Small to medium sized psocids. Antennae short, not reaching tip of fore wing. Wings membranous, usually hyaline with brownish tinge; fore wing normal in both sexes or brachypterous in female; fore wing Rs and M meeting at point, fused for short distance or connected by crossvein, areola postica pentagonous, first and second sections of Cu_1a forming obtuse angle about 120°. Male abdomen with distal segments dark brown colored, 8^th sternum broadly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium, with lateral margins overlapping clunium; epiproct round, dorsally with sclerotized projection at middle of anterior margin; hypandrium symmetrical and 5-lobed, with posteromedian lobe forming dorsal-curved structure, pair of lateral lobes carinate with outer surface covering denticles, and pair of internal lobes rod-like or expanded; phallosome free posteriorly, anteriorly fused or connected by membrane. Female subgenital plate with sclerotized arms forming flat V-shaped regions and expanded laterally, egg guide relatively long; ventral valve of gonapophyses distally tapering to slender tip, outer valve with well developed posterior lobe.

China; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan; Macedonia; Mongolia; Romania; Russia; Serbia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland.

The genus Neopsocopsis is placed in the subfamily Amphigerontiinae mainly based on the following characters: male 8^th sternum broadly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium, with lateral margins overlapping clunium (Yoshizawa et al. 2011); hypandrium symmetrical with various projections; phallosome free posteriorly; female subgenital plate with prominent egg guide plate and ventral valve of gonapophyses tapering distally (also observed in some other genera of Psocinae). Neopsocopsis can be easily distinguished from genera in Amphigerontiinae by the 5-lobed hypandrium as well as the carinate and dentigerous lateral lobes, which are considered to be an autapomorphy of the genus. In addition, the shape and sclerotization pattern of the female subgenital plate are also distinct in Amphigerontiinae. Described based on a single male specimen from China, Pentablaste pentasticha (Li, 1990) apparently lacks the above characters, and it appears to correspond more closely to the generic characters of Neoblaste in genitalic details. However, classification of this species cannot be confirmed until more samples are analyzed, and we do not discuss Pentablaste pentasticha in this work.

One Indonesian genus, Javablaste Endang, Thornton & New, 2002, shared many generic characters of Neopsocopsis and was different from the latter by 1) female with normal fore wing, 2) subgenital plate with transverse sclerotized bar at mid line and 3) male hypandrium with lateral spinous lobes (Endang et al. 2002). However, as discussed above, the brachypterous fore wing is not a stable character of Neopsocopsis. Later, in 2010, Endang and New recorded three new species of Javablaste from Sumatra, Indonesia, including Javablaste darmayasai Endang & New, 2010, in which the second condition was not observed. In addition, there is little difference between the terms “tuberculate” or “spinous” in reference to the lateral lobes of the hypandrium. According to Endang and New (2010), the Chinese species, Neopsocopsis flavida, was pointed out to be very similar to speciesof Javablaste with minor genitalic differences. It is strong possible that Javablaste is also a junior synonym of Neopsocopsis.

Holotype ♂: China, Yunnan Prov., Lüchun Co., Huanglianshan Natural Reserve, 5.v.2011 (LX Liu). Paratypes. China: 1♀, same date as holotype; 1♂1♀, same locality and collector as holotype, 6.v.2011; 1♀, Yunnan Prov., Jinping Co., Fenshuiling Natural Reserve, 9.v.2011 (LX Liu); 1♂1♀, same locality and collector, 10.v.2011; 2♂, Yunnan Prov., Pingbian Co., Daweishan Natural Reserve, 16.v.2006 (JX Cui); 1♂, same locality, 12.v.2006 (Y Tang); 3♂, same locality, 24.v.2009 (XS Yang); 1♂, Gansu Prov., Wenxian Co., Qiujiaba Reg., 26.vii.2011 (SP Liu).

The specific name refers to the characteristic convex-shaped posteromedian lobe of the hypandrium.

Medium sized psocids. Fore wing hyaline with brownish coloration; Rs and M fused for very short distance, meeting at point or connected by crossvein. Male: 8^th sternum strongly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium; epiproct swollen with tiny projection at middle of anterior margin; hypandrium 5-lobed with posteromedian lobe convex distaromedially, internal lobes rod-like and distally forked. Female: subgenital plate with egg guide distally round, slightly sclerotized, pigment arms forming flat V-shaped regions and expanded laterally.

Male. Head creamy brown; compound eyes grayish black, ocelli black with grayish black ocellar field; antennae and labrum brown; maxillary palpi brown with distal segments dark colored. Thorax brown with dark brown markings on mesonotum; legs brown, with tarsi and distal part of tibia dark brown. Abdominal segments mostly creamy white, with apical regions dark brown. Fore wing (Fig. 1A) hyaline with brownish tinge, pterostigma dark brown with dark brown band along proximal margin; veins brown, except for Rs fork and M-Cu_1a fusion hyaline. Venation: Rs and M fused for very short distance, meeting at point or connected by crossvein; distal margin of discoidal cell straight; first and second sections of Cu_1a almost equal length, diverging at angle about 120°. Hind wing hyaline with brownish coloration; veins brown.

Abdomen. Male genitalia: 8^th sternum strongly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium. Clunium (Fig. 2A) with posterior margin sharply convex medially. Epiproct (Fig. 2AB) swollen, unsclerotized medially, with tiny projection at middle of anterior margin. Paraproct (Fig. 2A) round and broadened distally. Hypandrium 5-lobed, lateral lobes carinate with outer surface covering denticles; posteromedian lobe forming dorsal-curved structure, with distal margin convex medially, basally with small membranous regions; internal lobes rod-like and distally forked. Phallosome (Fig. 2D) free posteriorly, distally broadened and paired with parameres.

Female genitalia: Subgenital plate (Fig. 2E) with egg guide round distally, invaginated basally and slightly sclerotized; pigment arms forming flat V-shaped regions and expanded laterally. Gonapophyses (Fig. 2F) with ventral valve distally tapering to slender tip; dorsal valve broad with pointed distal process; outer valve oval, with posterior lobe slender and well pointed. Internal plate (Fig. 2G) brown around spermathecal opening and marginally, with rod-like dark brown sclerotization anteriorly.

Male: Body length 2.5–3.2 mm; fore wing length 3.9–4.3 mm; hind wing length 2.9–3.6 mm. Female: Body length 3.2–3.9 mm; fore wing length 3.7–4.4 mm; hind wing length 2.6–3.2 mm.

China (Gansu, Yunnan).

The new species appears to be closely related to Neopsocopsis hirticornis (Reuter, 1893), Neopsocopsis sakishimensis (Yoshizawa, 2010) and Neopsocopsis flavida (Li, 1989) based on similarity of the hypandrium with posteromedian lobe convex distaromedially. However, it can be easily separated from them by the larger body size, by the structure of male clunium, and by the shape and sclerotized pattern of the female subgenital plate. The new species is distinguished from all the other Neopsocopsis species by the characteristic shape of the internal lobes of hypandrium.

Pentablaste obconica – Holotype ♂: China, Shanxi Prov., Wenshui Co., Guandishan Reg., 2.viii.1981 (FS Li); Pentablaste clavata – Holotype ♂: China, Hebei Prov., Pingquan Co., Guangtoushan Reg., 2.vii.1986 (FS Li).Other material examined.China: 1♂, Nei Mongol Aut. Reg., Alax Left. B., Helanshan Natural Reserve, 6.viii.2010 (YL Tian); 1♂, same locality, 13.viii.2010 (SG Liang); 2♂, Shanxi Prov., Wenshui Co., Guandishan Reg., 3.viii.1981 (CK Yang); 1♀, same locality, 3.viii.1981 (FS Li); 1♀, Hebei Prov., Pingquan Co., Guangtoushan Reg., 2.vii.1986 (FS Li); 1♂, Beijing M., Xiangshan Reg., 12.v.1962 (FS Li). Japan: 1♀, Kanagawa Pref., Yokohama C., Serigatani, 7.iv.2011 (Y Hoshino); 2♀, same locality and collector, 12.iv.2011.

Male. Head creamy brown, with dark brown markings; compound eyes grayish black, ocelli black with grayish black ocellar field; antennae, labrum and maxillary palpi brown. Thorax brown with dark brown spots; legs brown, with band of dark brown marking on femur, tarsi and distal part of tibia dark brown. Fore wing (Fig. 1B) hyaline with brownish tinge, pterostigma dark brown with dark brown band along proximal margin; veins brown, except for Rs fork and M-Cu_1a fusion hyaline. Venation: Rs and M fused for very short distance; distal margin of discoidal cell straight; first and second sections of Cu_1a almost equal length, diverging at angle about 120°. Hind wing hyaline; veins brown.

Abdomen. Male genitalia: 8^th sternum strongly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium. Clunium (Fig. 3A) with posterior margin convex medially and invaginated bilaterally. Epiproct (Fig. 3AB) swollen, unsclerotized medially, with sharp projection at middle of anterior margin. Paraproct (Fig. 3A) round and broadened distally. Hypandrium (Fig. 3C) 5-lobed, lateral lobes carinate with outer surface covering denticles; posteromedian lobe forming dorsal-curved structure, with distal margin smoothly round, basally with fan-shaped membranous regions; internal lobes well developed, with distal part crescent-like and directed dorsolaterally. Phallosome (Fig. 3D) free posteriorly, distally broadened and paired with parameres.

Female genitalia: Subgenital plate (Fig. 3E) with egg guide round distally, basally invaginated; pigment arms forming flat V-shaped regions and expanded laterally, posteriorly forked. Gonapophyses (Fig. 3F) with ventral valve distally tapering to slender tip; dorsal valve broad with pointed distal process; outer valve oval, with posterior lobe broad and well pointed. Internal plate (Fig. 3G) with brown coloration around spermathecal opening and marginally, with rod-like dark brown sclerotization anteriorly.

Male: Body length 2.4–2.9 mm; fore wing length 3.2–4.5 mm; hind wing length 2.5–3.3 mm. Female: Body length 3.0–3.5 mm; fore wing length 3.7–4.5 mm; hind wing length 3.0–3.6 mm.

China (Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi, Zhejiang: new distributional record); Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan (new distributional record) ; Macedonia; Mongolia; Romania; Russia; Serbia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland.

Pentablaste clavata was described by Li (2002) based on one male and one female from Hebei, with the characters of the fore wing Sc ending at R and the crossvein Rs-M. Pentablaste obconica is the type species of Li’s genus Pentablaste, which is the most widely distributed species of China. Neopsocopsis hirticornis is the type species of Neopsocopsis, distributed mainly in Europe. After reexamining all the specimens, we found they all have similar genitalia, but the crossvein Rs-M is not a stable character to distinguish Pentablaste clavata from the others. Thus we consider Pentablaste obconica and Pentablaste clavata be new junior synonyms of Neopsocopsis hirticornis. Females of Neopsocopsis hirticornis are mostly brachypterous (Vishnyakova 1986; Lienhard 1998), but a few macropterous females have also been recorded (Günther 1980, 1991; Hedström 1989). Females collected in Japan (new distributional record) are all brachypterous, but those from China are all macropterous. Therefore, there might be some genetic differences between Chinese and other populations of Neopsocopsis hirticornis but, in the absence of more distinct differences, we treat them as a single species. This species is similar to Neopsocopsis sakishimensis Yoshizawa, 2010 from Japan, however Neopsocopsis hirticornis can be distinguished by the larger body size and by the genitalic characters.

Pentablaste tetraedrica – Holotype ♂: China, Hebei Prov., Pingquan Co., Guangtoushan Reg., 2.vii.1986 (FS Li). Other material examined.China: 2♂3♀, same locality and collector, 2.vii.1986; Japan: 1♂1♀, Fukuoka Pref., Hisayama C., Yamada, 5.vi.1994 (K Yoshizawa).

China (Hebei: new distributional record); Russia; Japan.

Pentablaste tetraedrica was described based on 3 males and 3 females from China. The species is distinguished from other Chinese species based on the character of the hypandrium posteromedian lobe lacking apically horn-like processes (Li, 2002). Neopsocopsis longiptera was described based on the specimens from the Russian Far East and differed from Neopsocopsis hirticornis (Reuter, 1893) in having a macropterous female and a larger male IO/D (Vishnyakova, 1986). After reexamining the two specimens, we found the main characters of the wings and genitalia are nearly identical. Thus we consider Pentablaste tetraedrica to be a new synonym of Neopsocopsis longiptera.

Holotype ♂: China, Guizhou Prov., Jiangkou Co., Fanjingshan Natural Reserve, 27.vii.1983 (FS Li). Other material examined. China: 1♂, Guizhou Prov., Leishan Co., Leigongshan Natural Reserve, 14.iv.2005 (Y Tang).

Male. Head creamy brown; compound eyes grayish black, ocelli black with grayish black ocellar field; antennae and labrum brown, maxillary palpi brown with apical segment lighter. Thorax brown with dark brown spots; legs brown, with band of dark brown marking on femur, tarsi and distal part of tibia dark colored. Fore wing (Fig. 1C) hyaline with light brownish tinge, pterostigma brown; veins brown, except for Rs fork and M-Cu_1a fusion hyaline. Venation: Rs and M fused for very short distance; distal margin of discoidal cell straight; first section of Cu_1a shorter than the second section, diverging at angle about 120°. Hind wing hyaline; veins brown.

Abdomen. Male genitalia: 8^th sternum strongly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium. Clunium (Fig. 4A) with posterior margin sharply convex medially and with tiny projection bilaterally. Epiproct (Fig. 4AB) swollen, unsclerotized medially, with moderate projection at middle of anterior margin. Paraproct (Fig. 4A) round and broadened distally. Hypandrium (Fig. 4C) 5-lobed, lateral lobes carinate with anterior part long and curved anteromedially, outer surface covering denticles; posteromedian lobe forming dorsal-curved structure, with distal margin almost straight and with tiny projection medially, basally with small membranous regions; internal lobes not well developed, much smaller than posteromedian lobe and distally bud-like. Phallosome (Fig. 4D) free posteriorly, distally broadened and paired with parameres.

Female unknown.

Male: Body length 1.9–2.3 mm; fore wing length 4.0–4.1 mm; hind wing length 2.9–3.1 mm.

China (Guizhou).

Neopsocopsis quinquedentata was described based on one male from Guizhou, with the character of fore wing Rs-M fusion. It can be separated from other species by the hypandrial posteromedian lobe with projection medially, and by the characteristic structures of internal lobes and parameres.

Neoblaste profunda – Holotype ♂: China, Zhejiang Prov., Qingyuan Co., Baishanzu Natural Reserve, 3.x.1993 (H Wu). Neoblaste schizopetala – Holotype ♂: China, Chongqing M., Fengdu Co., Shiping Reg., 5.x.1994 (FS Li). Neoblaste flavae – Holotype ♀: China, Zhejiang Prov., Qingyuan Co., Baishanzu Natural Reserve, 27.x.1993 (H Wu). Other material examined. China: 1♀3♂, Zhejiang Prov., Qingyuan Co., Baishanzu Natural Reserve, 20.xi.1993 (H Wu); 1♀, same locality and collector, 3.x.1993; 2♀, same locality and collector, 27.x.1993; 1♂, Chongqing M., Fengdu Co., Guicheng Reg., 4.x.1994 (FS Li); 1♀, Chongqing M., Fengdu Co., Shiping Reg., 5.x.1994 (FS Li); 1♂, Hubei Prov., Xingshan Co., Longmenhe Reg., 12.ix.1994 (FS Li); 1♀, Henan Prov., Luanchuan Co., Longyuwan Reg., 7.viii.2008 (WH Li).

Male.Head yellowish, with brown markings; compound eyes grayish black, ocelli black with grayish black ocellar field; antennae and labrum brown, maxillary palpi brown with distal segments dark colored. Thorax brown with dark brown spots; legs pale brown. Fore wing (Fig. 1D) hyaline with yellowish tinge, pterostigma and veins brown, except for Rs fork and M-Cu_1a fusion hyaline. Venation: Rs and M connected by short crossvein or meeting at point; distal margin of discoidal cell straight; first and second sections of Cu_1a almost equal length, diverging at angle about 120°. Hind wing hyaline; veins brown.

Abdomen. Male genitalia: 8^th sternum strongly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium. Clunium (Fig. 5A) with posterior margin convex medially and with slight invagination bilaterally. Epiproct (Fig. 5AB) swollen, unsclerotized medially, with round projection at middle of anterior margin. Paraproct (Fig. 5A) round and broadened distally. Hypandrium (Fig. 5C) 5-lobed, lateral lobes carintae with anterior part long and curved anteromedially, outer surface covering denticles; posteromedian lobe forming dorsal-curved structure, with distal margin concave and with tiny projection medially, basally with small membranous regions; internal lobes rod-like and distally forked. Phallosome (Fig. 5D) free posteriorly, distally broadened and paired with parameres.

Female genitalia: Subgenital plate (Fig. 5E) with egg guide round with slightly narrowed margins distally, basally invaginated and sclerotized at basal 1/3; pigment arms forming flat V-shaped regions and expanded laterally. Gonapophyses (Fig. 5F) with ventral valve distally tapering to slender tip; dorsal valve broad with pointed distal process; outer valve oval, with posterior lobe broad and well pointed. Internal plate (Fig. 5G) with brown coloration around spermathecal opening and marginally, with rod-like dark brown sclerotization anteriorly.

Male: Body length 3.0–3.2 mm; fore wing length 3.7–4.1 mm; hind wing length 2.9–3.1 mm. Female: Body length 3.1–3.5 mm; fore wing length 3.8–4.6 mm; hind wing length 2.8–3.4 mm.

China (Chongqing, Henan, Hubei, Zhejiang).

Neoblaste profunda was described by Li (1995) based on specimens from Zhejiang, and Neoblaste schizopetala was described on the basis of one male and one female from Chongqing (Li, 1997). Li pointed out that both species were very similar to Neopsocopsis quinquedentata (Li & Yang, 1988), and could be differentiated by characters of the male hypandrium and phallosome. Neoblaste flavae was described based on a single female specimen from Zhejiang, which was collected with a female of Neopsocopsis profunda and differed from the latter by larger body size and the form of the internal plate (Li 2002). After reexamining all the species, we found there are only minor differences between these three species, e.g. the color markings in fore wings and pigment patterns of the female subgenital plate. Therefore, we consider Neoblaste schizopetala and Neoblaste flavae to be two new synonyms of Neopsocopsis profunda. The species can be separated from the other species by the following features: hypandrial posteromedian lobe concave at distal margin with tiny projection medially, subgenital plate with egg guide sharply round distally and sclerotized at basal 1/3.

Blastopsocidus flavidus – Holotype ♂: China, Guizhou Prov., Guiyang C., Huaxi D., 9.vi.1981 (FS Li).Blastopsocidus pini – Holotype ♂: China, Guizhou Prov., Guiyang C., Bagongli Reg., 21.viii.1988 (FS Li).Pentablaste lanceolata – Holotype ♂: Guizhou Prov., Guiyang C., Bagongli Reg., 21.viii.1988 (FS Li).Other material examined.China: 13♀22♂, Guizhou Prov., Guiyang C., Huaxi D., 9.vi.1981 (FS Li); 1♂, same locality and collector, 27.v.1981; 1♂, same locality and collector, 28.v.1981; 7♀3♂, Guizhou Prov., Guiyang C., Bagongli Reg., 21.viii.1988 (FS Li); 1♂, Guizhou Prov., Leishan Co., Leigongshan Natural Reserve, 16.iv.2005 (Y Tang); 1♂, Fujian Prov., Nanping C., Wuyishan Reg., 4.vii.2009 (XS Yang); 4♀6♂, Hunan Prov., Hengyang C., Nanyue D., 20.vi.1963 (CK Yang); 1♂, Shanxi Prov., Wutai Co., Wutaishan Reg., 24.vii.1981 (FS Li); 1♂, Guangxi Prov., Longzhou Co., Nonggang Natural Reserve, 21.v.1982 (CK Yang); 1♀, Jiangxi Prov., Jiujiang C., Lushan Reg., 6.ix.1959 (CK Yang); 1♀1♂, Shaanxi Prov., Pingxiang C., Wugongshan Reg., 22.vii.1962 (CK Yang); 3♀3♂, Anhui Prov., Huangshan C., Huangshan Reg., 18.vii.1977 (FS Li).

Male. Head brownish, with dark brown markings; compound eyes grayish black, ocelli black with grayish black ocellar field; antennae and labrum brown, maxillary palpi brown with distal segments dark colored. Thorax brown with dark brown spots dorsally; legs pale brown, with tarsi dark brown. Fore wing (Fig. 1E) hyaline with yellowish tinge, pterostigma and veins brown, except for Rs fork and M-Cu_1a fusion hyaline. Venation: Rs and M fused for short distance; distal margin of discoidal cell straight; first section of Cu_1a little longer than the second section, diverging at angle about 120°. Hind wing hyaline; veins brown.

Abdomen. Male genitalia: 8^th sternum strongly sclerotized and fused to hypandrium. Clunium (Fig. 6A) with posterior margin convex medially. Epiproct (Fig. 6AB) swollen, unsclerotized medially, with round projection at middle of anterior margin. Paraproct broad. Hypandrium (Fig. 6C) 5-lobed, lateral lobes carinate with outer surface covering denticles; posteromedian lobe forming dorsal-curved structure, with distal margin convex tapering to point; internal lobes tortuous forming right-angle and distally not forked. Phallosome (Fig. 6D) free posteriorly, distally broadened and paired with parameres.

Female genitalia: Subgenital plate (Fig. 6E) with egg guide round distally, basally invaginated and sclerotized at basal 1/3; pigment arms forming flat V-shaped regions and expanded laterally. Gonapophyses (Fig. 6F) with ventral valve distally tapering to slender tip; dorsal valve long and narrow with pointed distal process; outer valve oval, with posterior lobe narrow and well pointed. Internal plate (Fig. 6G) with brown coloration around spermathecal opening and marginally, with rod-like dark brown sclerotization anteriorly.

Male: Body length 2.1–2.9 mm; fore wing length 2.6–3.6 mm; hind wing length 2.0–2.7 mm. Female: Body length 2.6–3.3 mm; fore wing length 3.1–3.8 mm; hind wing length 2.4–2.9 mm.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi).

These three species were very similar according to Li (1990, 2002). Neopsocopsis flavida was described based on the holotype specimen from Huaxi (Guiyang), with distribution range in central and southeast China. Blastopsocidus pini was described based on specimens from Bagongli (Guiyang), and could be differentiated from Neopsocopsis flavida by the fore wing veins M<M₁₊₂ and by a smaller outer valve of the gonapophyses (Li, 1990). In 2002, Li described Pentablaste lanceolata based on 3 males which were formerly named under Blastopsocidus pini, with different character states of the postclypeus, paraproct and parameres. By our reexamination of all these species, there are only minor differences among Neopsocopsis flavida, Blastopsocidus pini and Pentablaste lanceolata, and it is hardly possible to distinguish them from each other by the genitalic characters. Therefore, we consider Blastopsocidus pini and Pentablaste lanceolata to be new junior synonyms of Neopsocopsis flavida. The species is distinguished from the other species by the posteromedian lobe of the male hypandrium convex tapering to a point, by the pigmented pattern of the female subgenital plate and by the narrow dorsal valve of the gonapophyses.