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The type status is described of 39 taxa classified within the family Amphibulimidae (superfamily Orthalicoidea) and kept in the London museum. One taxon, Bulimus elaeodes Pfeiffer, 1853, is removed to the Strophocheilidae. Lectotypes are designated for Bulimus adoptus Reeve, 1849; Bulimus (Eurytus) eros Angas, 1878; Helix onca d’Orbigny, 1835; Amphibulima pardalina Guppy, 1868. The type status of the following taxon is changed to lectotype in accordance with Art. 74.6 ICZN: Strophocheilus (Dryptus) jubeus Fulton, 1908.
As general introduction to this and following papers on Orthalicoid types in the Natural History Museum, a brief history of the London collection is given and several examples of handwriting from different authors are presented.
Amphibulimidae, types, biohistory
Annotated catalogues of type specimens are an important source of information on the primary types that constitute the basis of a stable taxonomy for a group. For the superfamily Orthalicoidea, with more than 1750 available taxa names, this has partly been achieved by the papers of
The NHM collection is famous for its large amount of primary types of taxa, many of which were described throughout the 19th Century. For a concise general history of the collections, see
In 1837 the Trustees of the Museum purchased the collection of William J. Broderip, which probably also contained type material of species he described together with Sowerby (
The collection of Hugh Cuming has been a source for thousands of species descriptions, giving it a unique position in its time-frame. As far as can be traced from the registration books in NHM, several series were purchased during Cuming’s lifetime. In 1842 and 1843 the Museum purchased about 1800 specimens collected by Cuming, who lived for several years in Chile and made collecting trips to, among others, parts of South and Central America (
In 1844, the Museum obtained the material collected during the surveying voyage of H.M.S. Fly along the coasts of New Guinea and Australia (see
The collection of Alcide d’Orbigny came to London in 1854 (E.A.
In 1901 Frederick DuCane Godman presented to the Museum his extensive collection of biological material from Central America. Jointly with Osbert Salvin he was co-editor of a multi-volume encyclopaedia on the natural history of that area, of which the land and freshwater Mollusca were treated by
For a complete understanding of the collection it is also necessary to know the history of its staff. While John Edward Gray was one of the first Keepers of the Zoology Collection (1840–1875), Edgar Albert Smith was certainly the most prominent staff member during the late 19th century; he joined the Museum in 1867 and retired in 1913. After his retirement, the Mollusca Section was formally set up. Guy Coburn Robson (1888–1945) was the first head of section, and had been working on the collections since 1911, when he entered the Museum after study at Oxford and in Naples. He had a particular interest in cephalopods, and published an important monograph in 1931–1936, but also wrote on broader problems of species and variation. When Robson resigned due to ill health in 1935 he was succeeded by George Ivor Crawford, who had studied at Cambridge and worked at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Plymouth. Crawford was followed in 1946 by William James Rees (1913–1967), who was heavily involved in the post-war reconstruction of the galleries and a reorganisation of the collections. Like Robson, he paid particular attention to the cephalopods until he moved to the Coelenterate Section in 1955. The fourth head of the Section was Ian Courtney Julian Galbraith, who was followed by Norman Tebble in 1959 when he transferred to the Bird Section. The heads of section were assisted by J. C. Vickery, who joined as a Boy Attendant in 1897, and finally retired as a Higher Grade Technical Assistant in 1947 (
Historical collections are not only a rich source of type material but they also permit us to have a glimpse back in time. Labels and their handwriting are often the sole remnants of work done by malacologists in the past. In the context of this project we came across many labels bearing original handwriting. Although some examples are given elsewhere (e.g.
As pointed out above, the Cuming collection is a rich source of material and this also extends to interesting labels. For example there are many examples (Fig. 4B) of labels with Pfeiffer’s handwriting, which is quite characteristic and has been published before (
There has been some debate in literature about the accuracy of locality labels of Cuming material (
The specimens figured by Reeve in his ‘Conchologia Iconica’ (see also
In the collection, labels were found with handwriting that is attributed to the following persons (references to biographical data included): Henry Adams (
When interpreting possible type material, it is always good practice to check against the original publication (e.g. locality, dimensions, collector). However, when working with historical collections, one cannot always expect the same data that is given in present-day publications, and often one has to investigate with a biohistorical time-frame in mind. In the case of material dating back to the early 19th century, written accounts documenting the history of a collection have vanished in many cases or label handwriting has faded away. And while malacologists like Broderip, Reeve, and Sowerby generally have not left their handwriting in collections (but see Fig. 3A for an exception), it may safely be assumed that they were in contact and may well have swapped material amongst their collections (K.M. Way, pers. comm.). In general, lots originating from older collections, such as the Cuming collection, may not always be accompanied by label data that exactly matches the locality data given in the original publication. Some cases were found where labels have been added during later years, giving a different or broader defined locality than the original label has (Fig. 4D; compare the original published description and the label found in the Cuming collection, with a handwriting that is probably of an assistant during the late 19th century). This may have added in some instances to confusion in subsequent literature about the occurrence and distribution of a taxon.
Labels of species bearing the author’s handwriting. A H. Adams. B H. Rolle. C E.A. Smith. D G.I. Crawford. E S.I. da Costa. F H.C. Fulton. G C.F. Angas. H E. von Martens.
Labels of species bearing the author’s handwriting. A H.B. Preston. B H. Dohrn. C J.E. Gray (?). D C.M.F. Ancey. E A. Morelet. F Reibisch. The upper label has possibly been written by P. Reibisch, but it could also have been some else of the Reibisch family (K. Schniebs, pers. comm.). The lower label is in the handwriting of P. Reibisch (courtesy of K. Schniebs). G E. Forbes. H J.C. Melvill. I R. Tate. The author’s name has been added in the NHM.
Labels of species bearing the author’s handwriting. A W.J. Broderip. B W. Dunker. C R.J.L. Guppy. D A. d’Orbigny. E H. Crosse. The labels have been glued upon the shell. F A.W.B. Powell. The label is glued onto the cardbox. G J.B. Gassies. H M.W.K. Connolly. I A. Garrett.
A–B Labels of species bearing the author’s handwriting. A J.P.S. de Grateloup. B L. Pfeiffer. C–F Labels of species described by L.A. Reeve. C–D Taxon name on printed labels. All other information seems to have been added after the arrival of the Cuming collection in NHM (post-1866); note the ambiguous locality information in D. E Taxon name in handwriting, probably in Pfeiffer’s hand. F Two sides of a printed taxon label. Recto, the name and author of the species (Index: v, left row, third line from below). Verso, part of reference to Table and Species number (Index: vi, right row, third line from below). G Locality label probably in handwriting of one of Cuming’s assistants. The text on the right-hand side was found in the archive of NHM Mollusca section.
Examples of labels with a reference number in the upper left-hand corner and a text on the lowest line most likely referring to the number of lots under this reference number (e.g., “1 in No.”). Note that the labels all bear the taxon name in Pfeiffers’s handwriting (plus additional notes in the left-hand example).
Label types in the Cuming collection. A Original wooden tablet. Recto, one side showing the places where the shells had been glued, a taxon label written by an assistant, and the locality written in the left-hand corner. Verso, Original label glued on the tablet, stating the locality and the taxon name (in this case, in Pfeiffer’s handwriting), and notes by subsequent curators. The locality label is probably in the handwriting of Robert Furley Geale, who worked for Cuming as an Assistant for many years (P. Dance, pers. comm.). The characteristic abbreviation “M.C.”, added after the collection had arrived in the NHM in 1866, appears in black ink in the left-hand corner. B–C Only the bottom of the cardboard has been preserved to which the labels are still glued. The summarizing label (with text written on lines) is kept as the second label. In B the upper taxon label bears Pfeiffer’s handwriting; the locality data probably have been written by one of Cuming’s assistants. The label “convexus, Pfr.” is possibly in E.A. Smith’s handwriting. The label at the bottom in G.I. Crawford’s handwriting. In C all text in ink is probably by E.A. Smith. D The labels are gummed to the bottom of the cardboard box in which the specimens are housed, with a summarizing label on the top side behind the glass lid. E Labels which have been soaked off the wooden tablet and which are kept inside an archieval pocket.
When assessing possible type material, the following criteria have been applied: (a) the authorship and the locality fit with the original description (but see note above on the differences which may occur between published locality data and those on labels); (b) alleged type material is in accordance with the established understanding of the taxon. In order to fulfill the requirements of article 74 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), any lectotype designations herein are to be understood as to have the sole purpose to fix the status of these specimens as the sole name-bearing type of that nominal taxon, to ensure the name’s proper and consistent application, even when this is not explicitly done in every single case but abbreviated as “lectotype designation”. Lectotypes designated herein are made using the following criteria, in order of preference: (1) the relevant specimen was figured in the original description, or in subsequent revisionary works; (2) if no original figure was published, a specimen was selected that matches as closely as possible the measurements given in the original description. If it is known that the original collection has been destroyed (e.g., Pfeiffer, Strebel; teste
For each taxon the original publication—in which the taxon was proposed—is mentioned, as well as papers in which reference is made to the
Abbreviations used for depositories of material are: NHM, Natural History Museum, London, U.K.; RMNH, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands; SMF, Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; ZMB, Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany. Other abbreviations used are: / end of line in cited text; coll., collection; D, diameter; H, shell height; M.C., Cuming collection; leg., legit, collected; W, number of whorls.
Systematics Systematic list of taxa arranged in generic orderThis systematic list follows the generic classification from
Amphibulima Lamarck, 1805
Amphibulima pardalina Guppy, 1868.
Dryptus Albers, 1860
Dryptus adoptus Reeve, 1849; guerini Pfeiffer, 1846; Dryptus jubeus Fulton, 1908; Dryptus marmoratus Dunker, 1844.
Pellicula P. Fischer, 1856
Pellicula appendiculata Pfeiffer, 1847.
Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) Weyrauch, 1967
Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) cathcartiae Reeve, 1849; Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) dissimulans Preston, 1909; Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) latilabris Pfeiffer, 1855; Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) quadricolor Pfeiffer, 1848; Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) scytodes Pfeiffer, 1853; Plekocheilus veranyi Pfeiffer, 1848; Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) zilchi Breure, 1977.
Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) Pilsbry, 1896
Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) aurissciuri Guppy, 1866; Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) dillwynianus Pfeiffer, 1853; Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) lacerta Pfeiffer, 1855; Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) otostomus Pfeiffer, 1855; Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) perdix Pfeiffer, 1848.
Plekocheilus (Eurytus) Albers, 1850
Plekocheilus (Eurytus) auriformis da Costa, 1904; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) bruggeni Breure, 1978; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) castaneus Pfeiffer, 1845; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) corticosus Sowerby, 1895; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) doliarius da Costa, 1898; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) episcopalis Pfeiffer, 1855; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) eros Angas, 1878; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) lamarckianus Pfeiffer, 1848; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) onca d’Orbigny, 1835; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) piperitus Sowerby, 1833; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) pulicarius Reeve, 1848; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) rhodocheilus Reeve, 1848; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) roseolabrum E.A. Smith, 1877; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) superstriatus Sowerby, 1833; Plekocheilus (Eurytus) taylorianus Reeve, 1849.
Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) Guilding, 1828
Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) linterae Sowerby, 1890; Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) loveni Pfeiffer, 1848; Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) plectostylus Pfeiffer, 1848; Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) speciosus Pfeiffer, 1855; Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) taquinensis Pfeiffer 1855.
Alphabetic list of taxa by species namehttp://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_adoptus
Figs 7A–B, 7i“Banks of the Orinoco”.
“Venezuela”. M.C. label type V.
Not given; lectotype H 83.3, D 42.8, W 5.6.
NHM 20100517.1–3, lectotype and two paralectotypes (Cuming coll.).
The specimen figured by Reeve has been traced in the collection and is here designated lectotype (design. n.). The specimen has been damaged several times during life-time and the shell is slightly deformed. The synonymisation of this taxon with Dryptus funckii (Nyst, 1843) by
Amphibulimidae, Dryptus funckii (Nyst, 1843).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Succinea_appendiculata
Figs 10A–B, 10i“insula Guadeloupe”.
“Guadeloupe”; taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type III.
“Long. 14, diam. 9 mill.”; figured specimen H 14.2, D 10.0, W 1.9.
NHM 20110303, three syntypes (Cuming coll.).
The specimens are slightly damaged due to the thinness of the shells.
Amphibulimidae, Pellicula appendiculata (Pfeiffer, 1847).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Strophocheilus_auriformis
Figs 14A–C, 14i“Bogotá, Colombia”.
“Bogata, Colombia”; in da Costa’s handwriting.
“Long. 74, diam. 38 mm”; holotype H 74.0, D 38.6, W 5.1.
NHM 1907.11.21.112, holotype (coll. da Costa).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) auriformis (da Costa, 1904).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plekocheilus_aurissciuri
Figs 27A–C, 27ii[Trinidad].
“Trinidad”; in Guppy’s handwriting.
“Height 1.65 inch, greatest breadth 0.7 inch”; figured specimen H 36.7, D 15.6, W 5.3.
NHM 1866.1.3.6, nine syntypes (ex Guppy).
This material was mentioned as NHM 1975309 in error by
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) aurissciuri Guppy, 1866.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plekocheilus_(Eurytus)_bruggeni
Figs 18D–F, 18ii“Peru, Dept. Pasco, Huancabamba”.
“Huancabamba, Peru”.
“H 39.0, D 19.5 [mm]”; holotype H 39.0, D 19.5, W 4.5.
NHM 1911.11.2.88, holotype; 1911.11.2.89–90, two paratypes (ex Preston).
There is one paratype RMNH 55122.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) bruggeni Breure, 1978.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_castaneus
Figs 17A–C, 17i“Nova Granada; Vegas on the river Quenden”.
“Vegas of the River Quenden”; taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type I.
“Long. 70, diam. 39 mill.”; lectotype H 69.5, D 47, W 4.6.
NHM 1975279, lectotype; 1975280, one paralectotype (Cuming coll.).
The lectotype corresponds to the figure given by
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) castaneus (Pfeiffer, 1845).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_cathcartiae
Figs 11A–C, 11i“New Granada, Prov. Merida”.
“New Granada”. M.C. label type IV.
Not given. Lectotype H 45.4, D 26.5, W 4.5.
NHM 1975288, lectotype; 1975289, four paralectotypes (Cuming coll.).
The specimen figured by Reeve (fig. 265a–b) was designated lectotype by
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) cathcartiae (Reeve, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_(Eurytus)_corticosus
Figs 15A–C, 15i[Colombia] “Bogota”.
“Bogota”, in da Costa’s handwriting.
“Long. 58, diam. 30 mm.”; lectotype H 58.7, D 30.0, W 4.3.
NHM 1907.11.21.110, lectotype; 1907.11.21.11, one paralectotype (da Costa coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) episcopalis corticosus (Sowerby III, 1895).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_dillwynianus
Figs 27G–I, 27iii“Andibus Novae Granadae”.
“Andes N. Granada”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 39, diam. 16 1/2 mill.”; lectotype H 39.5, D 18.5, W 5.1.
NHM 1975144, lectotype; 1975145, two paralectotypes (Cuming coll.).
The type series proves to be somewhat variable in colour pattern. Only the lectotype has a white line as a bordering ‘shadow’ to the brown ones.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) dillwynianus (Pfeiffer, 1853).
Http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_(Eurytus)_dissimulans
Figs 13A–D, 13i“Merida, Venezuela”.
“Merida, Venezuela”.
“Alt. 30, diam. maj. 15 mm”; lectotype H 30.0, D 17.0, W 4.2.
NHM 1914.4.3.37, lectotype; 1912.5.4.20, paralectotype (in alcohol) (ex Preston).
The surface of this species is smooth (Fig. 13D), but the axial pattern is unlike other Plekocheilus species. It is here tentatively retained under Plekocheilus (Aeropictus).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) dissimulans (Preston, 1909).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Strophocheilus_(Eurytus)_doliarius
Figs 16D–E, 16ii“Paramba, Ecuador”.
“Paramba, Ecuador”, in da Costa’s handwriting.
“Long. 58, diam. 41 mm”; lectotype H 58.0, D 41.5, W 4.6.
NHM 1907.11.21.117, lectotype (da Costa coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) doliarius (da Costa, 1898).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_episcopalis
Figs 16A–C, 16i[Colombia] “Bogota”.
“New Granada”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 47–58, diam. 22–27 mill.”; lectotype H 58.0, D 33.5, W 4.5.
NHM 1953.11.30.1, lectotype; 1953.11.30.2–3, two paralectotypes (Cuming coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) episcopalis epicopalis (Pfeiffer, 1855).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_(Eurytus)_eros
Figs 20D–F, 20ii“Ecuador”.
“Ecuador”.
“Alt. 1 inch 5 1/2 lines, diam. 8 lines [H 36.9 D 16.9 mm]”; lectotype H 35.5, D 18.5, W 3.8.
NHM 1879.1.21.2, lectotype (ex Angas).
Angas did not state on how many specimens his description was based. The label accompanying the specimen reads “the type”; there is, however, no evidence that this was the sole specimen originating from Angas. Therefore the specimen is now designated lectotype (design. n.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) eros (Angas, 1878).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_guerini
Figs 7C–D, 7ii“Neu Granada”.
“Nova Granada”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. See
M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 41, diam. 18 1/2 mill.”; lectotype H 41.0, D 21.7, W 5.2.
NHM 1975272, lectotype; 1975273, two paralectotypes, Funck leg. (Cuming coll.).
A second label is present, indicating that the specimens have been found at “Caverns of Chachopo / Prov. of Merida N Gr”. Thus the type locality may now be restricted to Venezuela, Edo. Mérida, Chachopo.
Amphibulimidae, Dryptus guerini (Pfeiffer, 1846).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Strophocheilus_(Dryptus)_jubeus
Figs 8A–B, 8i“Capas, Venezuela”.
“Capas, Venezuela, 2, 000 m”.
“alt. 111, maj. diam. 57 mm”; lectotype H 117.5, D 58.7, W 5+.
NHM 1905.5.3.1, lectotype, ex Fulton.
Amphibulimidae, Dryptus jubeus (Fulton, 1908).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_lacerta
Figs 28A–C, 28i[Brazil] “Para (Mr. Yates)”.
“Para Mr Yates”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 33, diam. 14 mill.”; lectotype H 33.5, D 17.0, W 5.2.
NHM 1975303, lectotype; 1975304, two paralectotypes, Yates leg. (Cuming coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) lacerta (Pfeiffer, 1855).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_lamarckianus
Figs 18A–C, 18i“Andes of New Granada, 8000 feet high (Funck)”.
“From the Andes of New Granda / 8000 feet high Mr Funck”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 62, diam. 32 mill.”; lectotype H 62.4, D 38.8, W [4.9].
NHM 1975295, lectotype; 1975296, two paralectotypes, Funck leg. (Cuming coll.).
The top of the lectotype is damaged.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) coloratus (Nyst, 1845).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_latilabris
Figs 11D–F, 11ii[Colombia] “Santa Fé de Bogota”.
“New Granada”, added in a later handwriting. See
M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 49, diam. 26 mill.”; lectotype H 49.0, D 28.5, W 4.0.
NHM 1975127, lectotype; 1975141, one paralectotype (Cuming coll.).
The material is accompanied by a label signed by E.A. Smith, indicating that the specimen was figured in
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) succineoides succineoides (Petit de la Saussaye, 1840).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_fulminans_linterae
Figs 25D–F, 25i[Guyana] “Mount Roraima, British Guiana”.
“Mount Roraima, British Guiana”.
Not given. Lectotype H 43.8, D 23.8, W 4.6.
NHM 1889.4.25.1, lectotype; 1889.4.25.2, one paralectotype, ex Miss J.E. Linter.
Further paralectotype material is in SMF (
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) linterae (Sowerby III, 1890).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_loveni
Figs 25A–C, 25ii“Colonia of Tovar, Venezuela (Mr. D. Dyson)”.
“From the Colonia of Tovar Venezuela / Mr D. Dyson”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 42, diam. 20 mill.”; lectotype H 43.5, D 24.0, W 4.3.
NHM 1975285, lectotype; 1975286, two paralectotype (Cuming coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) loveni (Pfeiffer, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_marmoratus
Figs 9A–B, 9i“Brasilia” [sic, Venezuela].
“Venezuela”, label in Dunker’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Alt. 46’’’, diam. 26’’’ [H 100.3, D 56.7 mm]”; lectotype H 86.1, D 46.2, W 5.4.
NHM 1975474, lectotype, ex Dunker (Cuming coll.).
The type locality as given in
Amphibulimidae, Dryptus marmoratus (Dunker in Philippi, 1844).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Helix_onca
Figs 19A–C, 19iNot given. [Bolivia] “...non loin du dernier point habité de Tutulima” in
“Yuracares (Bolivia)”, label in d’Orbigny’s handwriting.
“Longit. 62 millim.; latit. 25 millim.”; lectotype H 66.5, D 25.9, W 5.4.
NHM 1854.12.4.120, lectotype and three paralectotypes (d’Orbigny coll.).
The locality on the label corresponds to the type locality of Helix pentadina d’Orbigny, 1835, which has been synonymized with Helix onca by subsequent authors; the former name has page precedence. The specimen corresponding to
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) pentadinus (d’Orbigny, 1835).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Helix_onca
Figs 27D–F, 27i“Venezuela”.
“Venezuela”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 31, diam. 13 mill.”; lectotype H 31.5, D 13.8.
NHM 1975307, lectotype; 1975308, two paralectotypes (Cuming coll.).
The lectotype, corresponding to Pfeiffer’s figure, is misshapen and missing the top whorl.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) euryomphalus (Jonas, 1844).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Amphibulima_pardalina
Figs 10C–D, 10ii“Dominica”.
No locality on label.
“Long. 20 millim., lat. 11 millim.”; lectotype H 18.9, D 10.6, W 2.6.
NHM 1874.10.30.7, lectotype, ex Guppy.
The lectotype (design. n.) is damaged at the last whorl.
Amphibulimidae, Amphibulima pardalina Guppy, 1868.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_perdix
Figs 28D–F, 28ii“Agua de Obispo, New Granada (Funck)”.
“From Agua de Obispo / New Granada Mr Funck”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 36, diam. 15 mill.”; lectotype H 33.5, D 17.0, W 5.2.
NHM 1975305, lectotype; 1975306, two paralectotypes, Funck leg. (Cuming coll.).
Further paralectotype material is in SMF (
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) perdix (Pfeiffer, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulinus_piperitus
Figs 20A–C, 20i[Peru] “Huallaga”.
“Hualuago [sic] / Peru”. M.C. label type IV.
Not given. Figured specimen H 55.8, D 31.3, W 5.3.
NHM 1975329, two syntypes (Cuming coll.).
The material is accompanied by a taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. A second label indicates that this specimen has probably been figured by
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) piperitus (Sowerby I, 1837).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_plectostylus
Figs 21A–D, 21i[Venezuela] “Chachopo, Province of Merida, New Granada (Funck)”.
“From Chachopo province of Merida / New Granada Mr Funck”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 35, diam. 17 mill.”; lectotype H 36.0, D 22.0, W 4.8.
NHM 1975287, lectotype, Funck leg. (Cuming coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) plectostylus (Pfeiffer, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_pulicarius
Figs 22A–C, 22i“New Granada”.
“New Granada”. M.C. label type V.
Not given. Lectotype H 31.5, D 19.5, W 4.3.
NHM 1975281, lectotype; 1975282, two paralectotypes (Cuming coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) pulicarius (Reeve, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_quadricolor
Figs 11G–I, 11iii[Venezuela] “Chachopo, Province of Merida, New Granada (Funck)”.
“New Granada”, added in a later handwriting. M.C. label type V.
“Long. 30 1/2, diam. 14 mill.”; lectotype H 30.3, D 17.5, W 4.3.
NHM 1975283, lectotype; 1975284, two paralectotypes (Cuming coll.).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) quadricolor (Pfeiffer, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_rhodocheilus
Figs 21E–H, 21ii“Brazil”.
“Brazil”. M.C. label type IV.
Not given. Lectotype H 55.0, D 28.5, W 4.1.
NHM 1975129, lectotype (Cuming coll.).
The material is accompanied by several later labels with the indication “type” or “holotype”. The specimen is damaged at the peristome. The shell is sculptured with spiral series of granules, a characteristic which accords better with Plekocheilus (Eurytus). Close examination of the yellowish colour marks reveal that these are unlike the ‘air pockets’ commonly found in Plekocheilus (Aeropictus).
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) rhodocheilus (Reeve, 1848) (comb. n.).
“Malacatos, South Ecuador”.
“Malacatos, S. Ecuador”, in Smith’ handwriting.
“Long. 42 mill., diam 18”; lectotype H 42.0, D 22.5, W 4.5.
NHM 1975135, lectotype; 1877.3.28.2, paralectotype.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) roseolabrum (E.A. Smith, 1877).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_scytodes
Figs 12A–C, 12i“in Andibus Novae Granadae”.
“Andes N. Granada”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type I.
“Long. 35, diam. 17 1/2 mill.”; figured specimen H 35.2, D 21.4, W 4.5.
NHM 19991537, three syntypes (Cuming coll.).
This is the first time this type material is figured.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) veranyi (Pfeiffer, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_speciosus
Figs 26A–D, 26ii[Colombia] “Sierra Nevada de S. Marta (Schlim)”.
“Sierra Nevada de S. Marta / Schlim” [almost faded], taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 58, diam. 30 mill.”; lectotype H 58.0, D 35.0, W 4.5.
NHM 1975300, lectotype, Schlim leg. (Cuming coll.).
This taxon was placed in the synonymy of Plekocheilus (Eurytus) plectostylus (Pfeiffer, 1848) by
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) speciosus (Pfeiffer, 1854).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_superstriatus
Figs 23A–C, 23i[Peru] “Yquitos, Peruviae”.
“Yquitos, Peru”.
“Long. 54, diam. 29 mill.”; lectotype H 64.5, D 31.0, W 4.8.
NHM 1889.11.19.1, lectotype.
As
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) superstriatus (Sowerby III, 1890).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_superstriatus
Figs 26E–G, 26i“Taquina, Sierra Nevada de S. Marta; 9000’ elevation (Schlim)”.
“Sierra Nevada De S. Martha / [...] Schlim / 9000 ft high”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 40, diam. 18 mill.”; lectotype H 40.1, D 20.5, W 4.3.
NHM 1957.6.3.1, lectotype; 1957.6.3.2–3, two paralectotypes, Schlim leg.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) taquinensis (Pfeiffer, 1855).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_taylorianus
Figs 24A–C, 24i[Ecuador] “Environs of Quito”.
“Quito Ecuador”.
Not given. Lectotype H 58.5, D 31.0, W 4.7.
NHM 1874.12.11.271, lectotype, ex Mus. T. Lombe Taylor.
The voucher number NHM 1975142 (
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) taylorianus (Reeve, 1849).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_veranyi
Figs 12D–F, 12ii[Venezuela] “Chachopo, Province of Merida, New Granada (Funck)”.
“From Chachopo province / of Merida New Granada / Mr Funck”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type IV.
“Long. 33, diam. 15 mill.”; lectotype H 33.0, D 19.5, W 4.3.
NHM 1975297, lectotype; 1975298, two paralectotypes, Funck leg. (Cuming coll.).
The ‘airpockets’ typical for this subgenus are more conspicuous on the paralectotype than on the lectotype.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) veranyi (Pfeiffer, 1848).
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plekocheilus_(Aeropictus)_zilchi
Fig. 13E“Colombia, Dept. Boyacá, SW Labranza grande (5°33'N, 72°35'W; 1140 m), Quebrada Comijoque”.
“Colombia”.
“Shell height 40.5, diam. 25.0 (mm)”; paratype H 39.0, D 24.0, W 3.7.
NHM 1975496, paratype, ex MacAndrew coll., ex Rolle.
Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) succineoides zilchi Breure, 1977.
Excluded from the Orthalicoidea.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Bulimus_elaeodes
Figs 29A–C, 29i“in Andibus Novae Granadae”.
“Andes, N. Granada”, taxon label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting. M.C. label type I.
“Long. 36, diam. 18 mill.”; figured specimen H 33.2, D 20.6, W 4.3.
NHM 19991536, three possible syntypes (Cuming coll.).
These specimens are not accompanied by a label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting and their measurements do not correspond with those published by Pfeiffer. They are treated here as possible syntypes but prove not to belong to the genus Plekocheilus to which this taxon was hitherto referred.
Strophocheilidae, Chileborus species?.
Dryptus species. A–B, i Dryptus marmoratus (Dunker, 1844), lectotype of Bulimus adoptus Reeve, 1849 NHM 20100517 (H = 83.3) C–D, ii Dryptus gueirini (Pfeiffer, 1846), lectotype NHM 1975272 (H = 41.0).
A–B, i Dryptus jubeus (Fulton, 1908), lectotype NHM 1905.5.3.1 (H = 117.5).
A–B, i Dryptus marmoratus (Dunker, 1844), lectotype NHM 1975474 (H = 86.1).
A–B, i Pellicula appendiculata (Pfeiffer, 1847), syntype NHM 20110303 (H = 14.2) C–D, ii Amphibulima pardalina Guppy, 1868, lectotype NHM 1874.10.30.7 (H = 18.9).
Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) species. A–C, i Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) cathcartiae (Reeve, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975288 (H = 45.4) D–F, ii Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) latilabris (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHM 1975127 (H = 49.0) G–I, iii Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) quadricolor (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975283 (H = 30.3).
Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) species. A–C, i Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) veranyi (Pfeiffer, 1848), syntype of Bulimus scytodes Pfeiffer, 1853 NHM 19991537 (H = 35.2) D–F, ii Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) veranyi (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975297 (H = 33.0).
Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) species. A–D, i Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) dissimulans Preston, 1909, lectotype NHM 1914.4.3.37 (H = 30.0) E–F Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) zilchi Breure, 1977, paratype NHM 1975496 (H = 39.0).
A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) auriformis (da Costa, 1904), holotype NHM 1907.11.21.112 (H = 74.0)
A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) episcopalis corticosus (Sowerby III, 1895), lectotype NHM 1907.11.21.110 (H = 58.7).
Plekocheilus (Eurytus) species. A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) episcopalis episcopalis (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHM 1953.11.30.1 (H = 58.0) D–E, ii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) doliarius (da Costa, 1898), lectotype NHM 1907.11.21.117 (H = 58.0).
A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) castaneus (Pfeiffer, 1845), lectotype NHM 1975279 (H = 69.5).
Plekocheilus (Eurytus) species. A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) lamarckianus (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975259 (H = 62.4) D–F, ii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) bruggeni Breure, 1978, holotype NHM 1911.11.2.88 (H = 39.0).
A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) pentadinus (d’Orbigny, 1835), lectotype of Helix onca d’Orbigny, 1835 (H = 66.5).
Plekocheilus (Eurytus) species. A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) piperitus (Sowerby I, 1837), syntype NHM 1975329 (H = 55.8) D–F, ii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) eros (Angas, 1878), lectotype NHM 1879.1.21.2 (H = 35.5).
Plekocheilus (Eurytus) species. A–D, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) plectostylus (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975287 (H = 36.0); D sculpture of dorsal side of last whorl E–H, ii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) rhodocheilus (Reeve, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975129 (H = 55.0); E sculpture of dorsal side of last whorl.
Plekocheilus (Eurytus) species. A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) pulicarius (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975281 (H = 31.5) D–F, ii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) roseolabrum (E.A. Smith, 1877), lectotype NHM 1975135 (H = 42.0).
A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) superstriatus (Sowerby III, 1890), lectotype NHM 1889.11.19.1 (H = 64.5).
A–C, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) taylorianus (Reeve, 1849), lectotype NHM 1874.12.11.271 (H = 58.5).
Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) species. A–C, ii Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) loveni (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975285 (H = 43.5) D–F, i Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) linterae (Sowerby III, 1890), lectotype NHM 1889.4.25.1 (H = 43.8).
Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) species. A–D, ii Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) speciosus (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHM 1975300 (H = 58.0); D sculpture of dorsal side of last whorl E–G, i Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) taquinensis (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHM 1957.6.3.1 (H = 40.1).
Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) species A–C, ii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) aurissciuri Guppy, 1866, syntype NHM 1866.1.3.6 (H = 36.6) D–F, i Plekocheilus (Eurytus) otostomus (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHM 1975307 (H = 31.5) G–I, iii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) dillwynianus (Pfeiffer, 1853), lectotype NHM 1975144 (H = 39.5).
Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) species A–C, i P. (E.) lacerta (Pfeiffer, 1855), lectotype NHM 1975303 (H = 33.5) D–F, ii Plekocheilus (Eurytus) perdix (Pfeiffer, 1848), lectotype NHM 1975305 (H = 33.5).
Chileborus species. A–C, i Syntype of Bulimus elaeodes Pfeiffer, 1853 NHM 19991536 (H = 33.2).
This research received support from the SYNTHESYS Project (http://www.synthesys.info) which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 Integrating Activities Programme. For all their help during ASHB’s stay at the National History Museum, he is very much indebted to J. Pickering and K. Way of the Mollusca Section. A special word of thanks is due to staff of the NHM Photo Unit for handling requests for images (P. Crabb, P. Hurst, H. Taylor). For help with biohistorical data and confirmation of handwritings, we are indebted to S.P. Dance, J. Gallichan, D. Herbert, R. Janssen, R.I. Johnson, A.R. Kabat, R.E. Petit and K. Schniebs.