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Corresponding author: Martin Wiemers ( martin.wiemers@senckenberg.de ) Academic editor: Thomas Simonsen
© 2018 Martin Wiemers, Emilio Balletto, Vlad Dincă, Zdenek Faltynek Fric, Gerardo Lamas, Vladimir Lukhtanov, Miguel L. Munguira, Chris A. M. van Swaay, Roger Vila, Albert Vliegenthart, Niklas Wahlberg, Rudi Verovnik.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wiemers M, Balletto E, Dincă V, Fric ZF, Lamas G, Lukhtanov V, Munguira ML, van Swaay CAM, Vila R, Vliegenthart A, Wahlberg N, Verovnik R (2018) An updated checklist of the European Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 811: 9-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.811.28712
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This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors’ names and years of publication. Finally, the name Polyommatus ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonym Lycaena legeri Freyer, 1830, is declared a nomen protectum, thereby conserving its name in the current combination Lycaena ottomana.
checklist, butterflies, Europe
Butterflies constitute one of the best-known groups of insects and have become important models to study speciation, community ecology, biogeography, climate change, and insect-plant interactions. With close to 19,000 described species [18,768 presumably valid species recorded by 2011; that figure is higher today, i.e., ca. 19,000 species], they represent about 12% of currently known species of Lepidoptera (
Superfamily Papilionoidea Latreille, [1802] | Genera* | Species* |
---|---|---|
Family Papilionidae Latreille, [1802] | 32 | 570 |
Family Hedylidae Guenée, [1858] | 1 | 36 |
Family Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809 | 570 | 4113 |
Family Pieridae Swainson, 1820 | 91 | 1164 |
Family Riodinidae Grote, 1895 | 146 | 1532 |
Family Lycaenidae [Leach], [1815] | 416 | 5201 |
Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815 | 559 | 6152 |
The taxonomy of butterflies started in 1758 with the Swedish naturalist Carl von Linné (Latinised to Carolus Linnaeus), who introduced binominal nomenclature and described the highest number of European butterfly species, all of them in a single genus Papilio. Seventy-one of them currently still hold the names given by Linné, albeit mostly in different genera. Other authors who described many new species during the 18th century were the German entomologists Eugen Johann Christoph Esper and Jacob Hübner, the Danish entomologist Johann Christian Fabricius, as well as the Austrian lepidopterist Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller (the latter in an anonymous publication usually referred to as [Denis & Schiffermüller], but see
The last comprehensive update of the butterfly checklist in Fauna Europaea happened 7 years ago (
This updated checklist is based on the last version of Fauna Europaea (2.6.2). This version is almost identical to the most recent Lepidoptera update in version 2.4 (online on 28 January 2011) but includes some emendations by the staff of the Fauna Europaea office in Berlin that had not been approved by the Lepidoptera group coordinators (Erik van Nieukerken and Ole Karsholt). The geographic area covered remains the same: It includes the European mainland to the eastern slopes of the Ural mountains, plus the Macaronesian islands (excluding the Cape Verde Islands) and Cyprus, with the Caucasus and western Kazakhstan excluded (Fig.
The following categories are used to explain the distribution:
A Absent (never recorded in the respective country or island group or only doubtful records)
P Present (native or well-established populations, including alien species such as the South African Cacyreus marshalli)
P? Possibly present (recorded but continued presence doubtful; usually these are species with range limits near the border of the respective country)
M Regular migrant (species which has no permanent populations, e.g., because it cannot overwinter, but is observed almost every year; included are extinct species if they are still observed as regular migrants)
I Irregular vagrant (irregular vagrants or introductions which do not reproduce or only irregularly, including temporary or recently established populations)
Ex Regionally extinct (native species which have become extinct, even though vagrants might be seen occasionally)
It should be noted that the “Extinct” category is used in a rather strict sense, in line with the IUCN Guidelines which demand that exhaustive surveys have been undertaken to prove that ‘there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died’. In some cases, this has led to species being recorded as “Present”, even though they are most probably extinct, e.g., Colias myrmidone in Austria (no proof for more than 25 years; H. Höttinger, pers. comm.). In addition, some of the national Red List Assessments are already outdated, even though attempts have been made to update those. An example for an update is the status of the Madeiran endemic Pieris wollastoni, whose last reliable record is from 1986. It was classified as “Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)” in its last Red List assessment (
According to the concept of Fauna Europaea, changes were only carried out if supported by newly published research. This restriction helps to stabilize nomenclature, but can also lead to inconsistent results, e.g., due to the retention of some weakly differentiated taxa, whose species status is questionable, but for which no new published evidence is available. Potential examples in our list are Lysandra caelestissima (Verity, 1921), Polyommatus nephohiptamenos (Brown & Coutsis, 1978), Hipparchia neapolitana (Stauder, 1921), Hipparchia sbordonii Kudrna, 1984, Satyrus virbius Herrich-Schäffer, 1844, and Pieris balcana Lorković, 1969.
The main criterion whether to include or exclude a species taxon based on new (and possibly contradictory) publications was evidence for species status from at least two character sets, e.g., mitochondrial as well as nuclear DNA, or differences in morphology and karyology.
Nomenclatural changes are annotated with reference to the sources and strictly follow the last (fourth) edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (
In a few cases, necessary changes due to new nomenclatural findings have not been carried out yet, because they would result in the replacement of a well-established name by an (almost) unknown synonym. Such cases should be referred to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for ruling, and changes implemented only after a decision has been made by the Commission. One such case is the well-established name Parnassius phoebus, which has turned out to represent another Asian Parnassius species which is currently known as Parnassius ariadne (Lederer, 1853) (see
An exceptional case which would cause a large number of changes in the names of Lepidoptera are many of the names published by [Denis & Schiffermüller] (1775) which are lacking a sufficient description, but have already been used for a very long time. In accordance with the opinion of the Fauna Europaea editorial team, we have not replaced these names. The effect on butterfly taxonomy would be rather marginal, however, because only one butterfly species would have to change its name (Nymphalis vaualbum to Nymphalis l-album (Esper, 1781)) and five others only their authorship, see
Another case concerns the genus name Muschampia Tutt, 1906 (type species: Papilio proto Ochsenheimer, 1808; currently known as Muschampia proto (Ochsenheimer, 1808)), which appears to be a subjective synonym of the genus name Sloperia Tutt, 1906 (type species: Hesperia poggei Lederer, 1858; currently known as Muschampia poggei (Lederer, 1858)). Both genus names were published in the same paper and
Finally, one of us (GL) discovered that Polyommatus ottomanus Lefèbvre was published in 1831 (and not in 1830) and therefore has to be regarded as a subjective junior synonym of Lycaena legeri Freyer, 1830. This would mean that the well-established name of the species currently known as Lycaena ottomana (Lefèbvre, [1831]) would need to be changed to a name which has not been used for this species during the past century. However, according to article 23.9.1 of the Code, the prevailing usage must be maintained when the senior synonym (i.e., legeri Freyer) has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (article 23.9.1.1), and the junior synonym has been used, as its presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least ten authors during the last 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than ten years (article 23.9.1.2). In our opinion, the condition of article 23.9.1.1 applies in this case, and evidence that the conditions of article 23.9.1.2 are met, are given in Appendix
The updated species list of European butterflies includes 496 species, which belong to 110 genera in 21 subfamilies and six families (Tables
Taxon | Original combination | Notes |
---|---|---|
Papilionidae | ||
Papilioninae | ||
Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio podalirius | |
Iphiclides feisthamelii (Duponchel, 1832) | Papilio feisthamelii | 1 |
Papilio alexanor Esper, 1800 | Papilio alexanor | |
Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 | Papilio machaon | |
Papilio hospiton Gené, 1839 | Papilio hospiton | 2 |
Parnassiinae | ||
Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio mnemosyne | |
Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793) | Papilio phoebus | |
Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio apollo | |
Archon apollinus (Herbst, 1798) | Papilio apollinus | |
Zerynthia cerisy (Godart, [1824]) | Thais cerisy | |
Zerynthia cretica (Rebel, 1904) | Thais cerisyi cretica | |
Zerynthia caucasica (Lederer, 1864) | Thais cerisyi caucasica | |
Zerynthia rumina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio rumina | |
Zerynthia polyxena ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio polyxena | |
Zerynthia cassandra (Geyer, [1828]) | Papilio cassandra | 3 |
Hesperiidae | ||
Heteropterinae | ||
Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio morpheus | |
Carterocephalus silvicola (Meigen, 1829) | Hesperia silvicola | |
Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio palaemon | |
Hesperiinae | ||
Pelopidas thrax (Hübner, [1821]) | Gegenes thrax | |
Borbo borbonica (Boisduval, 1833) | Hesperia borbonica | |
Gegenes pumilio (Hoffmansegg, 1804) | Papilio pumilio | |
Gegenes nostrodamus (Fabricius, 1793) | Hesperia nostrodamus | |
Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777) | Papilio sylvanus | |
Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio comma | |
Thymelicus christi Rebel, 1894 | Thymelicus christi | |
Thymelicus acteon (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio acteon | |
Thymelicus hyrax (Lederer, 1861) | Hesperia hyrax | |
Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761) | Papilio sylvestris | |
Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808) | Papilio lineola | |
Pyrginae | ||
Spialia phlomidis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1845) | Hesperia phlomidis | |
Spialia sertorius (Hoffmansegg, 1804) | Hesperia sertorius | |
Spialia therapne (Rambur, 1832) | Hesperia therapne | |
Spialia rosae Hernández-Roldán, Dapporto, Dincă, Vicente & Vila, 2016 | Spialia rosae | 4 |
Spialia orbifer (Hübner, [1823]) | Papilio orbifer | |
Carcharodus tripolinus (Verity, 1925) | Erynnis alceae tripolina | 5 |
Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780) | Papilio alceae | |
Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) | Hesperia cribrellum | |
Muschampia tessellum (Hübner, [1803]) | Papilio tessellum | |
Muschampia proto (Ochsenheimer, 1808) | Papilio proto | |
Carcharodus lavatherae (Esper, 1783) | Papilio lavatherae | |
Carcharodus orientalis Reverdin, 1913 | Carcharodus orientalis | |
Carcharodus floccifera (Zeller, 1847) | Hesperia floccifera | |
Carcharodus stauderi Reverdin, 1913 | Carcharodus stauderi | |
Carcharodus baeticus (Rambur, 1839) | Spilothyrus baeticus | |
Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio tages | |
Erynnis marloyi (Boisduval, 1834) | Thanaos marloyi | |
Pyrgus malvoides (Elwes & Edwards, 1897) | Hesperia malvoides | |
Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio malvae | |
Pyrgus carthami (Hübner, [1813]) | Papilio carthami | |
Pyrgus sidae (Esper, 1784) | Papilio sidae | |
Pyrgus centaureae (Rambur, 1839) | Hesperia centaureae | |
Pyrgus cacaliae (Rambur, 1839) | Hesperia cacaliae | |
Pyrgus andromedae (Wallengren, 1853) | Syrichtus andromedae | |
Pyrgus serratulae (Rambur, 1839) | Hesperia serratulae | |
Pyrgus armoricanus (Oberthür, 1910) | Syrichthus armoricanus | |
Pyrgus alveus (Hübner, [1803]) | Papilio alveus | |
Pyrgus warrenensis (Verity, 1928) | Hesperia warrenensis | |
Pyrgus foulquieri (Oberthür, 1910) | Syrichthus alveus foulquieri | 6 |
Pyrgus onopordi (Rambur, 1839) | Hesperia onopordi | |
Pyrgus carlinae (Rambur, 1839) | Hesperia carlinae | |
Pyrgus cirsii (Rambur, 1839) | Hesperia cirsii | |
Pyrgus cinarae (Rambur, 1839) | Hesperia cinarae | |
Pieridae | ||
Dismorphiinae | ||
Leptidea duponcheli (Staudinger, 1871) | Leucophasia duponcheli | |
Leptidea morsei (Fenton, 1882) | Leptosia morsei | |
Leptidea juvernica Williams, 1946 | Leptidea sinapis juvernica | 7 |
Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio sinapis | |
Leptidea reali Reissinger, 1990 | Leptidea sinapis reali | |
Coliadinae | ||
Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio rhamni | |
Gonepteryx cleobule (Hübner, [1831]) | Anteos cleobule | 8 |
Gonepteryx cleopatra (Linnaeus, 1767) | Papilio cleopatra | |
Gonepteryx maderensis C. Felder, 1862 | Gonopteryx cleopatra maderensis | |
Gonepteryx farinosa (Zeller, 1847) | Rhodocera farinosa | |
Catopsilia florella (Fabricius, 1775) | Papilio florella | |
Colias hyale (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio hyale | |
Colias alfacariensis Ribbe, 1905 | Colias hyale alfacariensis | |
Colias phicomone (Esper, [1780]) | Papilio phicomone | |
Colias aurorina Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 | Colias aurorina | |
Colias chrysotheme (Esper, [1781]) | Papilio chrysotheme | |
Colias erate (Esper, [1805]) | Papilio erate | |
Colias crocea (Geoffroy, 1785) | Papilio croceus | 5, 9 |
Colias myrmidone (Esper, [1781]) | Papilio myrmidone | |
Colias caucasica Staudinger, 1871 | Colias myrmidone caucasica | |
Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, [1760]) | Papilio palaeno | 10 |
Colias tyche (Böber, 1812) | Papilio tyche | |
Colias hecla Lefèbvre, 1836 | Colias hecla | |
Pierinae | ||
Colotis evagore (Klug, 1829) | Pontia evagore | |
Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio crataegi | |
Pontia chloridice (Hübner, [1813]) | Papilio chloridice | |
Pontia callidice (Hübner, [1800]) | Papilio callidice | |
Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) | Papilio edusa | |
Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio daplidice | |
Pieris krueperi Staudinger, 1860 | Pieris krueperi | |
Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio brassicae | |
Pieris wollastoni (Butler, 1886) | Ganoris wollastoni | |
Pieris cheiranthi (Hübner, [1808]) | Papilio cheiranthi | |
Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio rapae | |
Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851) | Pontia mannii | |
Pieris ergane (Geyer, [1828]) | Papilio ergane | |
Pieris bryoniae (Hübner, [1806]) | Papilio bryoniae | |
Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio napi | |
Pieris balcana Lorković, [1969] | Pieris balcana | 11 |
Euchloe tagis (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio tagis | |
Euchloe eversi Stamm, 1963 | Euchloe belemia eversi | |
Euchloe grancanariensis Acosta, 2008 | Euchloe belemia grancanariensis | |
Euchloe hesperidum Rothschild, 1913 | Euchloe belemia hesperidum | |
Euchloe belemia (Esper, 1800) | Papilio belemia | |
Euchloe insularis (Staudinger, 1861) | Anthocharis tagis insularis | |
Euchloe crameri Butler, 1869 | Euchloe crameri | |
Euchloe simplonia (Freyer, 1829) | Pontia simplonia | |
Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio ausonia | |
Euchloe charlonia (Donzel, 1842) | Anthocharis charlonia | |
Euchloe penia (Freyer, 1851) | Pontia penia | |
Euchloe bazae Fabiano, 1993 | Euchloe charlonia bazae | |
Zegris pyrothoe (Eversmann, 1832) | Pontia pyrothoe | |
Zegris eupheme (Esper, [1804]) | Papilio eupheme | |
Anthocharis euphenoides Staudinger, 1869 | Anthocharis euphenoides | |
Anthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio cardamines | |
Anthocharis gruneri Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 | Anthocharis gruneri | |
Anthocharis damone Boisduval, 1836 | Anthocharis damone | |
Riodinidae | ||
Nemeobiinae | ||
Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio lucina | |
Lycaenidae | ||
Lycaeninae | ||
Lycaena dimorpha (Staudinger, 1881) | Polyommatus dimorphus | 5, 12 |
Lycaena helle ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio helle | |
Lycaena alciphron (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio alciphron | |
Lycaena thetis Klug, 1834 | Lycaena thetis | |
Lycaena thersamon (Esper, 1784) | Papilio thersamon | |
Lycaena dispar ([Haworth], 1802) | Papilio dispar | |
Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus, [1760]) | Papilio hippothoe | 10 |
Lycaena candens (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844) | Polyommatus candens | |
Lycaena ottomana (Lefèbvre, [1831]) | Polyommatus ottomanus | 5, 13 |
Lycaena bleusei (Oberthür, 1884) | Polyommatus xanthe f. bleusei | |
Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, [1760]) | Papilio phlaeas | 10 |
Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio virgaureae | |
Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761) | Papilio tityrus | |
Aphnaeinae | ||
Cigaritis acamas (Klug, 1834) | Lycaena acamas | 14 |
Theclinae | ||
Thecla betulae (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio betulae | |
Favonius quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio quercus | |
Laeosopis roboris (Esper, [1793]) | Papilio roboris | 15 |
Tomares ballus (Fabricius, 1787) | Papilio ballus | |
Tomares nogelii (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) | Thecla nogelii | |
Tomares callimachus (Eversmann, 1848) | Lycaena callimachus | |
Callophrys avis Chapman, 1909 | Callophrys avis | |
Callophrys suaveola (Staudinger, 1881) | Thecla suaveola | |
Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio rubi | |
Callophrys chalybeitincta Sovinsky, 1905 | Callophrys rubi chalybeitincta | |
Neolycaena rhymnus (Eversmann, 1832) | Lycaena rhymnus | |
Satyrium pruni (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio pruni | |
Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779) | Papilio ilicis | |
Satyrium esculi (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio esculi | |
Satyrium ledereri (Boisduval, 1848) | Lycaena ledereri | |
Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782) | Papilio w-album | |
Satyrium spini ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio spini | |
Satyrium acaciae (Fabricius, 1787) | Papilio acaciae | |
Polyommatinae | ||
Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) | Papilio pirithous | |
Cyclyrius webbianus (Brullé, 1839) | Polyommatus webbianus | |
Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, 1782) | Papilio ubaldus | |
Azanus jesous (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) | Polyommatus jesous | |
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) | Papilio boeticus | |
Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898 | Cacyreus marshalli | |
Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio argiolus | |
Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius, 1793) | Hesperia theophrastus | |
Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer, 1844) | Lycaena balkanica | 5 |
Phengaris alcon ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio alcon | |
Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio arion | |
Phengaris teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779) | Papilio teleius | |
Phengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779) | Papilio nausithous | |
Turanana taygetica (Rebel, 1902) | Lycaena panagaea taygetica | |
Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann, 1832) | Lycaena bavius | |
Pseudophilotes barbagiae De Prins & van der Poorten, 1982 | Pseudophilotes barbagiae | |
Pseudophilotes abencerragus (Pierret, 1837) | Argus abencerragus | |
Pseudophilotes panoptes (Hübner, [1813]) | Papilio panoptes | |
Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) | Polyommatus vicrama | |
Pseudophilotes baton (Bergsträsser, 1779) | Papilio baton | |
Scolitantides orion (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio orion | |
Praephilotes anthracias (Christoph, 1877) | Lycaena anthracias | |
Iolana iolas (Ochsenheimer, 1816) | Lycaena iolas | |
Iolana debilitata (Schultz, 1905) | Lycaena jolas var. debilitata | 16 |
Glaucopsyche melanops (Boisduval, 1828) | Polyommatus melanops | |
Glaucopsyche paphos Chapman, 1920 | Glaucopsyche paphos | |
Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) | Papilio alexis | |
Zizeeria knysna (Trimen, 1862) | Lycaena knysna | |
Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) | Polyommatus karsandra | |
Tongeia fischeri (Eversmann, 1843) | Lycaena fischeri | |
Cupido argiades (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio argiades | |
Cupido decoloratus (Staudinger, 1886) | Lycaena argiades decolorata | 5 |
Cupido alcetas (Hoffmansegg, 1804) | Papilio alcetas | |
Cupido osiris (Meigen, 1829) | Polyommatus osiris | |
Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775) | Papilio minimus | |
Cupido lorquinii (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850) | Lycaena lorquinii | 17 |
Luthrodes galba (Lederer, 1855) | Lycaena galba | 18 |
Freyeria trochylus (Freyer, 1844) | Lycaena trochylus | 18,19 |
Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio argus | |
Plebejus idas (Linnaeus, [1760]) | Papilio idas | 10 |
Plebejus bellieri (Oberthür, 1910) | Lycaena bellieri | |
Plebejus argyrognomon (Bergsträsser, 1779) | Papilio argyrognomon | |
Agriades orbitulus (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio orbitulus | 18 |
Agriades optilete (Knoch, 1781) | Papilio optilete | 18 |
Agriades pyrenaicus (Boisduval, 1840) | Lycaena orbitulus var. pyrenaica | 5, 18 |
Agriades dardanus (Freyer, 1843) | Lycaena dardanus | 18 |
Agriades zullichi Hemming, 1933 | Agriades zullichi | 18 |
Agriades glandon (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio glandon | 18 |
Agriades aquilo (Boisduval, 1832) | Argus aquilo | 18 |
Plebejidea loewii (Zeller, 1847) | Lycaena loewii | 18 |
Eumedonia eumedon (Esper, 1780) | Papilio eumedon | 18 |
Kretania psylorita (Freyer, 1845) | Lycaena psylorita | 18 |
Kretania hesperica (Rambur, 1839) | Polyommatus hespericus | 5, 18 |
Kretania eurypilus (Freyer, 1851) | Lycaena eurypilus | 18 |
Kretania trappi (Verity, 1927) | Lycaena trappi | 18 |
Kretania sephirus (Frivaldszky, 1835) | Lycaena sephirus | 18 |
Kretania pylaon (Fischer, 1832) | Lycaena pylaon | 18 |
Cyaniris semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio semiargus | |
Glabroculus cyane (Eversmann, 1837) | Lycaena cyane | 18 |
Aricia morronensis (Ribbe, 1910) | Lycaena idas morronensis | |
Aricia anteros (Freyer, 1838) | Lycaena anteros | |
Aricia cramera (Eschscholtz, 1821) | Lycaena cramera | |
Aricia nicias (Meigen, 1829) | Polyommatus nicias | 20 |
Aricia artaxerxes (Fabricius, 1793) | Hesperia artaxerxes | |
Aricia montensis Verity, 1928 | Aricia medon montensis | |
Aricia agestis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio agestis | |
Neolysandra coelestina (Eversmann, 1843) | Lycaena coelestina | 18 |
Lysandra hispana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) | Lycaena coridon var. hispana | 18 |
Lysandra corydonius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) | Lycaena coridon corydonius | 18 |
Lysandra bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio bellargus | 18 |
Lysandra coridon (Poda, 1761) | Papilio coridon | 18 |
Lysandra caelestissima (Verity, 1921) | Agriades coridon caelestissima | 18 |
Lysandra albicans (Gerhard, 1851) | Lycaena coridon var. albicans | 18 |
Polyommatus escheri (Hübner, [1823]) | Papilio escheri | |
Polyommatus thersites (Cantener, 1835) | Argus thersites | |
Polyommatus daphnis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio daphnis | |
Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) | Papilio amandus | |
Polyommatus golgus (Hübner, [1813]) | Papilio golgus | |
Polyommatus nivescens (Keferstein, 1851) | Lycaena dorylas var. nivescens | |
Polyommatus dorylas ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio dorylas | |
Polyommatus celina (Austaut, 1879) | Lycaena celina | 21 |
Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio icarus | |
Polyommatus eros (Ochsenheimer, 1808) | Papilio eros | |
Polyommatus damon ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio damon | |
Polyommatus damone (Eversmann, 1841) | Lycaena damone | |
Polyommatus damocles (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844) | Lycaena damocles | |
Polyommatus admetus (Esper, 1783) | Papilio admetus | |
Polyommatus ripartii (Freyer, 1830) | Lycaena ripartii | |
Polyommatus nephohiptamenos (Brown & Coutsis, 1978) | Agrodiaetus nephohiptamenos | |
Polyommatus iphigenia (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847) | Lycaena iphigenia | |
Polyommatus violetae (Gómez-Bustillo, Expósito & Martínez, 1979) | Agrodiaetus violetae | |
Polyommatus fulgens (Sagarra, 1925) | Hirsutina dolus r. fulgens | 22 |
Polyommatus fabressei (Oberthür, 1910) | Lycaena rippertii r. fabressei | |
Polyommatus dolus (Hübner, [1823]) | Papilio dolus | |
Polyommatus humedasae (Toso & Balletto, 1976) | Agrodiaetus humedasae | |
Polyommatus timfristos Lukhtanov, Vishnevskaya & Shapoval, 2016 | Polyommatus timfristos | 23 |
Polyommatus orphicus Kolev, 2005 | Polyommatus orphicus | |
Polyommatus aroaniensis (Brown, 1976) | Agrodiaetus alcestis aroaniensis | |
Nymphalidae | ||
Limenitidinae | ||
Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio sappho | |
Neptis rivularis (Scopoli, 1763) | Papilio rivularis | |
Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901 | Limenitis camilla reducta | |
Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio populi | |
Limenitis camilla (Linnaeus, 1764) | Papilio camilla | |
Heliconiinae | ||
Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio lathonia | |
Issoria eugenia (Eversmann, 1847) | Argynnis eugenia | |
Brenthis hecate ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio hecate | |
Brenthis ino (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio ino | |
Brenthis daphne ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio daphne | |
Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio paphia | |
Argynnis pandora ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio pandora | |
Argynnis laodice (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio laodice | |
Speyeria aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio aglaja | 24 |
Fabriciana elisa (Godart, 1823) | Argynnis elisa | 24 |
Fabriciana niobe (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio niobe | 24 |
Fabriciana adippe ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio adippe | 24 |
Boloria eunomia (Esper, 1800) | Papilio eunomia | 25 |
Boloria graeca (Staudinger, 1870) | Argynnis pales graeca | |
Boloria pales ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio pales | |
Boloria alaskensis (Holland, 1900) | Argynnis alaskensis | |
Boloria napaea (Hoffmansegg, 1804) | Papilio napaea | |
Boloria aquilonaris (Stichel, 1908) | Argynnis aquilonaris | |
Boloria tritonia (Böber, 1812) | Papilio tritonia | |
Boloria polaris (Boisduval, 1828) | Argynnis polaris | |
Boloria thore (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio thore | 26 |
Boloria selene ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio selene | |
Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio euphrosyne | |
Boloria dia (Linnaeus, 1767) | Papilio dia | |
Boloria improba (Butler, 1877) | Argynnis improba | |
Boloria frigga (Thunberg, 1791) | Papilio frigga | 27 |
Boloria freija (Thunberg, 1791) | Papilio freija | 27 |
Boloria selenis (Eversmann, 1837) | Argynnis selenis | |
Boloria oscarus (Eversmann, 1844) | Argynnis oscarus | |
Boloria titania (Esper, [1793]) | Papilio titania | |
Boloria chariclea (Schneider, 1794) | Papilio chariclea | |
Boloria angarensis (Erschoff, 1870) | Argynnis angarensis | |
Apaturinae | ||
Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio iris | |
Apatura metis Freyer, 1829 | Apatura metis | |
Apatura ilia ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio ilia | |
Nymphalinae | ||
Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio levana | |
Vanessa virginiensis (Drury, 1773) | Papilio cardui virginiensis | |
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio cardui | |
Vanessa vulcania Godart, 1819 | Vanessa vulcania | |
Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio atalanta | |
Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio io | |
Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio urticae | |
Aglais ichnusa (Hübner, [1824]) | Papilio ichnusa | 28 |
Polygonia egea (Cramer, 1775) | Papilio egea | |
Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio c-album | |
Nymphalis vaualbum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio vau album | |
Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio polychloros | |
Nymphalis xanthomelas ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio xanthomelas | |
Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio antiopa | |
Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) | Papilio misippus | |
Euphydryas desfontainii (Godart, 1819) | Papilio desfontainii | |
Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio aurinia | |
Euphydryas cynthia ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio cynthia | |
Euphydryas iduna (Dalman, 1816) | Melitaea iduna | |
Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio maturna | |
Euphydryas intermedia (Ménétriés, 1859) | Melitaea maturna intermedia | |
Melitaea trivia ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio trivia | |
Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778) | Papilio didyma | |
Melitaea arduinna (Esper, 1783) | Papilio arduinna | |
Melitaea aetherie (Hübner, [1826]) | Papilio aetherie | |
Melitaea phoebe ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio phoebe | |
Melitaea ornata Christoph, 1893 | Melitaea phoebe ornata | 29 |
Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio cinxia | |
Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) | Papilio diamina | |
Melitaea celadussa Fruhstorfer, 1910 | Melitaea athalia celadussa | 30 |
Melitaea deione (Geyer, [1832]) | Papilio deione | |
Melitaea britomartis Assmann, 1847 | Melitaea britomartis | |
Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) | Papilio athalia | |
Melitaea varia Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 | Melitaea varia | 31 |
Melitaea parthenoides Keferstein, 1851 | Melitaea athalia parthenoides | |
Melitaea aurelia Nickerl, 1850 | Melitaea aurelia | |
Melitaea asteria Freyer, 1828 | Melitaea asteria | |
Libytheinae | ||
Libythea celtis (Laicharting, 1782) | Papilio celtis | |
Danainae | ||
Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio plexippus | |
Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio chrysippus | |
Charaxinae | ||
Charaxes jasius (Linnaeus, 1767) | Papilio jasius | |
Satyrinae | ||
Coenonympha phryne (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio phryne | |
Coenonympha oedippus (Fabricius, 1787) | Papilio oedippus | |
Coenonympha dorus (Esper, 1782) | Papilio dorus | |
Coenonympha thyrsis (Freyer, 1845) | Hipparchia thyrsis | |
Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio pamphilus | |
Coenonympha tullia (Müller, 1764) | Papilio tullia | |
Coenonympha rhodopensis Elwes, 1900 | Coenonympha tiphon rhodopensis | |
Coenonympha amaryllis (Stoll, 1782) | Papilio amaryllis | |
Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788) | Papilio glycerion | |
Coenonympha corinna (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio corinna | |
Coenonympha leander (Esper, 1784) | Papilio leander | |
Coenonympha hero (Linnaeus, [1760]) | Papilio hero | 10 |
Coenonympha gardetta (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio gardetta | |
Coenonympha orientalis Rebel, 1909 | Coenonympha arcania var. orientalis | 32 |
Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, [1760]) | Papilio arcania | 10 |
Kirinia roxelana (Cramer, 1777) | Papilio roxelana | |
Kirinia climene (Esper, 1783) | Papilio climene | |
Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763) | Papilio achine | |
Pararge xiphia (Fabricius, 1775) | Papilio xiphia | |
Pararge xiphioides Staudinger, 1871 | Pararge xiphia xiphioides | |
Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio aegeria | |
Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio maera | |
Lasiommata deidamia (Eversmann, 1851) | Hipparchia deidamia | |
Lasiommata petropolitana (Fabricius, 1787) | Papilio maera petropolitana | |
Lasiommata paramegaera (Hübner, [1824]) | Papilio paramegaera | |
Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) | Papilio megera | |
Melanargia russiae (Esper, 1783) | Papilio russiae | |
Melanargia larissa (Geyer, [1828]) | Papilio larissa | |
Melanargia lachesis (Hübner, 1790) | Papilio lachesis | |
Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio galathea | |
Melanargia ines (Hoffmansegg, 1804) | Papilio ines | |
Melanargia arge (Sulzer, 1776) | Papilio arge | |
Melanargia pherusa (Boisduval, 1833) | Arge pherusa | |
Melanargia occitanica (Esper, [1793]) | Papilio arge occitanica | |
Hipparchia fatua Freyer, 1843 | Hipparchia fatua | 33 |
Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766) | Papilio statilinus | |
Hipparchia tilosi Manil, 1984 | Hipparchia wyssii tilosi | |
Hipparchia bacchus (Higgins, 1967) | Pseudotergumia wyssii bacchus | |
Hipparchia wyssii (Christ, 1889) | Satyrus fidia wyssii | |
Hipparchia tamadabae Owen & Smith, 1992 | Hipparchia wyssi tamadabae | |
Hipparchia gomera (Higgins, 1967) | Pseudotergumia wyssii gomera | |
Hipparchia fidia (Linnaeus, 1767) | Papilio fidia | |
Hipparchia neomiris (Godart, 1823) | Satyrus neomiris | 34 |
Hipparchia autonoe (Esper, 1783) | Papilio autonoe | |
Hipparchia hermione (Linnaeus, 1764) | Papilio hermione | |
Hipparchia syriaca (Staudinger, 1871) | Satyrus hermione syriaca | |
Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763) | Papilio fagi | |
Hipparchia mersina (Staudinger, 1871) | Satyrus semele mersina | |
Hipparchia miguelensis (Le Cerf, 1935) | Satyrus azorinus miguelensis | |
Hipparchia azorina (Strecker, 1899) | Satyrus azorinus | 5, 35 |
Hipparchia senthes (Fruhstorfer, 1908) | Eumenis semele senthes | |
Hipparchia maderensis (Bethune-Baker, 1891) | Satyrus semele maderensis | |
Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio semele | |
Hipparchia blachieri (Fruhstorfer, 1908) | Eumenis semele blachieri | |
Hipparchia aristaeus (Bonelli, 1826) | Papilio aristaeus | |
Hipparchia volgensis (Mazokhin-Porshnyakov, 1952) | Satyrus semele volgensis | |
Hipparchia neapolitana (Stauder, 1921) | Satyrus neapolitana | |
Hipparchia leighebi Kudrna, 1976 | Hipparchia semele leighebi | |
Hipparchia pellucida (Stauder, 1924) | Satyrus semele pellucida | 36 |
Hipparchia sbordonii Kudrna, 1984 | Hipparchia sbordonii | |
Hipparchia cypriensis (Holik, 1949) | Satyrus semele cypriensis | |
Hipparchia cretica (Rebel, 1916) | Satyrus semele cretica | |
Hipparchia christenseni Kudrna, 1977 | Hipparchia christenseni | |
Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763) | Papilio dryas | |
Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) | Papilio circe | |
Arethusana arethusa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio arethusa | |
Oeneis tarpeia (Pallas, 1771) | Papilio tarpeia | |
Oeneis bore (Schneider, 1792) | Papilio bore | |
Oeneis ammon Elwes, 1899 | Oeneis bore var. ammon | 37 |
Oeneis melissa (Fabricius, 1775) | Papilio melissa | |
Oeneis magna Graeser, 1888 | Oeneis jutta magna | |
Oeneis jutta (Hübner, [1806]) | Papilio jutta | |
Oeneis norna (Thunberg, 1791) | Papilio norna | |
Oeneis polixenes (Fabricius, 1775) | Papilio polixenes | |
Oeneis glacialis (Moll, 1785) | Papilio glacialis | 38 |
Satyrus ferula (Fabricius, 1793) | Papilio ferula | |
Satyrus virbius Herrich-Schäffer, 1844 | Satyrus virbius | |
Satyrus actaea (Esper, 1781) | Papilio actaea | |
Chazara briseis (Linnaeus, 1764) | Papilio briseis | |
Chazara prieuri (Pierret, 1837) | Satyrus prieuri | |
Chazara persephone (Hübner, [1805]) | Papilio persephone | |
Pseudochazara geyeri (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846) | Satyrus geyeri | |
Pseudochazara graeca (Staudinger, 1870) | Satyrus pelopea graeca | |
Pseudochazara amymone Brown, 1976 | Pseudochazara amymone | |
Pseudochazara anthelea (Hübner, [1824]) | Papilio anthelea | |
Pseudochazara amalthea (Frivaldszky, 1845) | Hipparchia amalthea | 39 |
Pseudochazara williamsi (Romei, 1927) | Satyrus hippolyte williamsi | |
Pseudochazara euxina (Kuznetsov, 1909) | Hipparchia euxina | |
Pseudochazara mercurius (Staudinger, 1887) | Satyrus mercurius | 40 |
Pseudochazara cingovskii (Gross, 1973) | Satyrus sintenisi cingovskii | |
Pseudochazara tisiphone Brown, [1981] | Pseudochazara cingovskii tisiphone | 39 |
Pseudochazara orestes De Prins & van der Poorten, 1981 | Pseudochazara orestes | |
Ypthima asterope (Klug, 1832) | Hipparchia asterope | |
Proterebia phegea (Borkhausen, 1788) | Papilio phegea | 41 |
Hyponephele huebneri Koçak, 1980 | Hyponephele huebneri | |
Hyponephele lycaon (Kühn, 1774) | Papilio lycaon | |
Hyponephele lupina (Costa, 1836) | Satyrus lupinus | 5 |
Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio hyperantus | |
Pyronia cecilia (Vallantin, 1894) | Epinephele ida cecilia | |
Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1771) | Papilio tithonus | 42 |
Pyronia bathseba (Fabricius, 1793) | Papilio bathseba | |
Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio jurtina | |
Maniola nurag (Ghiliani, 1852) | Satyrus nurag | |
Maniola chia Thomson, 1987 | Maniola chia | |
Maniola megala (Oberthür, 1909) | Epinephele janira megala | |
Maniola cypricola (Graves, 1928) | Epinephele cypricola | |
Maniola telmessia (Zeller, 1847) | Hipparchia telmessia | |
Maniola halicarnassus Thomson, 1990 | Maniola halicarnassus | |
Erebia edda Ménétriés, 1851 | Erebia edda | |
Erebia fasciata Butler, 1868 | Erebia fasciata | |
Erebia discoidalis (Kirby, 1837) | Hipparchia discoidalis | |
Erebia rossii (Curtis, 1835) | Hipparchia rossii | 43 |
Erebia cyclopius (Eversmann, 1844) | Hipparchia cyclopius | |
Erebia embla (Thunberg, 1791) | Papilio embla | |
Erebia disa (Thunberg, 1791) | Papilio disa | |
Erebia meolans (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio meolans | |
Erebia dabanensis Erschoff, 1872 | Erebia dabanensis | 44 |
Erebia jeniseiensis Trybom, 1877 | Erebia ligea jeniseiensis | |
Erebia claudina (Borkhausen, 1789) | Papilio claudina | |
Erebia manto ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio manto | |
Erebia ottomana Herrich-Schäffer, 1847 | Erebia dromus ottomana | |
Erebia hispania Butler, 1868 | Erebia hispania | |
Erebia rondoui Oberthür, 1908 | Erebia rondoui | |
Erebia callias Edwards, 1871 | Erebia callias | 45 |
Erebia tyndarus (Esper, 1781) | Papilio tyndarus | |
Erebia cassioides (Hohenwarth, 1792) | Papilio cassioides | 46 |
Erebia nivalis Lorković & Lesse, 1954 | Erebia nivalis | |
Erebia neleus (Freyer, 1832) | Hipparchia neleus | 47 |
Erebia calcarius Lorković, 1953 | Erebia tyndarus calcarius | |
Erebia arvernensis Oberthür, 1908 | Erebia tyndarus arvernensis | 47 |
Erebia oeme (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio oeme | |
Erebia gorge (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio gorge | |
Erebia sthennyo Graslin, 1850 | Erebia sthennyo | |
Erebia pandrose (Borkhausen, 1788) | Papilio pandrose | |
Erebia eriphyle (Freyer, 1836) | Hipparchia eriphyle | |
Erebia epistygne (Hübner, [1819]) | Papilio epistygne | |
Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805) | Papilio euryale | |
Erebia palarica Chapman, 1905 | Erebia palarica | |
Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758) | Papilio ligea | |
Erebia pluto (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio pluto | |
Erebia aethiopellus (Hoffmansegg, 1806) | Papilio aethiopellus | |
Erebia gorgone Boisduval, 1833 | Erebia gorgone | |
Erebia rhodopensis Nicholl, 1900 | Erebia gorgone rhodopensis | |
Erebia mnestra (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio mnestra | |
Erebia albergana (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio alberganus | 5 |
Erebia sudetica Staudinger, 1861 | Erebia melampus sudetica | |
Erebia melampus (Fuessly, 1775) | Papilio melampus | |
Erebia triarius (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio triarius | |
Erebia polaris Staudinger, 1861 | Erebia medusa var. polaris | 48 |
Erebia medusa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) | Papilio medusa | |
Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777) | Papilio aethiops | |
Erebia pharte (Hübner, [1804]) | Papilio pharte | |
Erebia christi Rätzer, 1890 | Erebia christi | |
Erebia orientalis Elwes, 1900 | Erebia epiphron orientalis | |
Erebia epiphron (Knoch, 1783) | Papilio epiphron | |
Erebia flavofasciata Heyne, 1895 | Erebia flavofasciata | |
Erebia montana (Prunner, 1798) | Papilio montanus | 5 |
Erebia styx (Freyer, 1834) | Hipparchia styx | |
Erebia stiria (Godart, [1824]) | Satyrus stirius | 5 |
Erebia scipio Boisduval, 1833 | Erebia scipio | 49 |
Erebia pronoe (Esper, 1780) | Papilio pronoe | |
Erebia melas (Herbst, 1796) | Papilio melas | |
Erebia lefebvrei (Boisduval, 1828) | Satyrus lefebvrei | |
Erebia zapateri Oberthür, 1875 | Erebia zapateri | |
Erebia neoridas (Boisduval, 1828) | Satyrus neoridas |
1 |
Iphiclides feisthamelii is considered a separate species based on differences in adult morphology ( |
2 | Author of the name is Giuseppe Gené (1800–1847), not Achille Guenée. |
3 |
|
4 |
Spialia rosae has been recognised as a separate species endemic to mountains of Spain based on differences in ecology and evidence from molecular studies (mitochondrial DNA, chemical profiles) ( |
5 | Gender agreement changes were applied consistently in accordance with Art. 31.2 and Art. 34.2 ( |
6 | As descriptions of both Syrichtus alveus f. foulquieri and Syrichtus alveus f. bellieri were published simultaneously (Oberthür, 1910), the name used by the first reviser (i. e. |
7 | Recent studies have shown that Leptidea reali actually comprises two species, L. reali and L. juvernica. L. reali is known from south-western Europe (Spain, S France and Italy) and is replaced by L. juvernica in the rest of the continent ( |
8 | The year of the publication of the name Anteos cleobule is 1831, not 1830 (the original plate [79], published in 1824, carried no names). |
9 | The name Papilio croceus should be credited to Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785, not to Fourcroy ( |
10 | The date of the publication of the names by Linnaeus in Fauna Svecica (ed. 2) is 14 November 1760, not 1761 (see |
11 | The year of the publication of the name Pieris balcana is 1969, not 1970. The publication year of volume 21 (1–4) (1968) of Biološki glasnik [= volume 70 of Periodicum Biologorum] is printed on the cover page as “1969” and, moreover, Lorković´s personal copy held in the Croatian Natural History museum has a hand written addition of the publication year “1969” in the header of his article (Šašić, pers. comm.). Additionally, the author´s name is misspelled and should be Lorković (see also |
12 | According to |
13 | The year of the publication of the name Polyommatus ottomanus is 1831, not 1830. Lefèbvre cited the date 1830, which corresponds to the date of submission of his article, but the issue of the journal was published in January 1831. See |
14 | The generic names Apharitis and Spindasis were synonymised with Cigaritis due to morphological similarities (see Heath and Pringle 2011). |
15 | The name Papilio roboris was first published in 1793, not 1789 ( |
16 |
Iolana debilitata has been recognised as a separate species based on constant differences in adult morphology ( |
17 | The year of the publication of the name and plates for Cupido lorquinii is 1850, not 1847 ( |
18 | Genus level classification in the subfamily Polyommatinae follows |
19 | The year of the publication of the name Lycaena trochylus is 1844, not 1845 ( |
20 | The year of the publication of the name Polyommatus nicias is ante September 1829, not 1830 ( |
21 |
Polyommatus celina has been recognised as a separate species distributed in the Iberian Peninsula, northern Africa, Sardinia and Sicily based on molecular markers and adult morphology ( |
22 | The author´s surname Sagarra should be without the particle “de”. It is listed as such in the members list of the Institució Catalana d'Història Natural in 1925 bulletin Vol. 5 – Num. 1. Generally, when the particle is written in lowercase, it should be treated as a suffix that goes after the first name ( |
23 |
Polyommatus timfristos is considered a separate species due to differences in haploid chromosome number compared to P. aroaniensis and mitochondrial DNA – barcoding gene ( |
24 | Genus level classification in the tribe Argynnini follows |
25 | The name Papilio eunomia was first published in 1800, not 1799 (Poche, 1938). |
26 | The name Papilio thore was first published in 1804, not 1803 ( |
27 | Description of Boloria freija and Boloria frigga must be credited to Thunberg, not to Becklin (Thunberg wrote Becklin's dissertation), see |
28 |
Papilio ichnusa was first described by Hübner (ante 23 December) 1824. Vanessa ichnusa Bonelli was published in February 1825 and is a junior secondary homonym and junior subjective synonym, see |
29 | Among the species with red headed larvae within the Melitaea phoebe species group only M. ornata is present in Europe in southeastern Russia, the Balkan Peninsula, Spain, southeastern France, and southern Italy. M. telona is limited to the Levant and M. punica to northern Africa ( |
30 |
Melitaea celadussa Fruhstorfer, 1910 is considered a separate species distributed in western Europe that differs in genital morphology (Higgins 1932) and molecular markers ( |
31 |
Melitaea varia was first described by Herrich-Schäffer (1851) in Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa Vol. 6(48): 2 ( |
32 | The name Coenonympha arcánia var. orientális [sic] appeared in part 4 of the ninth edition of Berge’s Schmetterlingsbuch, which was published on 22 May 1909 ( |
33 | The name Hipparchia fatua was first published in 1843, not 1844 ( |
34 | The name Satyrus neomiris was first published in 1823, not 1822. Satyrus neomiris first appeared on page 19 in Godart’s Tableau méthodique des lépidoptères..., published in 1823. The vernacular name Godart used in vol. 2 of Hist. nat. Lépid. Pap. France, pp. 88–89, pl. 11, figs. 1–2 (1822), »Satyre néomiris«, is unavailable, as it is not a scientific name. |
35 | The name Satyrus azorinus was first published in 1899, not 1898. |
36 | The name Satyrus semele pellucida was first published on 15 May 1924, not in 1923. |
37 |
Oeneis ammon is present in Europe in the Polar Urals ( |
38 | The name Papilio glacialis was first published in 1785, not 1783. |
39 | Based on differentiation in mtDNA (barcodes) and differences in morphology, Pseudochazara amalthea and P. tisiphone are considered separate species from allopatric P. anthelea and P. mniszechii respectively ( |
40 | Pseudochazara hippolyte (Esper, 1783) is a junior primary homonym of Papilio hyppolite Drury, 1782. The oldest available name for this taxon is Satyrus mercurius Staudinger, 1887. |
41 |
Papilio afer Esper, 1783 is a junior primary homonym of Papilio afer Drury, 1782 (see |
42 | The name Papilio tithonus was first published in 1771 in Mantissa Plantarum Altera, not in 1767. |
43 | The name Hipparchia rossii was first published in November 1835, not in 1834. |
44 | The name Erebia dabanensis was published on 13 November 1872, not in 1871. |
45 | Recently, a population of Erebia was discovered in the Polar Urals and described as a new species, E. churkini Bogdanov, 2008, but is now considered a subspecies of Erebia callias (Tatarinov & Gorbunov, 2015). However, no further material is available, therefore it is tentatively considered as part of the European fauna. Erebia callias is a member of the tyndarus group ( |
46 | The author of the name Papilio cassioides is Hohenwarth alone as indicated on page III of |
47 | Based on molecular data and differences in wing patterns Erebia cassioides has been split into three allopatric species ( |
48 | The name Erebia medusa polaris was first published in September 1861, not in 1871. |
49 | The year of publication of the name Erebia scipio by Boisduval is 1833, not 1832 ( |
Family | Subfamily | Genera | Species |
---|---|---|---|
Hesperiidae | 13 | 47 | |
Hesperiinae | 6 | 11 | |
Heteropterinae | 2 | 3 | |
Pyrginae | 5 | 33 | |
Lycaenidae | 39 | 130 | |
Aphnaeinae | 1 | 1 | |
Lycaeninae | 1 | 13 | |
Polyommatinae | 30 | 98 | |
Theclinae | 7 | 18 | |
Nymphalidae | 41 | 246 | |
Apaturinae | 1 | 3 | |
Charaxinae | 1 | 1 | |
Danainae | 1 | 2 | |
Heliconiinae | 6 | 32 | |
Libytheinae | 1 | 1 | |
Limenitidinae | 2 | 5 | |
Nymphalinae | 8 | 37 | |
Satyrinae | 21 | 165 | |
Papilionidae | 5 | 15 | |
Papilioninae | 2 | 5 | |
Parnassiinae | 3 | 10 | |
Pieridae | 11 | 57 | |
Coliadinae | 3 | 18 | |
Dismorphiinae | 1 | 5 | |
Pierinae | 7 | 34 | |
Riodinidae | 1 | 1 | |
Nemeobiinae | 1 | 1 | |
Total | 21 | 110 | 496 |
Authors of currently valid European butterfly species (with a minimum of three described taxa).
Author | Life data | Nationality | Species | Period |
Linnaeus, Carolus | 1707–1778 | Swedish | 71 | 1758–1771 |
Poda von Neuhaus, Nicolaus (Nikolaus) | 1723–1798 | Austrian | 4 | 1761 |
Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio | 1723–1788 | Italian | 4 | 1763 |
Pallas, Peter Simon | 1741–1811 | German | 8 | 1771 |
Schiffermüller, Johann Ignaz | 1727–1806 | Austrian | 21 | 1775 |
Fabricius, Johan Christian | 1745–1808 | Danish | 16 | 1775–1793 |
Rothenburg [alias Rottemburg], Siegmund Adrian von | 1745–1797 | German | 8 | 1775 |
Esper, Eugen Johann Christoph | 1742–1810 | German | 32 | 1777–1805 |
Bergsträsser, Johann Andreas Benignus | 1732–1812 | German | 5 | 1779–1780 |
Knoch, August Wilhelm | 1742–1818 | German | 3 | 1781–1783 |
Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar | 1760–1806 | German | 4 | 1788–1789 |
Hübner, Jacob | 1761–1826 | German | 31 | 1790–1831 |
Thunberg, Carl Peter | 1743–1828 | Swedish | 5 | 1791 |
Schneider, David Hinrich | 1755–1826 | German | 3 | 1792–1794 |
Prunner, Leonhard von | 17??–1830 | German | 8 | 1798 |
Hoffmansegg, Johann Centurius Graf von | 1766–1849 | German | 6 | 1804–1806 |
Ochsenheimer, Ferdinand | 1767–1822 | German | 4 | 1808–1816 |
Godart, Jean Baptiste | 1775–1825 | French | 6 | 1819–1824 |
Freyer, Christian Friedrich | 1794–1885 | German | 16 | 1828–1851 |
Boisduval, Jean Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour de | 1799–1879 | French | 13 | 1828–1848 |
Geyer, Carl | 1802–1889 | German | 4 | 1828–1832 |
Klug, Johann Christoph Friedrich | 1775–1856 | German | 4 | 1829–1834 |
Meigen, Johann Wilhelm | 1764–1845 | German | 3 | 1829 |
Eversmann, Eduard Friedrich von | 1794–1860 | Russian | 14 | 1832–1851 |
Rambur, Jules Pierre | 1801–1870 | French | 10 | 1832–1839 |
Herrich-Schäffer, Gottlieb August Wilhelm | 1799–1874 | German | 14 | 1844–1852 |
Zeller, Philipp Christoph | 1808–1883 | German | 4 | 1847 |
Lederer, Julius | 1821–1870 | Austrian | 3 | 1855–1864 |
Staudinger, Otto | 1830–1900 | German | 17 | 1860–1901 |
Butler, Arthur Gardiner | 1844–1925 | British | 6 | 1868–1898 |
Oberthür, Charles | 1845–1924 | French | 9 | 1875–1910 |
Rebel, Hans | 1861–1940 | Austrian | 5 | 1894–1916 |
Elwes, Henry John | 1846–1922 | British | 3 | 1899–1900 |
Chapman, Thomas Algernon | 1842–1921 | British | 3 | 1905–1920 |
Fruhstorfer, Hans | 1866–1922 | German | 3 | 1908–1910 |
Verity, Ruggero | 1883–1959 | Italian | 5 | 1921–1928 |
Kudrna, Otakar | 1939– | Czech | 3 | 1976–1984 |
Brown, John | 19??– | British | 3 | 1976–1981 |
Turanana panagaea | Distributed outside Europe in the Asian part of Turkey and replaced by Turanana taygetica in Europe ( |
(Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) | |
Polyommatus eleniae | Considered conspecific with Polyommatus orphicus based on the equal haploid chromosome number and no differences in mitochondrial DNA – barcoding gene ( |
Coutsis & De Prins, 2005 | |
Polyommatus galloi | According to the molecular study of |
(Balletto & Toso, 1979) | |
Polyommatus menalcas | Distributed outside Europe in Asian part of Turkey ( |
(Freyer, 1837) | |
Polyommatus pljushtchi | Species status is based on erroneous sequences (opinion in |
Lukhtanov & Budashkin, 1993 | |
Melitaea punica | Distributed outside Europe in northern Africa ( |
Oberthür, 1876 | |
Melitaea telona | Distributed outside Europe in Levant ( |
Fruhstorfer, 1908 | |
Pseudochazara mniszechii | Distributed outside Europe in Asian part of Turkey ( |
(Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) | |
Pseudochazara beroe | Distributed outside Europe in Asian part of Turkey ( |
(Freyer, 1843) |
List of the 14 European butterfly species that are affected by the gender agreement provision.
Name | Original species epithet |
Agriades pyrenaicus | pyrenaica |
Carcharodus tripolinus | tripolina |
Colias crocea | croceus |
Cupido decoloratus | decolorata |
Erebia aethiopella | aethiopellus |
Erebia albergana | alberganus |
Erebia montana | montanus |
Erebia stiria | stirius |
Hipparchia azorina | azorinus |
Hyponephele lupina | lupinus |
Kretania hesperica | hespericus |
Lycaena dimorpha | dimorphus |
Lycaena ottomana | ottomanus |
Tarucus balkanicus | balkanica |
Compared to the last version 2.6.2 of Fauna Europaea, nine species have been excluded from the list (Table
Apart from the changes due to the gender agreement provision (Table
A larger number of changes concern the genus names. Most of them are in the family Lycaenidae, where 26 species changed their genus name, mainly based on the molecular study by
Finally, quite a number of minor changes have been implemented, which correct mistakes in names of authors, year of publication, or the incorrect use of parentheses for species that have changed generic combinations. An example is the change of year for 6 butterfly names due to a correction of the publication date of Linnaeus’ Fauna Svecica.
Taking into account the many recent research findings, especially those with molecular methods, we think that the new taxonomy represents a step forward in stabilizing European butterfly taxonomy and nomenclature. Nevertheless, we have to note that some groups, e.g., the genera Euchloe, Callophrys, Pseudophilotes, Melitaea, and Hipparchia, as well as the subgenus Agrodiaetus of the genus Polyommatus are still in need of revision, which will certainly lead to additional changes in the future. Furthermore, we still have large knowledge gaps for species in other regions of the Palearctic region (especially in Central Asia), which might require changes in order to achieve a consistent taxonomy of Palearctic and Holarctic butterflies.
We thank Dirk Maes (Belgium) and his following collaborators for the country-level distribution data of European butterflies, which were assembled for another paper on national checklists and Red Lists (Maes et al. submitted): Jiří Beneš (CZ), Dimitri Brosens (BE), Stoyan Beshkov (BG), Simona Bonelli (IT), Jaroslaw Buszko (PL), Lisette Cantú Salazar (LU), Louis Francis Cassar (MT), Sue Collins (GB), Milan Djuric (RS), Goran Dusej (CH), Hallvard Elven (NO), Filip Franeta (RS), Patricia Garcia-Pereira (PT), Yurii Geryak (UA), Philippe Goffart (BE), Ádám Gór (HU), Ulrich Hiermann (AT), Helmut Höttinger (AT), Peter Huemer (AT), Predrag Jakšić (RS), Eddie John (CY), Henrik Kalivoda (SK), Vassiliki Kati (GR), Paul Kirkland (GB), Benjamin Komac (AD), Ádám Kőrösi (HU), Anatolij Kulak (BY), Mikko Kuussaari (FI), Lionel L’Hoste (LU), Suvad Lelo (BA), Xavier Mestdagh (LU), Nikola Micevski (MK), Iva Mihoci (HR), Sergiu Mihut (RO), Yeray Monasterio-León (ES), Dmitry V. Morgun (RU), Tomás Murray (IE), Per Stadel Nielsen (DK), Erling Ólafsson (IS), Erki Õunap (EE), Lazaros Pamperis (GR), Alois Pavlíčko (CZ), Lars B. Pettersson (SE), Serhiy Popov (UA), Miloš Popović (RS), Juha Pöyry (FI), Mike Prentice (GB), Nils Ryrholm (SE), Martina Šašić (HR), Nikolay Savenkov (LV), Josef Settele (DE), Marcin Sielezniew (PL), Sergey Sinev (RU), Constanti Stefanescu (ES), Giedrius Švitra (LT), Toomas Tammaru (EE), Anu Tiitsaar (EE), Elli Tzirkalli (CY), Olga Tzortzakaki (GR), Arne Lykke Viborg (DK), Martin S. Warren (GB), Irma Wynhoff (NL), and Konstantina Zografou (GR).
Our thanks also go to Ole Karsholt for his review which helped to improve the manuscript.
VL was supported by grant N 14-14-00541 from the Russian Science Foundation to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and ZF by grant 14-36098G from the Czech Science Foundation.
Evidence that the junior synonym Polyommatus ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1831 has been used to denote the taxon currently known as Lycaena ottomana (Lefèbvre, [1831]), in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors during the last 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years, and thus fulfilling the conditions of article 23.9.1.2 of the code in order to reverse the precedence of Lycaena legeri Freyer, 1830.
Already during the decades immediately following the publication of legeri Freyer, this name does not seem to have been used but as a subjective junior synonym of ottomanus Lefèbvre. The latter name was thought to represent the valid name and was first used in its original combination (Polyommatus ottomanus) and starting from the 20th century mostly in the combination of Chrysophanus ottomanus:
• Brullé (1832): Polyommatus ottomanus Lef.
• Herrich-Schäffer (1843): Polyomm. Ottomanus Lef.; synonym: Legeri
• Mann (1862): Polyommatus ottomanus Lef.
• Lang (1884): Polyommatus Ottomanus, Lefebrve [sic]; synonym: Legeri, Frr.
• Rebel (1903): Chrysophanus Ottomanus Lef.
• Spuler (1908): Chrysóphanus ottománus Lef.
• Courvoisier (1921): Chrysophanus ottomanus Lefebvre 1830; synonym: legeri Freyer, 1832
• Galvagni (1924): Chrysophanus ottomanus Lef.
• Rebel and Zerny (1934): Chrysophanus ottomanus Lef.
• Kanus (1963): Heodes (Chrysophanus) ottomanus Lef.
During the last 50 years we are not aware of any use of legeri Freyer, except as a subjective junior synonym of ottomanus Lefèbvre. The latter name was mostly used in the combination of Heodes ottomanus and later as Lycaena ottomanus or, due to the gender agreement rule of the code, as Lycaena ottomana:
1. Higgins and Riley (1970): Heodes ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1830
2. Higgins (1975): Heodes ottomanus Lefèbvre 1830
3. Higgins and Riley (1978): Heodes ottomanus Lefèbvre 1830
4. Schmidt-Koehl (1980): Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre, 1830
5. Krzywicki (1981): Heodes ottomanus Lefevre [sic]
6. Wiemers (1983): Heodes ottomanus ottomanus Lef.
7. Higgins and Riley (1983): Heodes ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1830
8. Kudrna (1986): Lycaena ottomanus Lefebvre, 1830
9. Jakšić (1988): Lycaena ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1830
10. Schaider and Jakšić (1989): Lycaena ottomanus Lef.
11. Hesselbarth et al. (1995): Lycaena ottomana (Lefebvre, [1830]); synonym: “Gen.IX. Lycaena. 182. Pap. Legeri” Freyer, C.F., [Dezember] 1830
12. Karsholt and Razowki (1996): Lycaena ottomanus (Lefèbvre, 1830)
13. Pamperis (1997): Heodes ottomanus
14. Jakšić (1998): Lycaena ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1830
15. Tolman and Lewington (1998): Lycaena ottomana (Lefèbvre, 1830)
16. Abadjiev (2001): Lycaena ottomana (Lefebvre, [1830])
17. Bozano and Weidenhoffer (2001): Lycaena ottomanus (Lefebvre, 1830); synonym: legeri Freyer, 1839
18. Mihoci et al. (2005): Lycaena ottomanus (Lefèbvre, 1830)
19. Coutsis and Ghavalas (2006): Lycaena ottomanus (Lefebvre, 1830)
20. Wagener (2006): Lycaena ottomanus (Lefebvre, 1830)
21. Settele et al. (2008): Lycaena ottomana (Lefebvre, 1830)
22. Tolman and Lewington (2008): Lycaena ottomana Lefèbvre, 1830
23. Pamperis (2009): Lycaena ottomanus
24. Van Swaay et al. (2010): Lycaena ottomana (Lefèbvre, 1830)
25. Tshikolovets (2011): Lycaena ottomana (Lefebvre, [1830]); synonym: legeri Freyer, 1839
26. Kemal and Koçak (2011): Lycaena (Heodes) ottomanus (Lefèbvre, [1830]); synonym: legeri Freyer, 1830
27. Kudrna et al. (2011): Lycaena ottomana (Lefebvre, 1831)
28. Koren et al. (2012): Lycaena ottomana (Lefèbvre, 1830)
29. Verovnik & Popović (2012): Lycaena ottomanus (Lefèbvre, 1830)
30. Kudrna et al. (2015): Lycaena ottomana (Lefebvre, 1831)
31. Çalişkan (2016): Lycaena ottomanus (Lefèbvre, [1830])
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Distributional checklist of European butterflies (country checklist)
Data type: occurrence
Distributional checklist of European butterflies (CoL)
Data type: occurrence