as well as those in
Crossopoma enganoense Henderson, 1898: 17, pl. 2, figs 1–3.
Crossopoma Martens, 1891
Engano [Engano Island, north Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
The original description included an illustration and a set of shell measurements. The species description was based on more than one specimen. There are two shells in the NHM type collections with an original label stating “Type lot”, taxon name, and collection locality. The specimen that matches well with the illustration and the shell dimensions given in the original description is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclostoma (Opisthophorus) euryomphalum Pfeiffer, 1857a [1856]: 337.
Pterocyclos euryomphalus
—
Cyclotus euryomphalus
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Borneo.
Syntype
This species was described based on specimens from the Cuming collection, and was not illustrated in the original description.
Spiraculum fairbanki Blanford, 1869a: 135–137.
Pterocyclos fairbanki — Hanley and Theobald 1872: 23, pl. 49, figs 1, 2.
Pearsonia fairbanki
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
In montibus Pulney dictis, Indiae meridionalis [Pulney Mountains, south India].
Lectotype (designated by
Pterocyclos feddeni
Blanford, 1865: 83. Hanley and Theobald 1870: 3, pl. 5, fig. 9. Hanley and Theobald 1875: 3, 53, pl. 5, fig. 9, pl. 134, fig. 1.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Thayet Myo, Pegu [Thayet District, Magway Division, Myanmar].
Syntype
The original description did not clearly state how many specimens were available to the author, although only one set of measurements was given. The NHM collections contain a lot comprising one specimen and an original label stating that the specimens were figured in the Conchologia Indica. This specimen matches well with the figures in Hanley and Theobald (1875: pl. 5, fig. 9, pl. 134, fig. 1), and the measurements given in the original description.
Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) fortunei Pfeiffer, 1854b [1852]: 146.
Cyclostoma fortunei
—
Cyclotus foutunei
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Shanghi, China [Shanghai Municipality, China].
Syntype
This species was described from specimens in the Cuming collection and only one set of shell measurements was given in the original description.
Pterocyclos frednaggsi Sutcharit & Panha, 2014: 336, 337, figs 2a–c, e, 3q–s.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Bukit Chintamanis, Pahang, Malaysia (03°26.798'N, 102°00.987'E).
Holotype
Rhiostoma gwendolenae Godwin-Austen, 1889: 342, pl. 36, fig. 2, 2a.
Cyclotus gwendolenae
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Niah Hills [Niah, Srawak, Malaysia].
Holotype
Godwin-Austen clearly stated this taxon was described based on only a single specimen collected by A Everett. The original description included an illustration and a set of measurements. The NHM collections contain a Godwin-Austen type lot with an original label stating “Type”, and so we recognise this illustrated shell as the holotype fixed by monotypy.
Pterocyclos hainanensis Adams, 1870a: 8, pl. 1, fig. 16.
Cyclotus hainanensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Hainan [Hainan Province, China].
Syntype
Adams’s description was based on specimens collected by Mr. Swinhoe from Hainan. The original description gives both a set of shell measurements and an illustration of a specimen. The NHM collections contain a lot of three specimens from the H Adams collection with an original label stating the taxon name and collection locality. The specimen marked with an “x” on the shell matches well with the shell dimensions and illustration given in the original description and it is figured herein (Fig.
Rhiostoma hainesi
Pfeiffer, 1862: 115, pl. 12, fig. 8.
Pterocyclos hainesi
—
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Camboja [Cambodia].
Syntype
This species was described based on material in the Cuming collection, and Pfeiffer provided an illustration and a set of measurements. The NHM type lot contains two shells collected by H Mouhot and is from the Cuming collection. It has an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting giving the taxon name, the collector as “Mr. Mouhot” and collection locality. The specimen that most closely matches the illustration and shell measurements given in
Spiraculum harryleei Thach & Huber, 2018: 18, 19, figs 89–92.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Krabi, south Thailand [Krabi Province, Thailand].
Holotype
The shell characters of an expanded apertural lip and a small accessory breathing device (sutural tube) located in the suture closest to the aperture suggest that it is a member of the genus Cyclotus. It is very closely resembles the widespread species Cyclotus setosus (Möllendorff, 1894) in the southern Thailand.
Cyclophorus hispidulus Blanford, 1863: 321, 322. Hanley and Theobald 1872: 22, pl. 47, figs 5, 6.
Scabrina hispidula
—
Scabrina Blanford, 1863
Mya Leit Doung, near Ava [Myaleit Mountains, Pyinoolwin and Kyaukse Townships, Pyinoolwin and Kyaukse Districts, Mandalay Region, Myanmar].
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration, and only one set of shell measurements was given. Subsequently, Hanley and Theobald (1872) figured a specimen of this species. There is a specimen in the NHM collections from the Blanford collection which was figured in Hanley and Theobald (1872) and matches well with the dimensions given in the original description, and it is figured herein (Fig.
Pearsonia huberi Thach, 2016: 36, figs 48, 115–118.
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Thanh area, Dien Khanh District, Khanh Hao Province, Vietnam.
Holotype
Rhiostoma hungerfordi Godwin-Austen, 1889: 342, 343.
Pearsonia hungerfordi
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Molu Hills, Borneo [Gunung Mulu, Sarawak, Malaysia].
Holotype
Godwin-Austen clearly stated that this taxon was described based on only one specimen from the R Hungerford collection. There is one specimen in the NHM collections that has an original label stating “Type”. We recognise this specimen as the holotype fixed by monotypy.
A Syntype of Pterocyclos feddeni B paratype of Pterocyclos frednaggsi C holotype of Cyclotus gwendolenae D, E syntype of Cyclotus hainanensis F, G syntype of Rhiostoma hainesi H holotype of Cyclotus harryleei I, J syntype of Scabrina hispidula K holotype of Pearsonia huberi L holotype of Cyclotus hungerfordi.
Cyclophorus (Myxostoma) inglisianus Stoliczka, 1871: 148, 149, pl. 6, fig. 1.
Cyclophorus inglisianus
— Hanley and
Scabrina inglisianus
—
Scabrina Blanford, 1863
Damotha, prope Moulmein [Dhammatat Cave, Mawlamyine Township, Mawlamyine District, Mon State, Myanmar].
Possible syntype
The species description included an illustration and one set of shell measurements. There is a shell in the NHM collections from the Blanford collection, with an original label stating “figd. Conch. Ind. 143, f. 8, 9” and the collection locality “Damatha, Molmein”. This specimen matches with the shell dimensions given in the original description but lacks an operculum. Therefore, we consider this lot to be a possible syntype.
Pterocyclos insignis
Theobald, 1865: 278. Hanley and Theobald 1870: 3, pl. 5, figs 6, 7.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Shan State [Myanmar].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The species description was very brief and only one set of measurements was given. The NHM collections contain a mixed-species lot consisting of two specimens with an original label stating “Type”. The specimen that matches with the figures in Hanley and Theobald (1870: pl. 5, figs 6, 7), the measurements (width 29.6 mm) given in the original description and marked with an “x” is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name.
The other shell,
Rhiostoma iris Godwin-Austen, 1889: 343.
Cyclotus iris
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Borneo.
Syntype
The original description gave the measurements for only one shell and did not include an illustration. The NHM collections contain a lot of one specimen from the R Hungerford collection with an original label stating “Type” and giving the collection locality as “Borneo”. This specimen matches well with the original description and shell dimensions given.
Spiraculum kempi Godwin-Austen, 1915: 496, 497, pl. 39, figs 4, 4a, 5, 5a.
Pearsonia kempi
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Abor Hills and Ponging [in the area of Arunachal Pradesh State, India].
Syntype
Godwin-Austen’s description clearly indicated that the type series was from two collection localities “Abor Hills” and “Pongping”, and he provided illustrations of two shells from each different specimen lot. These two specimen lots were listed as being housed in the NHM collections. These two type lots have an original label in Godwin-Austen’s handwriting stating species name, collection locality and giving his own catalogue numbers. The figured specimen (
Pterocyclos labuanensis
Pfeiffer, 1864 [1863]: 525.
Cyclotus labuanensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
In insula Labuan [Federal Territory of Labuan, Malaysia].
Syntype
The species was described based on material from the Cuming collection. The original description did not include an illustration and only one set of shell dimensions was given.
Pterocyclos latilabrum
Smith, 1895: 116, pl. 3, figs 23–25.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Gomanton Hill, N. Borneo [Gomantong Hill, Sandakan Division, Sabah, Malaysia].
Syntype
Smith based this taxon on more than one specimen since the author states “most of the specimens”. The original description includes an illustration but no shell measurements are given. The type lot in the NHM collections contain three specimens with an original label in Smith’s handwriting. The specimen that most closely matches the illustrations in the original description is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclotus lepidotus
Vermeulen, 1996: 151, fig. 3.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Nusa Penida [Nusa Penida Island, Klungkung Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia].
Holotype
Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) lindstedti Pfeiffer, 1857b [1856]: 391.
Cyclotus lindstedti
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Mount Ophir, Malacca [Gunung Ledang National Park, Tangkak District, Johor, Malaysia].
Syntype
The species description did not include an illustration, and only one set of shell measurements were given.
Cyclotus (Pseudocyclophorus) lombockensis
Smith, 1898a: 31, pl. 2, fig. 18.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Rinjani Peak, 2,500 ft [at 2500 ft., Gunung Rinjani, Lombok Island, west Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The species description was not explicitly based on one specimen, but only a single shell was illustrated and just one set of shell measurements was given in the original description. The NHM type lot contains one specimen with an original label in Smith’s handwriting and a label stating “Type”, subsequently changed to “Holotype”. This is not a valid holotype designation (
Pterocyclos lowianus
Pfeiffer, 1864 [1863]: 526.
Cyclotus lowianus
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
In insula Labuan [Federal Territory of Labuan, Malaysia].
Syntype
This species was described based on specimens collected by H Low from the Cuming collection. In the original description, only one set of shell measurements was given. In 1869, Pfeiffer re-described and illustrated a single specimen from the Cuming collection. The NHM collections contain a lot of three shells from the Cuming collection with Pfeiffer’s handwritten label stating the taxon name, collector and collection locality. The specimen that matches well with the shell dimensions in the original description and the illustrations in
Spiraculum luyorensis Godwin-Austen, 1915: 500, pl. 40, figs 5, 5a, b.
Pearsonia luyorensis
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Luyor, Abor Hills [in the area of Arunachal Pradesh State, India].
Syntype
Godwin-Austen’s description was not clearly based on only one specimen. The original description included an illustration and one set of measurements were given. The author stated that one lot of the type series was housed in the NHM collections. The specimen
Cyclostoma lychnus
Morelet, 1862: 478.
Myxostoma lychnus
—
Myxostoma Troschel, 1847
In insula Poulo-Condor [Con Son Island, Ba Ria–Vung Tau Province, Vietnam].
Lectotype
The original description by
Rhiostoma macalpine–woodsi Laidlaw, 1939: 166, with text figure.
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Sungei Siput, Perak [Sungai Siput, Kuala Kangsar District, Perak, Malaysia].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The original description does not clearly state how many specimens were available to the author. Laidlaw’s use of the term “Type specimen in my collection” does not constitute a valid holotype designation (
Pterocyclos magnus
Godwin-Austen, 1876: 174, pl. 7, figs 3, 3a, 3b.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Dafla Hills, Assam [India].
Syntype
This species was clearly described based on more than one specimen since the author stated “largest example”. The NHM collections contain a lot containing a single specimen with an original label in Godwin-Austen’s handwriting stating “Type”. This specimen matches well with the illustration and the measurements given in the original description.
Pterocyclos marionae Preston, 1914: 22, with text figure.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Naga Hills [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland states, India].
Syntype
A unique name bearing type was not explicitly designated and the species description was not clearly based on one specimen. The original description included a single illustration and one set of shell measurements. The
A Lectotype of Cyclotus lombockensis B, C syntype of Cyclotus lowianus D syntype of Pearsonia luyorensis E, F Myxostoma lychnus E lectotype and F paralectotype G lectotype of Cyclotus macalpinewoodsi H syntype of Pterocyclos magnus I, J syntype of Pterocyclos marionae K, L syntype of Cyclotus mindaiensis.
Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) mastersi Blanford, MSS. Hanley and Theobald 1870: 3, pl. 5, fig. 1 [nomen nudum].
Spiraculum mastersi Blanford, 1877: 313, 314.
Pearsonia mastersi
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
in montibus Naga dictis, ad latus meridionale province Assam, haud procul a Golaghat [Naga Hills, Golaghat District, southern of Assam State, India].
Syntype
This taxon was first published in Hanley and Theobald (1870), who attributed the name to WT Blanford as a manuscript name. However, Hanley and Theobald (1870: 3) did not provide any description or definition of the taxon, only a figure was provided, which does not meet the requirements of the
Pterocyclos mindaiensis Bock, 1881: 634, pl. 55, figs 8, 8a, b.
Cyclotus mindaiensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Mindai (Amontai district) [Amuntai, Hulu Sungai Utara, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
In the original description, Bock illustrates two specimens (an adult and a juvenile), although only one set of shell measurements were given. There are four specimens in the NHM type lot from the Bock collection with an original label stating “Types”. The adult specimen, marked with an “x” matches well with the shell dimensions and illustration given in the original description (
Spiraculum minimum Godwin-Austen, 1915: 501, 502, pl. 40, figs 2, 2a–c.
Pearsonia minima
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Jeku, Abor Hills and Sibbum, Abor Hills [Doje Jeku and Sibbum Villages, west Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh State, India].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The paralectotypes are the two remianing shells,
Cyclostoma mucronatum Sowerby I, 1843a (June): 113, pl. 25, fig. 91. Sowerby I 1843b (November): 63.
Platyrhaphe mucronata
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Under decayed leaves at Calauang in Luzon [Calauan, Laguna Province, Philippines].
Syntype
The species name was made available in volume 1 of the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, (Sowerby I 1843a; for date of publication see
Spiraculum nagaense Godwin-Austen & Beddome, 1894: 509.
Pearsonia nagaensis
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Maokokchung, Naga Hills [Mokokchung District, Nagaland State, India].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The original description did not contain any illustrations, and only one set of measurements was given. Godwin-Austen stated that the type series was from the Beddome collection. The NHM collections contain two lots that are considered to constitute the type series. Lot
The paralectotypes consist of a lot of three shells,
Cyclotus natunensis
Smith, 1894a: 461, 462, pl. 16, figs 14, 14a–c.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Banguran [Bunguran Islands, Riau Islands Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
The original description included an illustration and one set of shell measurements. The NHM collections contain a lot of four shells collected by A Everett from Smith’s collection with an original label stating taxon name, type collection locality, and “Type”. The specimen that matches well with the illustration and shell dimensions given in the original description is figured herein (Fig.
Spiraculum nevilli Godwin-Austen, 1876: 174, 175, pl. 7, figs 2, 2a.
Pearsonia nevilli
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
near Dihiri Parbat, on the outer sandstone range [Hari Parbat, Srinagar District, Jammu and Kashmir State, India].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The species description clearly stated that the taxon was based on two specimens from Dihiri Parbat. An illustration and one set of measurements were given in the original description. The NHM type collection contains one lot, consisting of two shells with Godwin-Austen’s handwritten label stating “Type”. The specimen figured in the original description that is closest to the given measurements is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name.
A Syntype of Pearsonia mastersi B, C Pearsonia minima B lectotype and C paralectotype D, E syntype of Cylotus mucronatus F, G Pearsonia nagaensis F lectotype and G paralectotype H, I syntype of Cyclotus natunensis J, K Pearsonia nevilli J lectotype and K paralectotype L syntype of Cyclotus niasensis.
Pterocyclos niahensis
Godwin-Austen, 1889: 340, pl. 35, figs 3, 3a.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Niah Hills [Niah National Park, Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysia].
Syntype
Godwin-Austen described this species based on material from A Everett. The NHM collections contain a lot of two shells from the A Everett collection with an original label stating “Type”. The specimen which corresponds to the illustrations and shell dimensions given in the original description, and marked with an “X”, is figured herein (Fig.
Godwin-Austen also described a varietal form “var. depressa” from “Molu Hills” based on specimens collected by Mr. Boxall, ex. R Hungerford collection. The type series of the taxa could not be traced in the NHM collections.
Cyclotus niasensis Fulton, 1907: 156, pl. 10, fig. 9.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Nias Island, Sumatra [Nias Island, north Sumatra Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
The original description included an illustration and gave one set of shell measurements. There are three specimens in the type lot with an original label in Fulton’s handwriting stating “Type”. The specimen that has a small label stating “Type.” glued on top of the shell matches well with the measurements and figures given in the original description, is figured herein (Fig.
Spiraculum oakesi Godwin-Austen, 1915: 496, pl. 39, figs 3, 3a.
Pearsonia oakesi
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Abor Hills [region in Arunachal Pradesh State, India].
Syntype
The author indicated that five specimens were examined, and the original description included an illustration and one set of measurements. The NHM type collections contain a lot of five specimens with a label in Godwin-Austen’s handwritingstating “Type”. The specimen with red wool inside the aperture, illustrated in the original description and very close to the given measurements, is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclostoma politum
Sowerby I, 1843a: 97, pl. 23, fig. 17.
Cyclotus politus
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Unknown.
Possible syntype
The original description was published by Sowerby I in 1843 and included and illustation. Later,
Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) pterocycloides Pfeiffer, 1855a [1854]: 300.
Pterocyclos anomalus Reeve, 1863: volume 14, Pterocyclos, pl. 5, species 27. Type locality: Borneo.
Cyclotus pterocycloides
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Unknown.
Lectotype (design. n.)
The remaining a single shell with an operculum,
Pterocyclos rupestris var. puriensis
Nevill, 1878: 260.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Pooree (=Puri) [Puri District, Odisha State, India] and Chandbally [region in Odisha State, India].
Possible syntype
The author clearly indicated that this taxon was described based on material from Pooree (=Puri) and Chandbally. The original description does not include any illustrations or shell measurements, and the species description is very brief, simply indicating that this taxon is a “dwarf form with raised spire…”. The NHM collections contain a lot containing one shell from the Beddome collection with an original label stating collection locality as “Puri, Orissa”. Since this lot was registered as “Nev. Hnd. List. p. 260”, we consider this shell to be a possible syntype.
Spiraculum putaoensis Godwin-Austen, 1915: 500, 501, pl. 40, figs 3, 3a, b.
Pearsonia putaoensis
—
Pearsonia Kobelt, 1902
Putao, Upper Burma [Putao District, Kachin State, Myanmar].
Syntype
The original description included an illustration, one set of measurements, and
Cyclotus pyrostoma
Smith, 1896b: 100, 101, pl. 7, figs 1–3.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
South Celebes, at 2000 feet [south Sulawesi Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
There are three specimens in the NHM type lot with a label in Smith’s handwriting stating the species name and collection locality. One specimen has a small label “Type” attached under the shell. This specimen matches well to the illustration and shell dimensions given in the original description and is figured herein (Fig.
Opisthoporus siamensis Martens, 1860: 10.
Cyclotus siamensis
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Siam [Thailand].
Syntype
Rhiostoma simplicilabre
Pfeiffer, 1862: 115, pl. 12, fig. 7.
Pterocyclos simplicilaris
—
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Camboja [Cambodia].
Syntype
This species was described based on specimens collected by H Mouhot from the Cuming collection. The original description included an illustration and one set of shell measurements. There are four specimens in the NHM collections from the Cuming collection with an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting stating the taxon name, collector and collection locality. The specimen that closely matches the illustration ans has a small label stating “Type” glued inside the umbilicus is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclostoma spiniferum
Morelet, 1861: 177.
Cyclotus spiniferus
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
probably in Borneo.
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration and only one set of shell measurements was given. There are three specimens in the NHM collections purchased from A Morelet with the original label stating “type of spiniferum on left”, and with the collection locality “Borneo”. The specimen with an attached operculum, that most closely matched with the measurements given in the original description, and is marked with “X” under the shell, is figured herein (Fig.
Pterocyclos spiramentum Godwin-Austen, 1915: 498, 499, pl. 40, figs 4, 4a, 4b.
Pterocyclos Benson, 1832
Abor Hills [region in Arunachal Pradesh State, India].
Holotype
The original description clearly stated that this taxon was described based on only one specimen. The NHM collections contain a lot consisting of a single specimen with a label in Godwin-Austen’s handwriting stating “Type”. This specimen matches well with the illustrations and measurements given in the original description, and so we consider this specimen as the holotype fixed by monotypy.
Cyclotus subflammulatus
Pfeiffer, 1861: 28.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Ise of Batchian [Bacan Islands, North Maluku Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration and only one set of shell measurements was given.
Cyclotus suluanus
Smith, 1894b: 56, pl. 4, fig. 7.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Sulu [Sulu Province, Philippines].
Syntype
The species description was clearly based on two specimens collected by R Hungerford and housed in the British Museum [= NHM]. The original description included an illustration and gave one set of shell measurements. The NHM collections contain a lot of two specimens with a label stating “Types”. The specimen that matches well with the illustration and shell dimensions given in the original description is figured herein (Fig.
The manuscript name “Cyclotus suluanus m.” was first mentioned in
Cyclotus taivanus
Adams, 1870b: 378, 379, pl. 27, figs 11, 11a.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Taiwan, Formosa.
Lectotype (designated by
Rhiostoma tomlini Salisbury, 1949: 41–42, pl. 3b, figs 3, 4.
Rhiostoma Benson, 1860
Khao Sabap, Siam [Plieu National Park, Khlung District, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand].
Holotype
The original description included an illustration, one set of shell measurements, and was clearly based on more than one specimen. The author indicated that the ‘Type’ was kept in the JR le B Tomlin collection and ‘Paratypes’ were housed in the NHM collections. The holotype was clearly designated and is housed in the JR le B Tomlin collection (later transferred to the
Cyclotus trailli
Pfeiffer, 1862: 116, fig, 4.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Russel-Canda, Madras [in the area of Chennai District, Tamil Nadu State, India].
Syntype
The original description by Pfeiffer includes the illustration of a shell and gives one set of shell measurements. The type lot in the NHM collections was collected by “Dr. Trail” and is from the Cuming collection as stated in the original description. It has an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting giving the species name and collection locality. The largest specimen, marked with an “x” which most closely matches the measurements and the illustration shown in the original description is figured herein (Fig.
Spiraculum travancoricum Blanford, 1880: 212, 213, pl. 3, figs 6, 6a.
Pearsonia travancornica
—
In montibus Travancoricis haud procul a Tinnevelly [Hills between Kerala State and Tinnevelly District, Tamil Nadu State, India].
Holotype
Cyclotus trusanensis
Godwin-Austen, 1889: 344, pl. 36, figs 5, 5a.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Trusan Island [Terusan Island, Sabah, Malaysia].
Syntype
The species description was clearly based on more than one specimen. The original description included an illustration of a single specimen and gave two sets of shell measurements. The NHM collections contain a lot consisting of a single shell with an original label stating “type”. This shell matches with the illustration and the shell sizes correspond well with the measurements of the specimen cited as “Size of shell drawn”, in the original description.
Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) tubuliferum Pfeiffer, 1854c [1853]: 51.
Pterocyclos tubuliferus
—
Cyclotus tubuliferus
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
unknown.
Syntype
The original description did not include an illustration or collection locality. Pfeiffer stated that this species was described based on material from the Cuming collection, and only one set of shell dimensions was given. Later,
Pterocyclus vanbuensis Smith, 1896a: 130.
Scabrina vanbuensis
—
Scabrina Blanford, 1863
Vanbu, Tonkin [Van Ban District, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam].
Lectotype (design. n.)
The original description included only one set of shell measurements; however, the species description was not explicitly based on one specimen. There are two shells in the NHM type lot with an original label stating “Types”, subsequently changed to read “holotype red spot”. The shell that matches the measurements given in the original description is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name.
A Syntype of Cyclotus subflammulatus B, C Cyclotus taivanus B lectotype and C paralectotype D paratype of Rhiostoma tomlini E, F syntype of Cyclotus trailli G holotype of Pearsonia travancornica H syntype of Cyclotus trusanensis I, J syntype of Cyclotus tubuliferus K, L Scabrina vanbuensis K lectotype and L paralectotype.
Cyclotus vicinus
Smith, 1896c: 150, fig. 13.
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Jampea Island [Pulau Jampea, Selayar Islands Regency, south Sulawesi Province, Indonesia].
Syntype
Smith stated in the introduction to his paper that he had received specimens from A Everett. There are six specimens in the NHM type lot with original labels in Smith’s handwriting. The original description gives one set of measurements and an illustration of one specimen. The specimen that corresponds to the figure and measurements given in the original description, and with a red spot on the shell is figured herein (Fig.
Cyclostoma volvuloides
Sowerby I, 1850: 162*, pl. 31b, figs 312, 313.
Cyclotus volvuloides
—
Cyclotus Swainson, 1840
Unknown.
Possible syntype
The original description of this species included an illustration. Later,
Pterocyclos anamullayensis Beddome [unavailable name, only written on label of specimens].
Collection RH Beddome, Holotype
Anamalais, India [Anamalai Hills (10°20'N, 76°55'E), Kerala and Tamil Nadu states, India].
The differences between Pterocyclos anamullayensis new species, P. comatus Beddome 1881 and P. cyclophoroideus Nevill, 1881 are the elevated spire, expanded lip, stout last whorl, absence of a spiral band on periphery of the last whorl, the wing-shape of upper peripheral lip near the suture and a canal-like accessory respiratory structure. In comparison, P. comatus and P. cyclophoroideus both have a depressed spire, narrow dark brown peripheral band, wide umbilicus, and slight expansion of the upper peripheral lip. The accessory respiratory structure of P. comatus forms a nearly closed tubular structure (see
Shell small to medium, elevated conic, thickened, and widely umbilicated. Apex acute; spire elevated; suture wide and depressed; whorl 4 to 5 convex and becoming increasingly regular. Shell surface nearly smooth with thin growth lines; periostracum thin, corneous to brownish colour. Last whorl rounded and stout. Shell colour monochrome with a white or brown zigzag pattern. Aperture rounded with white lip; upper peripheral-lip widely expanded with wing shaped near suture; lower part of apertural lip thickened and absent to little expanded. Accessory respiratory structure canal-like or notch shape. Operculum calcareous, concave inside and multi-lamellae outside.
The specific epithet is derived from the type locality.
This new species known only from the type locality.
This new species was described based on the historical collections of RH Beddome from “Anamalis”. The
We thank T Backeljau (