Research Article |
Corresponding author: Suresh P. Benjamin ( suresh.benjamin@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Jeremy Miller
© 2019 Nilani Kanesharatnam, Suresh P. Benjamin.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kanesharatnam N, Benjamin SP (2019) Multilocus genetic and morphological phylogenetic analysis reveals a radiation of shiny South Asian jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 839: 1-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.839.28312
|
This study presents a systematic revision of South Asian members of the Tribe Chrysillini Simon, 1901. Genetic and morphological variations were analysed of a “similar-looking” group of species that were initially identified as members of the jumping spider genera Chrysilla Thorell, 1887 and Phintella Strand, in Bösenberg and Strand 1906 to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Results suggest that the assessed morphospecies complex constitute of three evolutionary lineages, two previously unrecognised, which are described and diagnosed as two new genera: Phintelloides gen. n. and Proszynskia gen. n. The third lineage, Phintella, is sister to these proposed genera. The following new species are described: Phintelloides alborea sp. n., P. brunne sp. n., P. flavoviri sp. n., P. flavumi sp. n., P. orbisa sp. n., Phintella argentea sp. n., and P. jaleeli sp. n. Sri Lanka is rich in biodiversity but currently has one of the highest rates of deforestation. Lack of clarity on diversity and distribution of the islands’ biodiversity can lead to underestimations during threat assessments and thus downgrading of conservation needs of individual species.
Chrysillini, cryptic species, ecomorphs, India, monophyly, new genera, parsimony, synapomorphies
A very high degree of endemism in several taxonomic groups such as mammals (
Jumping spiders (Salticidae) are small, diurnal hunters remarkable for their excellent vision and various body forms and behaviours (
Recent field work in Sri Lanka yielded a superficially “similar-looking” group of jumping spider that were initially identified as members of the genera Chrysilla Thorell, 1887 and Phintella Strand, in Bösenberg and Strand 1906, both of which are members of the tribe Chrysillini Simon, 1901. Chrysilla and Phintella are widely distributed, encompassing numerous species mainly from Indomalayan and Palaearctic regions (
To validate our primary assessment, we performed a series of phylogenetic analyses based on both morphological and genetic variations of individuals collected across the island. Based on our results, we describe herein two new genera, Phintelloides gen. n. and Proszynskia gen. n., with seven new species. We further use these findings to clarify the geographic ranges of these taxa in an effort to facilitate evaluation of the conservation needs of these distinct evolutionary lineages.
Our selection of outgroup taxa is based on
Details of exemplars used in this study including GenBank accession numbers and collection localities. * denotes taxa included in the morphological matrix (see Table
Species | Locality | Specimen No | CO1 | 28S | 18S | GenSeq Nomenclature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phintella vittata | Sri Lanka: Ampara | IFS_SAL_240 | KY888758 | KY888746 | KY888695 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintella vittata* | Sri Lanka: Anuradhapura | IFS_SAL_816 | KY888751 | KY888728 | KY888696 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintella vittata | India: Maharashtra | – | KT383680.1 | – | – | – |
Phintella argentea* | Sri Lanka: Nuwara Eliya | IFS_SAL_893 | KY888750 | KY888722 | KY888720 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintella argentea | Sri Lanka: Loolecondera | IFS_SAL_857 | KY888763 | KY888727 | KY888721 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintella linea | – | – | – | JN817066.1 | JN816864.1 | – |
Phintella cavaleriei | – | – | – | JN817067.1 | JN816865.1 | – |
Phintella abnormis | – | – | – | JN817064.1 | JN816862.1 | – |
Phintella arenicolor | – | – | – | JN817065.1 | JN816863.1 | – |
Phintella aequipeiformis | Vietnam | – | LC105670.1 | – | – | – |
Phintella jaleeli* | Sri Lanka: Dambulla | IFS_SAL_262 | KY888757 | KY888745 | KY888698 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintella jaleeli | Sri Lanka: Kurunegala | IFS_SAL_167 | KY888760 | KY888748 | KY888697 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintella bifurcilinea | Vietnam | – | LC105668.1 | – | – | – |
Phintella piatensis | Philippines: Luzon | – | AY297396.1 | – | – | – |
Phintelloides alborea | Sri Lanka: Dambulla | IFS_SAL_369 | KY888783 | KY888737 | KY888704 | genseq-2 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintelloides alborea* | Sri Lanka: Mihintale | IFS_SAL_814 | KY888766 | KY888729 | KY888715 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintelloides versicolor | Vietnam | – | LC105657.1 | – | – | – |
Phintelloides flavumi* | Sri Lanka: Galle | IFS_SAL_742 | KY888768 | KY888730 | KY888712 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintelloides jesudasi* | Sri Lanka: Kurunegala | IFS_SAL_293 | KY888753 | KY888741 | KY888702 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintelloides brunne* | Sri Lanka: Nuwara Eliya | IFS_SAL_844 | KY888764 | KY888723 | KY888717 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintelloides brunne | Sri Lanka: Gammaduwa | IFS_SAL_281 | KY888754 | KY888742 | KY888701 | genseq-2 COI, 28S, 18S |
Phintelloides flavoviri | Sri Lanka: Galle | IFS_SAL_754 | KY888752 | KY888724 | KY888713 | genseq-1 COI, 28S, 18S |
Proszynskia diatreta* | Sri Lanka: Vavuniya | IFS_SAL_861 | KY888761 | KY888725 | KY888719 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Proszynskia diatreta | Sri Lanka: Vavuniya | IFS_SAL_539 | KY888774 | KY888733 | KY888708 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Epocilla sp. | Sri Lanka: Galle | IFS_SAL_730 | KY888771 | – | MH304355 | genseq-4 COI, 18S |
Epocilla aurantiaca | Sri Lanka: Kurunegala | IFS_SAL_168 | KY888759 | – | MH304356 | genseq-4 COI, 18S |
Pseudicius vulpes | – | – | JN817279.1 | JN817059.1 | JN816857.1 | – |
Hakka himeshimensis | – | – | JN817278.1 | JN817058.1 | – | – |
Helicius chikunii | – | – | AB924449.1 | – | – | – |
Heliophanus cupreus | Poland: Mielik | – | DQ665756.1 | DQ665769.1 | DQ665738.1 | – |
Menemerus brachygnathus | Sri Lanka: Kandy | IFS_SAL_270 | KY888755 | – | – | genseq-4 COI |
Menemerus bivittatus | – | – | AY297395.1 | AY297266.1 | – | – |
Icius subinermis | Solvenia | – | KX039217.1 | – | – | – |
Helvetia aff. zonata | – | – | AY297394.1 | AY297265.1 | – | – |
Mexcala elegans | South Africa: Kwazulu-Natal | – | EU815594.1 | EU815479.1 | – | – |
Siler semiglaucus* | Sri Lanka: Galle | IFS_SAL_731 | KY888770 | KY888731 | KY888711 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Siler cupreus | – | JN817270.1 | JN817051.1 | – | – | |
Chrysilla volupe* | Sri Lanka: Ballagola | IFS_SAL_443 | MG910461 | MG883389 | MG883392 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Cosmophasis sp. | Sri Lanka: Ethagala | IFS_SAL_522 | KY888776 | – | MH304353 | genseq-4 COI |
Cosmophasis sp. | Sri Lanka: Galle | IFS_SAL_736 | KY888769 | – | MH304354 | genseq-4 COI |
Cheliceroides longipalpis | China: Guizhou | – | KM033219.1 | KM033179.1 | – | – |
Echeclus sp. | Malaysia: Selangor | – | KM033222.1 | KM033182.1 | – | – |
Hasarius adansoni* | Sri Lanka: Kandy | IFS_SAL_268 | KY888756 | KY888749 | KY888700 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Habrocestum cf. albimanum | South Africa: Western Cape Province | – | EU815611.1 | EU815500.1 | – | – |
Chinattus parvulus | USA: North Carolina | – | EU815581.1 | EU815464.1 | – | – |
Habrocestum kodigalaensis* | Sri Lanka: Kodigala | IFS_SAL_1000 | MG910462 | MG883391 | MG883394 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Habrocestum sp.* | Sri Lanka: Loolecondera | IFS_SAL_827 | KY888765 | MG883390 | MG883393 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Bristowia gandhii* | Sri Lanka: Badulla | IFS_SAL_357 | KY888778 | KY888738 | KY888703 | genseq-4 COI, 28S, 18S |
Idastrandia orientalis | Malaysia: Sabah | – | EU815608.1 | EU815496.1 | EU815535.1 | – |
Thiania latibola | Malaysia: Pahang | – | KC615750.1 | KC615569.1 | – | – |
Phylogenetic data matrix scored for 17 taxa. The first state is ‘0’ followed by ‘1’ etc.; ‘?’ denotes missing data, ‘-‘ is inapplicable. * denotes outgroup taxa.
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Bristowia gandhii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | – | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hasarius adansoni | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 1 | 0 | - | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Habrocestum kodigalaensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 1 | 0 | - | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
H. hantaneensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | 1 | 0 | - | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Siler semiglaucus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phintelloides jesudasi | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
P. brunne | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
P. orbisa | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
P. flavumi | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
P. alborea | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
P. flavoviri | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Chrysilla lauta | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ? | ? | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | ? | ? |
C. volupe | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Proszynskia diatreta | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Phintella jaleeli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. argentea | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. vittata | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Methodology and taxonomic descriptions are based on the format of
The morphology of over 80 adult specimens was studied. Fifty-six potentially informative characters were identified and scored for 17 taxa (33 binary and 23 multistate). Twenty-three characters describe somatic morphology and 33 describe copulatory organ morphology. Mesquite (version 2.72;
Fresh specimens for DNA extraction were collected and preserved in 100% ethanol and/or RNA later® (Qiagen, Germany) and stored at -20 °C until extraction. If fresh material was unavailable, specimens preserved in 70% ethanol were used instead. Total genomic DNA was extracted from one or two legs or alternatively from the entire prosoma using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Germany) as per manufacturer’s protocol. The targeted markers and primers are standard in arachnid systematics and are given in Table (3). Partial fragment of the mitochondrial protein-encoding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1 ~600 bp) and partial fragments of nuclear small and large subunit ribosomal RNA (18S ~1600 bp) and (28S ~800 bp) were amplified. The three overlapping fragments of 18S were amplified individually using three primer sets (Table
Details of genes, primer names, primer sequences, and sources of all primers used in this study.
Gene | Primer | References |
---|---|---|
CO1 | CO1 1628 (F) 5’-ATAATGTAATTGTTACTGCTCA-3’ | ( |
C1-N-2191 (R) 5’-CCCGGTAAAATTAAAATATAAA-3’ | ( |
|
18S | 18S 1F 5’-TACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAGT-3’ | ( |
18S 5R 5’-CTTGGCAAATGCTTTCGC-3’ | ( |
|
18S 3F 5’-GTTCGATTCCGGAGAGGGA-3’ | ( |
|
18S 7R 5’-GCATCACAGACCTGTTATTGC-3’ | ( |
|
18S 4F 5’-CCAGCAGCCGCGCTAATTC-3’ | ( |
|
18S 9R 5’-GATCCTTCCGCAGGTTCACCT-3’ | ( |
|
28S | 28S “O” 5’-GAA ACT GCT CAA AGG TAA ACG G-3’ | ( |
28S “C” 5’-GGT TCG ATT AGT CTT TCG CC-3’ | ( |
Chromatogram files were assembled and edited using Geneious 6.1.5 software package (Biomatters Limited;
Both parsimony and likelihood methods were used as optimality criteria for the phylogenetic analyses. The three-gene combined data was analysed using ML and MP methods. The single gene matrices were analysed using ML methods only. RAxML–VI–HPC (randomised accelerated maximum likelihood for high performance computing v2.0.1) (
Morphology
AEB anterior epigynal border;
AL abdominal length;
ALE anterior lateral eyes;
ALT apical lobe of tegulum;
AME anterior median eyes;
AT atrium;
AW abdominal width;
CD copulatory ducts;
CO copulatory opening;
CY cymbium;
DDC duck-neck-shaped diverging curves;
E embolus;
FD fertilisation ducts;
F femur;
HS head-like structure;
LP lamellar process;
MT metatarsus;
PA patellar apophyses;
PEB posterior epigynal border;
PL prosoma length;
PLE posterior lateral eyes;
PME posterior median eyes;
PT patella;
PW prosoma width;
PLT proximal lobe of tegulum;
RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis;
S spermatheca;
SC scapum;
SD sperm duct;
T tegulum;
TA tarsus;
TB tibia;
TEB tegular bump;
TL total length;
TR trochanter;
VR vaginal roof.
Additional abbreviations
FR Forest reserve;
ML maximum likelihood;
MP maximum parsimony;
SNR Strict Nature Reserve.
1. Body scale colouration: orange or black scales absent, 0; reddish orange, 1; black and golden yellow, 2.
In almost all Chrysilla, the body is covered with shiny metallic orange or black scales (Fig.
2. White band on the clypeus of males: absent, 0; present, 1.
Clypeus of known males from Phintelloides is covered with a row of white tuft of depressed scales (Figs
3. Pale white / yellow anterior eye field in males: absent, 0; present, 1.
Half of the anterior portion of the eye field is covered with white dense scales in all known males of Phintelloides. (Figs
4. Diamond mark on prosoma: absent, 0; constricted, 1; stretched out posteriorly, 2; stretched out laterally, 3.
5. Colour of diamond mark: white, 0; greyish white, 1; metallic colouration, 2.
A conspicuous transverse, white diamond-shaped mark, just behind ocular field is diagnostic for males of Phintelloides (Figs
6. Lateral white belts of the male prosoma: absent, 0; present, 1.
In all known males of Phintelloides the lateral margins of prosoma is adorned with a broad contrasting white belts covering one third height of prosoma (Figs
7. Prominent dark blotches around ale and PLE in females: absent, 0; present, 1.
8. Prominent dark blotches behind PLE in females: absent, 0; present, 1.
All known females of Phintelloides possess black blotches on the prosoma (Figs
9. Prosoma with horizontal iridescent blue and reddish orange bands in males: absent, 0; present, 1.
This character is present in both Chrysilla volupe (Karsch, 1879) and C. lauta Thorell, 1887 (Figs
10. Metallic blue edges of prosoma: absent, 0; present, 1.
Lateral edges of prosoma in C. volupe, C. lauta, and S. semiglaucus are covered with metallic blue scales in a rather broad stripe (Fig.
11. First pair of legs in males, relative thickness: normal, 0; slightly thickened, 1; thickened, 2.
12. First pair of legs in males, relative length: normal, 0; elongated, 1;
These two characters described the relative thickness and length of leg I. Bristowia gandhii Kanesharatnam and Benjamin, 2016 is easily distinguishable by their elongated coxa, trochanter, and patella of leg I. They are strongly modified in males than in females (Kanesharatnam and Benjamin, 2016: fig. 3a). First legs of females are comparably less strong and not enlarged in all other taxa considered in this character matrix.
13. First pair of legs furnished with a ventral fringe of black bristles: absent, 0; present, 1.
In B. gandhii both the male and female, patella I and tibia I are furnished with a ventral fringe of black bristles (Kanesharatnam and Benjamin, 2016: fig. 3a, b). In S. semiglaucus, only males possess black bristles (
14. Tibia I with black blotches in males: absent, 0; present, 1.
Males of Phintella jaleeli sp. n. have prominent large and black blotches at the distal end of dorsal side of tibia I (Fig.
15. Shape of the abdomen in males: stout and tapered, 0; elliptical, 1; more elongated, 2.
This character differentiates males of Chrysilla from Phintella. Chrysilla volupe and C. lauta are characterised by a rather more elongated abdomen (Figs
16. Abdominal scutum: absent, 0; present, 1.
In C. lauta, the abdomen is fully covered with a metallic, blackish blue scutum (Fig.
17. Relative abdominal length: shorter than one time width, 0; length less than twice of width, 1; much longer than twice of width, 2.
This character describes the longer and narrower abdomen of Chrysilla (Figs
18. Abdominal dorsal pattern in females: none, 0; stripes or streaks, 1; non-metallic markings, 2; metallic markings, 3; transverse metallic banding, 4.
This character is scored based on specimens in life. Males and females of Phintelloides jesudasi comb. n., P. flavumi sp. n. and P. alborea sp. n. are sexually dimorphic; they differ in colour and organisation of the stripe pattern (Figs
19. Stripe pattern of abdomen in females: absent, 0; narrow, not converging, 1; broad, converging, 2; broad, not converging, 3.
Longitudinal blackish green stripes of Phintelloides jesudasi and P. alborea are narrow and almost parallel to each other. They do not converge near the spinnerets (Fig.
20. Longitudinal banding pattern of abdomen in males: absent, 0; present, 1.
All males of Phintelloides including P. versicolor comb. n. have a characteristic arrangement of longitudinal stripes on abdomen (Figs
21. Arrangement of mid-dorsal and lateral bands in males: greyish black median band surrounded by pale yellow lateral bands, 0; brownish black median band bordered by white lateral bands, 1; pale yellow median band bordered with two black bands, 2.
This character describes the arrangement of bands in males of Phintelloides.
22. “M”-shaped metallic orange abdominal band in males: absent, 0; present, 1.
This apomorphic character differentiates males of Chrysilla volupe (Fig.
23. Anterior abdomen with a transverse silvery band: absent, 0; present, 1.
In some species of Phintella, anterior portion of the abdomen is covered with a metallic coloured transverse silvery band. Both P. vittata and P. argentea have a bluish silvery anterior abdomen (Figs
Male palp
24. White-edged palp: absent, 0; present, 1.
Hasariines are often decorated with white, conspicuous patches at the edges of their palps (
25. Size of the embolus: small, much smaller than one fourth length of the cymbium, 0; medium, less than half length of the cymbium, 1; long, more than half length of the cymbium, 2.
26. Embolus structure: stout, 0; slender, 1; filiform 2; funnel-shaped, 3; crescent-shaped, 4; more/less straight, 5
A shorter, stouter embolus set at a slightly oblique angle toward the retrolateral position on the apical portion of tegulum is diagnostic for Phintella (Figs
27. Origin of the embolus: embolic base below the apical tegular ridge 0; fixed to the apical tegular ridge, 1.
In Habrocestum kodigalaensis and H. hantaneensis, the embolus originates internally from below the apical tegular ridge (
28. Size of the cymbium: short, 0; long, 1.
Cymbial length is scored in relation to its maximum width (near broader proximal region). Short and long are coded as less and more than two times of its width respectively. In Phintelloides, P. brunne is characterised with comparably shorter and broader cymbium than its congeners, although it is coded as long. (Figs
29. Distal half of cymbium: blunted/tapered 0; elongated 1.
In Phintella and Proszynskia diatreta, the distal cymbium is characterised with a tapering end (Figs
30. Apical portion of tegulum in relation to its distal end: at same level, 0; slightly elongated, 1; more elongated, 2.
In Phintella and Chrysilla, ALT prolongs beyond the boundary of the distal tegulum (Figs
31. Shape of apical lobe of tegulum: triangular, 0; elongated-triangular, 1; broad and irregular, 2; elongated-semicircular 3; semicircular, 4.
Phintella argentea is distinguished from its closest relative P. vittata by comparably more elongated triangular apical tegulum (Figs
32. Lamellar process (LP): absent, 0; present, 1.
Refers to any outgrowth from the apical lobe of the tegulum. It is absent in Phintelloides brunne (Figs
33. Shape of the LP: triangular, 0; semicircular, 1.
Phintelloides flavumi has a well-developed semicircular LP immediately lying below embolus (Figs
34. Tegular bump: absent, 0; present, 1.
Most of the chrysillines have a bump on tegulum ca. 90°clockwise from the base of the embolus of the left palp (
35. Proximal lobe of tegulum: absent, 0; present, 1.
36. Shape of the tegular proximal lobe: rounded, 0; rectangular, 1; flap-like , 2; irregular elongated, 3; elongated semicircular, 4.
37. Size of the proximal lobe: small, 0; large, 1.
38. Position of the proximal lobe: prolateral, 0; retrolateral, 1; posterior, 2.
The tegulum is characterised with a proximal lobe in all ingroup and outgroup taxa except for Hasarius adansoni (
39. Triangular-shaped bulbus: absent, 0; present, 1.
All known males of Phintelloides have triangular bulbus excluding apical and posterior lobe and it is slightly oblique to apical lobe (Figs
40. RTA nearly half of the tegulum: absent, 0; present, 1.
Present in Phintelloides. Males of Phintelloides have a comparably straight RTA with a slightly bent tip (Figs
41. RTA with minute teeth at ventral margin: absent, 0; present, 1.
In Phintella jaleeli and Habrocestum hantaneensis, the inner margin of RTA is covered with minute teeth (Figs
42. Shape of RTA: bent backwards, dorsally, 0; bent forward, ventrally, 1; straight with slightly curved tip, 2.
43. Anterior epigynal border: absent, 0; present, 1.
44. Sclerotisation of anterior epigynal border: poor, 0; high, 1.
In all species of Phintella described in our character matrix, the anterior portion of epigynum is covered with different levels of sclerotisation (Figs
45. Transverse and membranous white “window”: absent, 0; present, 1.
Within the outgroup taxa (except for B. gandhii), all hasariines (Hasarius adansoni, Habrocestum hantaneensis, and H. kodigalaensis) possess a large window-like structure into which the CO may open. However, the exact position of CO is uncertain (
46. DDC of CD at anterior margin: absent, 0; present, 1.
DDC as designated here is the curved anterior section of CD. This part is curved in the shape of a duck’s neck. This character is diagnostic for Phintelloides. It is not known to occur in any other salticidae genera. In Phintelloides jesudasi, P. orbisa, and P. alborea, CO is on the outer side of the curve (Figs
47. Width of DDC in relation to CD: broader, 0; much broader, 1.
Here, size of the DDC is described in relation to the width of the middle portion of the CD. DDC less than or more than three times broader than the width of CD are coded as broader and much broader respectively.
48. Space between DDC and CD: absent, 0; present, 1.
This character describes the space between DDC and CD in Phintelloides jesudasi and P. alborea. This space is comparably larger than one time width of CD in P. jesudasi (Figs
49. Total length of the CD, including DDC: short, 0; moderately long, 1; very long, 2.
Here, the total length of CD is scored in relation to the diameter of spermathecae. Duct much shorter and longer than one diameter of spermathecae are scored as short and moderately long respectively. CD longer than four or more times receptacle diameter is coded as very long. Other hasariines possess much shorter CD, except for B. gandhii (
50. Progression of CD: not curved, 0; curved, 1; “V”-shaped, 2; twisted, 3.
51. Number of coils of CD: no coiling, 0; one, 1; three, 2.
Based on the highly twisted structure of CD in Phintelloides orbisa (Figs
52. Scapum: present, 0; scapum, partially developed, 1; scapum, well-developed, 2.
Epigynal scape is a tongue-like structure at the posterior margin. In Phintelloides, the posterior margin is characterised by a rather broad plate-like structure termed basal plate (Figs
53. Shape of spermathecae: rounded, 0; oval, 1; reniform, 2; pyriform, 3; irregular, 4; triangular, 5.
54. Head of receptacles (spermathecal head): absent, 0; present, 1.
Phintelloides, P. orbisa and P. flavumi are characterised by a well-developed spermathecal head at the anterior apical wall of the spermathecae (Figs
55. The origin of FD from the wall of spermathecae: anterior, 0; anterolateral, 1; mid-dorsal, 2; apical, 3.
In Phintelloides, FD originates from the narrowed apex of the receptacles (Figs
56. Vaginal roof, absent, 0; present, 1.
The small sclerotised pocket-like structure at posterior margin near the epigastric furrow is termed as vaginal roof. The function of this structure is unknown. Habrocestum hantaneensis has a wide vaginal roof with a shallow notch (VR in
The concatenation of aligned sequences of the three genes resulted in a 50 taxa 2876 bp long matrix. The COI gene resulted in a 46 taxa matrix of 552 bp. The 28s resulted in a 38 taxa matrix of 778 bp and 18s gene resulted in a 32 taxa matrix of 1715 bp. The ML phylogenetic analysis of the three genes combined data retrieved a single tree (Fig.
All resulting single gene ML phylogenies were examined to assess their differences to the preferred tree of Fig.
Phintelloides is recovered as a separate lineage in the ML tree inferred from the three genes, COI and 28s genes with high support (Fig.
Proszynskia is recovered as a separate lineage in all our analyses with high support (Figs
Distribution of characters and their character states is given in Table
The monophyly of Phintelloides is supported by the following putative synapomorphies: triangular-shaped bulbus with slightly oblique orientation in relation to its apical lobe (39–1), long embolus (25–2), white band on the clypeus (2–1), pale white band on the anterior eye field (3–1), white diamond-shaped marking on the prosoma (4–1, 5–0), lateral white belts (6–1), black median band bordered by two lateral bands on the abdomen in males (21–0,1), conspicuous black blotches on the prosoma of females (7–1), duck-neck-shaped diverging curves at anterior margin of epigynum (46–1), apical origin of FD (55–3), out of which the presence of triangular bulbus and DDC are unambiguous synapomorphies delimiting all known species of Phintelloides. Within the Phintelloides clade, P. orbisa and P. flavoviri are sister species supported by unambiguous synapomorphies: devoid of any markings or stripes of abdomen (18–0), presence of much broader DDC (47–1), very long and twisted CD with coils (49–2, 50–3). Further, P. brunne is sister to P. flavumi + (P. jesudasi +P. alborea).
Proszynskia diatreta is sister to all Phintelloides. It shares the following unambiguous synapomorphies with Phintelloides: presence of pale white anterior eye field and lateral white belts in males (3–1, 6–1), dorsum of abdomen with stripe pattern in females (18–1), arrangement of stripe pattern of abdominal dorsum in males (21–2). A set of characters can differentiate Proszynskia from other chrysillines; large body size, origin of FD in funnel-like structures, pale yellow median abdominal band bordered with two black bands (Figs
The results presented below are based on the tree generated using the concatenated molecular markers and ML optimality criteria (Fig.
Chrysilla jesudasi Caleb & Mathai, 2014.
Combination of “Phintell” taken from Phintella and “oides” meaning “having the form of”. This name also refers to the closer relationship of Phintelloides to Phintella than to other chrysillines. Gender masculine.
The monophyly of Phintelloides is recovered in all ML molecular trees (except in the 18S single gene analysis; see supporting information) and the morphology parsimony tree (Figs
The single most likely tree obtained by ML analysis of the combined molecular data in RAxML–VI–HPC. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap values (only values 60 and above are given). Nodes that are unsupported have been collapsed. Collection country is given if available. Key: “Navajo rugs” indicate presence (black) or absence (white) of a given node in the tree specified in the legend.* denotes taxa included in the morphological analysis; resulting tree is given in Fig. (3).
The single MP tree obtained by parsimony analysis in TNT under implied weights of the 56 morphological characters given in Table
All molecular trees recover Phintelloides brunne and P. flavoviri as sister species with high support. This is in contrast to the morphological tree where P. orbisa and P. flavoviri are recovered as sister species (P. orbisa was not included in the molecular analysis, due to lack of fresh materials). We predict that it would branch with P. flavoviri, due to similar genital morphology (Fig.
This genus can be recognised from other chrysillines by white tuft of hairs on the clypeus, white diamond-shaped mark behind PLE, pale white band on the anterior eye field, black median band bordered by two lateral bands on the abdomen. Further, presence of LP, comparably longer embolus in males and the duck-neck-shaped diverging curves of CD in females. This genus is closely related to Proszynskia in appearance than to Phintella and Chrysilla.
Medium sized spiders. Male with white tuft of hairs on the clypeus (described as “moustache” in
Phintelloides alborea sp. n., P. brunne sp. n., P. flavoviri sp. n., P. flavumi sp. n., P. jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014) comb. n., P. orbisa sp. n., P. versicolor (CL Koch, 1846) comb. n.
The transfer of P. versicolor is based on the tree from the ML phylogenetic analysis of the combined matrix (Fig.
India, Sri Lanka (excluding P. versicolor).
Holotype1♂ (IFS_SAL_436), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum, 188 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, 17-VIII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin et al. Paratype. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_369), same locality as holotype, 07-VII-2013, leg. SP Benjamin and N Athukorala. Other material examined. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_654), Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Anuradapura District, Mihintale Sanctuary, 123 m, 08°21'10.60"N, 80°30'14.54"E, hand collection, 22-VI-2013, leg. I Sandunika. 1♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_814-815), same locality and collection data, 14-VI-2016, leg. K Nilani.
The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin alborem for pale white colour and refers to the pale white spots behind PMEs on the prosoma of males.
This species is distinguishable from other known congeners by oval LP in males (Figs
Male. Blackish clypeus with white ‘moustache’ covered with tuft of white hairs (Fig.
Palp covered with pale yellow scales, except for reddish brown cymbium. Cymbium longer and narrower at the distal region and broader at the proximal region. Embolus slender, long immovable on rather broad apical portion of bulbus (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.60, PL 2.20, PW at PLE 1.70, AL 2.24, AW 1.26. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.50, PLE 0.32, ALE 0.27, PME 0.15, PME-PME 1.25, PLE-PLE 0.67, ALE-PME 0.30, ALE-PLE 0.71. Leg I: TR 0.34, FM 2.20, PT 0.90, TB 2.10, MT 1.64, TA 0.76; Leg II: TR 0.25, FM 1.68, PT 0.72, TB 1.40, MT 0.83, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.34, FM 1.92, PT 0.76, TB 1.30, MT 1.22, TA 0.53; Leg IV: TR 0.31, FM 1.86, PT 0.66, TB 1.32, MT 1.54, TA 0.66.
Female. White prosoma decorated with three pairs of large, black patches, surrounding PME, behind PLE and posterior slope of prosoma in life (Figs
Abdomen pale yellow and elliptically shaped, longer and narrower than prosoma. Dorsum with two lateral greenish black stripes extending longitudinally along the length of the abdomen (Figs
Epigynum moderately sclerotised. CO projecting laterally outwards (Fig.
Phintelloides alborea (A–D) A–B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C, D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloides jesudasi (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C, D, G, H).
Phintelloides alborea A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SC = scapum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).
Measurements. TL 4.82, PL 2.52, PW at PLE 1.82, AL 2.35, AW 1.38. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.30, ALE 0.27, PME 0.15, PME-PME 1.20, PLE-PLE 0.67, ALE-PME 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 2.22, PT 1.00, TB 1.79, MT 1.60, TA 0.71; Leg II: TR 0.28, FM 1.62, PT 0.75, TB 1.40, MT 0.84, TA 0.80; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.80, PT 0.77, TB 1.25, MT 1.22, TA 0.54; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.78, PT 0.67, TB 1.27, MT 1.51, TA 0.66.
This species is known only from Sri Lanka.
Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_142): Sri Lanka, Central Province, Kandy District, Delthota, Loolkandura FR, 1480m, hand collection, 07°08'45"N, 80°41'53"E, 11-V-2010, leg. S Batuwita and N Athukorala. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_281): same locality, Matale disrtict, Gammaduwa, Knuckles range, 900 m, 18-XI-2009, Hand collection, leg. SP Benjamin, S Batuwita et al. Other material examined. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_844): same locality, Nuwara Eliya District, Hakgala SNR, 1745 m, 06°55'00"N, 80°46'00"E, beating, 30-VI-2016, leg. K Nilani. (IFS_SAL_256): same locality, Matale District, Knuckles range Deenston K06/7/9, beating, 11/12-III-1998, leg. SP Benjamin.
This species name a noun in apposition, derived from the Latin brunneus, and refers to the reddish brown colouration of median band of the dorsal abdomen.
This species is distinguishable from other known congeners by colour of the median band of abdomen and broad PLT in males (Fig.
Male. Live spiders, clypeus enclosed with tuft of white scales, prosoma blackish brown decorated with pale yellow band on the anterior margin of prosoma behind AME. White dots sparsely scattered on prosoma (Fig.
Abdomen moderately long and slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with much broader greenish brown median band, delimited by narrow white lateral bands extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig.
Yellowish brown palp. Cymbium shorter than P. jesudasi and slightly narrower distally. Embolus slender, long immovable on the thinner apical portion of tegulum, slightly extending beyond the level of the distal end of tegulum (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.60, PL 1.85, pW at PLE 1.50, AL 2.30, AW 1.15. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.43, PLE 0.16, ALE 0.24, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.13, PLE-PLE 1.10, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.65. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.13, PT 0.81, TB 1.30, MT 0.95, TA 0.41; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.13, PT 0.46, TB 0.81, MT 0.68, TA 0.41; Leg III: TR 0.24, FM 1.22, PT 2.03, TB 0.92, MT 0.98, TA 0.43; Leg IV: TR 0.22, FM 1.16, PT 0.51, TB 1.00, MT 1.10, TA 0.43.
Female. Ethanol preserved specimens, prosoma yellowish brown, ALE, PME, PLE covered with black blotches (Fig.
Abdomen moderately long and slightly broader than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with two yellowish brown stripes extending longitudinally from anterior portion to near spinnerets (Fig.
Epigynum moderately sclerotised. DDC is shorter compared to its congeners (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.72, PL 2.15, PW at PLE 1.48, AL 2.55, AW 2.10. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.43, PLE 0.16, ALE 0.24, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.10, PLE-PLE 1.15, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.65. Leg I: TR 0.25, FM 1.12, PT 0.78, TB 1.32, MT 0.90, TA 0.36; Leg II: TR 0.26, FM 1.20, PT 0.44, TB 0.78, MT 0.68, TA 0.40; Leg III: TR 0.25, FM 1.20, PT 2.00, TB 0.87, MT 0.96, TA 0.40; Leg IV: TR 0.25, FM 1.10, PT 0.54, TB 1.00, MT 1.20, TA 0.40.
This species is known only from Sri Lanka.
Phintelloides flavumi (A–D) A–B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloides brunne (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Abbreviation: SC = scapum. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C–D), 0.1 mm (G, H).
Phintelloides brunne A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CY = cymbium; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).
Holotype ♀ (IFS_SAL_754): Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Galle District, Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR, 252 m, 06°03'53"N, 80°18'05"E, beating, 24–26-V-2016, leg. K Nilani. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_755): same locality and collection data as in holotype.
The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin flavo viridi and refers to the uniform yellowish green colour body of females.
This species is distinguishable from other known congeners by the single coiled, comparably broader CD, sclerotised long projections from DDC and oval spermathecae (Figs
Female. Prosoma greenish yellow, ocular region with dense white hairs. AME and ALE greenish black in life (Fig.
Abdomen greenish yellow in life, pale yellow in preserved specimen, elliptical, broader, and longer than prosoma. Dorsum devoid of any longitudinal stripes or markings as in other congeners (Fig.
Epigynum moderately sclerotised. CO indistinct. DDC are broader, twice width of CD at anterior margin (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.80, PL 1.92, PW at PLE 1.44, AL 2.56, AW 1.84. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.43, PLE 0.15, ALE 0.28, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.15, PLE-PLE 1.17, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.66. Leg I: TR 0.28, FM 1.14, PT 0.54, TB 0.87, MT 0.64, TA 0.47; Leg II: TR 0.26, FM 1.10, PT 0.47, TB 0.80, MT 0.60, TA 0.40; Leg III: TR 0.25, FM 1.34, PT 0.60, TB 0.81, MT 0.53, TA 0.40; Leg IV: TR 0.26, FM 1.47, PT 0.67, TB 0.94, MT 0.67, TA 0.60.
Male. Unknown.
This species is known only from Sri Lanka.
Phintelloides flavoviri (A–D) A, B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C, D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloides orbisa (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C–D), 0.2 mm (G, H).
Phintelloides orbisa (A, B) and Phintelloides flavoviri (C, D) A, C Epigynum, ventral view B, D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory ducts; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; FD = fertilisation ducts; HS = head like structure; S = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–D).
Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_758): Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Galle District, Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR, 252m, 06°03'53"N, 80°18'05"E, beating, 24–26-V-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_760): Same locality and collection data as holotype. Other material examined. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_689): same locality and collection data as holotype, 18-V-2010, leg. SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 3♂, 2♀ (IFS_SAL_742-746): Same locality and collection data as holotype. 2♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_970-972): Sabaragamuwa Province, Rathnapura District, Sinharaja FR, Kudawa, 521 m, 06°24'58.26"N, 80°25'25"E, beating, 11–13-X-2016, leg. K Nilani.
The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin flavum and refers to the yellow coloured scales around AME.
The species is distinguishable from other congeners by the rounded, well-developed LP, longer, straight, tapering RTA in males (Figs
Male. In life, prosoma black, decorated with white band in the vicinity of first row of eyes at the anterior margin, clypeus with dense white scales (Fig.
Abdomen oval, moderately long, slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with comparably narrow black, median band, bordered by pale yellow bands extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig.
Moderately sclerotised pale yellow palp. Distal end of cymbium longer, narrower than proximal region. Embolus slender, long immovable, on rather broad apical portion of bulbus, extending to distal end of cymbium (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.70, PL 2.20, PW at PLE 1.52, AL 2.40, AW 1.30. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.25, PME 0.12, PME-PME 1.20, PLE-PLE 0.66, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.66. Leg I: TR 0.35, FM 2.25, PT 1.00, TB 1.88, MT 1.54, TA 0.81; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.72, PT 0.76, TB 1.50, MT 0.84, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.34, FM 1.87, PT 0.80, TB 1.24, MT 1.21, TA 0.50; Leg IV: TR 0.32, FM 1.78, PT 0.63, TB 1.33, MT 1.57, TA 0.60.
Female. Prosoma sparsely covered with white hairs and decorated with three pairs of large, black blotches, surrounding PME, PLE, ocular area, and posterior slope of prosoma (Fig.
Abdomen white, leaf-shaped, longer, slightly broader than prosoma. Dorsum with two lateral dark green streaks, elongating longitudinally along the whole length of the abdomen (Figs
Epigynum moderately sclerotised. Copulatory openings located laterally inside duck-neck-shaped diverging curves. Copulatory ducts twisted, diverge initially and then bending inward to form a much broader duck-neck-shaped diverging curves leading to the copulatory openings (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.63, PL 2.11, PW at PLE 1.88, AL 2.50, AW 1.32. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.52, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.25, PME 0.12, PME-PME 1.22, PLE-PLE 0.66, ALE-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 2.14, PT 0.91, TB 1.84, MT 1.62, TA 0.70; Leg II: TR 0.28, FM 1.65, PT 0.70, TB 1.40, MT 0.85, TA 0.84; Leg III: TR 0.34, FM 1.82, PT 0.74, TB 1.23, MT 1.24, TA 0.55; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.84, PT 0.66, TB 1.26, MT 1.54, TA 0.66.
This species is known only from Sri Lanka.
Phintelloides flavumi A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; HS = head like structure; LP = lamellar process; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.1 mm (C–D).
Chrysilla jesudasi Caleb & Mathai, 2014b: 63, figs 1–14.
1♂ (IFS_SAL_668), Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala FR, hand collection, 1–28-VII-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_137), same locality, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, 190 m, hand collection, 1-28-II-2008, leg. Z Jaleel. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_293), same locality, Polgahawala, hand collection, 14-VI-2015, leg. HMSM Nadeeshani. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_324), Uva Province, Badulla District, Diyaluma falls, 660 m, 06°43'57"N, 81°01'58"E, 04-VII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin. 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_920-924), Western Province, Gampaha District, Pilikuttuwa FR, 69 m, 07°03'52.4"N, 80°03'04"E, beating, 28-IX-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika.
This species is easily distinguishable from other known congeners by the irregular LP, stouter RTA and by the broad anterolateral portion of bulbus (Figs
Male. In life, clypeus blackish with white stripe covered with tuft of white scales, cephalothorax blackish, with pale yellow band behind AME. White, prominent, diamond-shaped mark behind eye field (Fig.
Abdomen moderately long, slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with broad blackish grey median band, surrounded by pale yellow bands, extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig.
Pale yellow palp. Cymbium longer and narrower at the distal region. Embolus slender and long immovable on rather broad apical portion of bulbus (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.50, PL 2.10, PW at PLE 1.60, AL 2.30, AW 1.15. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.52, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.27, PME 0.12, PME-PME 1.22, PLE-PLE 0.67, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.32, FM 2.15, PT 0.93, TB 1.90, MT 1.66, TA 0.74; Leg II: TR 0.26, FM 1.68, PT 0.71, TB 1.41, MT 0.81, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.30, FM 1.80, PT 0.73, TB 1.25, MT 1.21, TA 0.51; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.83, PT 0.64, TB 1.29, MT 1.53, TA 0.63.
Female. Prosoma white decorated with three pairs of large, black patches, surrounding PME, behind PLE and posterior slope of prosoma in life (Fig.
Abdomen yellow, oval-shaped, longer, and narrower than prosoma. Dorsum with two lateral blackish stripes extending longitudinally along the length of the abdomen (Fig.
Epigynum moderately sclerotised. Copulatory openings placed laterally outwards (
Measurements. TL 4.22, PL 1.91, PW at PLE 1.84, AL 2.30, AW 1.32. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.26, PME 0.11, PME-PME 1.22, PLE-PLE 0.66, ALE-PME 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.28, FM 2.12, PT 0.92, TB 1.85, MT 1.65, TA 0.73; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.66, PT 0.70, TB 1.42, MT 0.82, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.30, FM 1.81, PT 0.72, TB 1.26, MT 1.20, TA 0.53; Leg IV: TR 0.31, FM 1.80, PT 0.67, TB 1.28, MT 1.53, TA 0.65.
India and Sri Lanka (new record).
Phintelloides jesudasi A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; CY = cymbium; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; LP = lamellar process; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SD = sperm duct; T: = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).
Holotype 1♀ (IFS_SAL_306), Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Anuradapura District, Mihintale Sanctuary, 123 m, 08°21'10.60"N, 80°30'14.54"E, hand collection, 06-VII-2013, leg. SP Benjamin et al.
The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin orbis and refers to the coiled CD.
This species is distinguishable from P. alborea, P. brunne, P. jesudasi, and P. flavumi by having coiled CD (Figs
Female. In ethanol preserved specimens, prosoma orange in colour with black blotches on the ocular region (Fig.
Abdomen yellow, oval in shape as long as prosoma. Dorsum devoid of any longitudinal stripes, as in other congeners, two pairs of yellowish orange dots at the middle of abdomen (Fig.
Epigynum with poorly sclerotised PEB. Spermathecae comparably large, thick walled and reniform with head-like structure (Figs
Measurements. TL 5.29, PL 2.28, PW at PLE 1.88, AL 3.35, AW 1.48. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.44, PLE 0.15, ALE 0.25, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.10, PLE-PLE 1.15, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.15, PT 0.78, TB 1.40, MT 0.93, TA 0.33; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.30, PT 0.40, TB 0.77, MT 0.66, TA 0.45; Leg III: TR 0.25, FM 1.22, PT 2.25, TB 0.87, MT 0.93, TA 0.43; Leg IV: TR 0.25, FM 1.00, PT 0.55, TB 1.10, MT 1.32, TA 0.47.
Male. Unknown.
Chrysilla lauta Thorell, 1887
Carapace low, twice as long as eye field, gently sloping behind eye field, broader behind PME. Cephalic region slightly broad anteriorly, flat above. Hairy narrowed clypeus. Anterior eyes in a straight line. Chelicerae elongate, directed diagonally forwards, slightly diverging distally with prominent retrolateral tooth. Sternum broadly truncate in front. Legs IV longer than legs III. Abdomen longer and narrower than prosoma. Long dark spinnerets.
Furthermore, Chrysilla can be separated from Phintella by the bright, metallic colouration of body, narrower and longer abdomen, comparably slender, quite longer and gently bent embolus, elongated oval-shaped apical tegulum, much longer than wide genital bulb, elongated cymbium (
According to
1♂ (IFS_SAL_699), Sri Lanka, Western Province, Panadura, Mahabellana, along Bolgoda south lake, 9 m, 06°42'48"N, 79°54'09"E, beating, -XII-2008, leg. SP Benjamin and SK Dayananda.
This species is closely related to C. volupe and C. deelemani Prószynski, Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 in the general form of palpal structure and is distinguishable from them by the abdominal scutum (Fig.
Male. Prosoma arranged with iridescent blue and reddish orange scales (Fig.
Narrow abdomen tapers to the iridescent blackish blue spinnerets. Dorsum of abdomen covered with iridescent blackish blue scutum decorated with silvery markings (Fig.
Palp metallic blue, except for golden yellow cymbium. Cymbium elongated, narrower at the distal end (Figs
Measurements. TL 5.00, PL 2.10, PW at PLE 1.65, AL 2.80, AW 3.08. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.42, PLE 0.31, ALE 0.25, PME 0.09, PME-PME 1.16, PLE-PLE 1.22, ALE-PME 0.41, ALE-PLE 0.51. Leg I: TR 0.32, FM 1.45, PT 0.59, TB 1.24, MT 0.81, TA 0.54; Leg II: TR 0.31, FM 1.23, PT 0.54, TB 0.78, MT 0.65, TA 0.56; Leg III: TR 0.27, FM 1.32, PT 0.42, TB 0.63, MT 0.75, TA 0.54; Leg IV: TR 0.29, FM 1.23, PT 0.34, TB 1.20, MT 1.21, TA 0.66.
Female. Unknown.
Chrysilla lauta (A, B). A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view. C. volupe (C–F) C Palp, ventral view D Palp, retrolateral view E Epigynum, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.1 mm (C–F).
1♂ (IFS_SAL_239), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Kandy District, Kandy town, hand collection, 10-VI-2015, leg. CI Clayton. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_443), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Kandy District, Ballagola, 467 m, 07°17'12"N, 80°42'48E, 22-VI-2013, leg. SP Benjamin. 3♂, 2♀ (IFS_SAL_633-638), Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Anuradapura District, Mihintale Sanctuary, 123 m, 08°21'10.60"N, 80°30'14.54"E, hand collection, 22-VI-2013, leg. I Sandunika. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_669), Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala FR, 190 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, hand collection, 1-28-VII-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. 1♂ (IFS_SAL _860), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum, 180 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, 17-VIII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin et al.
This species is closely related to C. lauta and C. deelemani in palpal structure and it is distinguishable from C. lauta by the absence of abdominal scutum, and rectangular PLT in males and from latter by abdominal metallic colour pattern in both sexes. See also
Male. In live spiders, prosoma covered by iridescent blue and reddish orange scales arranged as alternative bands with thin layer of blue iridescent scales, edged of prosoma cover. AME and ALE black in colour, enclosed with reddish orange scales. Clypeus with iridescent blue scales. Reddish brown chelicerae with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth, sternum oval and covered with iridescent scales (
Palp metallic bluish black. Cymbium narrower at the distal end than proximal region. Embolus medium sized and slightly curves at the tip (
Measurements TL 3.74, PL 1.94, PW at PLE 1.50, AL 1.85, AW 0.75. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.41, PLE 0.24, ALE 0.23, PME 0.07, PME-PME 1.15, PLE-PLE 1.19, ALE-PME 0.20, ALE-PLE 0.48. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.35, PT 0.54, TB 1.21, MT 0.78, TA 0.55; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.10, PT 0.40, TB 0.72, MT 0.61, TA 0.43; Leg III: TR 0.30, FM 1.20, PT 0.41, TB 0.59, MT 0.75, TA 0.53; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.23, PT 0.30, TB 1.12, MT 1.20, TA 0.62.
Female. In ethanol-preserved specimens, prosoma is reddish brown and ocular region is dark, blackish brown in colour (Figs
Epigynum moderately sclerotised. Posterior margin characterised with two lobed scapum (Figs
Measurements. TL 3.92, PL 1.95, PW at PLE 1.52, AL 1.95, AW 0.85. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.42, PLE 0.26, ALE 0.25, PME 0.08, PME-PME 1.16, PLE-PLE 1.19, ALE-PME 0.25, ALE-PLE 0.50. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.37, PT 0.54, TB 1.23, MT 0.81, TA 0.61; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.20, PT 0.51, TB 0.74, MT 0.62, TA 0.51; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.24, PT 0.44, TB 0.61, MT 0.75, TA 0.61; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.33, PT 0.35, TB 1.22, MT 1.31, TA 0.73.
Sri Lanka, India, Bhutan.
Viciria diatreta Simon, 1902.
The name honours Jerzy Prószyński, one of the most influential salticidologists, who redescribed many type specimens and greatly contributed to our knowledge of jumping spider biodiversity.
Monophyly of Proszynskia is recovered in all molecular trees and the morphological tree (Figs
This genus can readily be recognised from the closely related genus Phintelloides by pale yellow, median longitudinal band bordered with blackish stripes of dorsal abdomen, short and straight embolus, absence of LP, well-developed PLT, narrowed distal part of the tegulum, mid-wall origin of FD and absence of DDC in females. Other differences are the pattern of abdominal dorsal markings and copulatory organ’s morphology including short, robust, and comparably shorter embolus and comparably short RTA in males, absence of curved CD, presence of large and highly sclerotised spermathecae and the presence of SC in females.
Large spiders (7–9mm). Prosoma longer than wide with pale yellow patches on the ocular field; white diamond-shaped mark behind eye field; white belts on lateral prosoma; leg I dark brown and robust in males; tibiae and metatarsi of first two legs with four and two pairs of ventral spines respectively; abdomen with pale yellow longitudinal median band; bordered by blackish brown lateral bands and ventrum uniform pale colour; short and straight embolus; apical portion of bulbus without lamellar process; well-developed proximal lobe of bulbus prolaterally; medium sized RTA with bent tip. Position of CO uncertain; CD short; large, pyriform-shaped spermathecae; FD originating from mid-wall of the receptacles; PEB with partially developed scapum.
This genus encompasses two known species: Proszynskia anusuae (Tikader & Biswas, 1981) comb. n. and P. diatreta (Simon, 1902) comb. n.
Proszynskia diatreta was recovered as a separate lineage in all our analyses (Figs
India and Sri Lanka.
Viciria diatreta
Simon, 1902: 366;
Phintella diatreta
(Simon, 1902):
This species was recently transferred to Phintella by
1♂ (IFS_SAL_520), Sri Lanka, Eastern province, Batticaloa District, Sallimunai, 4km North of Panichchankerni, Sea level, 08°06'37"N, 81°27'20"E, 07-09-VIII-2010, leg. SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_539), Northern Province, Vavuniya District, Poonthottam, Home gardens, 98 m, 08°46'12.95"N, 80°30'32.81"E, hand collection, 27.X.2015, leg. K Nilani. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_861), same locality and collection data, 18-VII-2016. 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_1011- 1015), same locality and collection data, 13-I-2017.
This species is distinguishable from Proszynskia anusuae comb. n. by the sclerotised structures from spermathecae and funnel-like unusual structures connecting spermathecae and FD (Figs
Male. Prosoma black, decorated with greenish yellow patches on the ocular region, a patch between the AME, two lateral patches placed between PLE and PME (Fig.
Abdomen longer and slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with narrow pale yellow median band, surrounded by two black bands bordering with pale yellow lateral bands extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig.
Brownish yellow palp. Cymbium narrows at the distal region. Embolus straight and robust, immovable on rather broad apical portion of tegulum (Figs
Measurements. TL 7.00, PL 3.15, PW at PLE 2.80, AL 3.90, AW 2.00. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.53, PLE 0.28, ALE 0.30, PME 0.05, PME-PME 1.32, PLE-PLE 1.20, ALE-PME 0.38, ALE-PLE 0.78. Leg I: TR 0.35, FM 1.92, PT 0.88, TB 1.73, MT 1.18, TA 0.75; Leg II: TR 0.30, FM 1.71, PT 1.00, TB 1.22, MT 1.12, TA 0.68; Leg III: TR 0.28, FM 1.73, PT 0.72, TB 1.10, MT 1.10, TA 0.74; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.93, PT 0.80, TB 1.32, MT 1.21, TA 0.82.
Female. Almost all somatic characters similar to male except shape of the mark behind PLE and comparably less strong first pair of legs (Fig.
Measurements. TL 8.45, PL 3.75, PW at PLE 3.30, AL 4.60, AW 2.70. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.55, PLE 0.28, ALE 0.35, PME 0.05, PME-PME 1.35, PLE-PLE 1.20, ALE-PME 0.38, ALE-PLE 0.78. Leg I: TR 0.36, FM 1.90, PT 0.80, TB 1.63, MT 1.18, TA 0.76; Leg II: TR 0.30, FM 1.75, PT 1.00, TB 1.32, MT 1.15, TA 0.66; Leg III: TR 0.26, FM 1.75, PT 0.70, TB 1.15, MT 1.15, TA 0.70; Leg IV: TR 0.35, FM 1.89, PT 0.85, TB 1.30, MT 1.20, TA 0.80.
India and Sri Lanka (new record).
Proszynskia diatreta A–C Male palp, A ventral view B retrolateral view C prolateral view D Epigynum, ventral view E Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SC = scapum; T = tegulum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C), 0.1 mm (C–E).
Telamonia bifurcilinea Bösenberg & Strand, 1906.
Phintella are usually small to medium (3–6 mm in length). Some species are covered with metallic iridescent scales. They are characterised by relatively high cephalothorax with distinctive posterior slope, unidentate chelicerae, tegulum with lobe and bump about 90°clockwise from the base of the embolus, embolus sets apically, usually short, pointed or furcate, palpal tibia with one or more apophyses. Female genitalia simple with rounded spermathecae in most species, insemination ducts of different length, usually not twisted (
Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_085): Sri Lanka, Central Province, Nuwara Eliya District, Agarapatana, Bopattalawa FR, 1665 m, 06°50'36"N, 80°40'40"E, hand collection, 18–21-II-2007, leg. SP Benjamin and Z Jaleel. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_086): same locality and collection data as in holotype.
2♀ (IFS_SAL_087-088), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Nuwara Eliya District, Agarapatana, Bopattalawa FR, 1665 m, 06°50'36"N, 80°40'40"E, hand collection, 18–21-II-2007, leg. SP Benjamin and Z Jaleel. 1♀, 1♂ (IFS_SAL_191-192), same locality and collection data. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_452), Kandy District, Deltoa, Loolcondera FR, 1480 m, 07°08'45"N, 80°41'53"E, hand collection, 11-V-2010, leg. S Batuwita, N Athukorala. 1♂, ♀ (IFS_SAL_857-858), same locality and collection data, 22-VI-2016, leg. I Sandunika. 2♀ (IFS_SAL_457-458), Nuwara Eliya District, Horton plains NP, 2141 m, 06°47'54"N, 80°48'51"E, hand collection, 20–21-II-2007, leg. SP Benjamin and Z Jaleel. 2♂ (IFS_SAL _893-894), Upcot, 1850 m, 06°46’N, 80°36’E, beating, 03-X-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika.
This species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin argenteus, and refers to the presence of characteristic silvery markings on the prosoma and abdomen of spiders of this species.
The species is closely related to Phintella accentifera (Simon, 1901), P. aequipeiformis Zabka, 1985, P. suavis (Simon, 1885) and P. vittata (C. L. Koch, 1846) in palpal morphology. However, it is distinguishable from them by the markings of dorsal abdomen in both sexes (Fig.
Male. In life, rounded prosoma covered with black shiny scales. Transverse silvery marking on the middle of the eye field (Fig.
Abdomen slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Glossy black dorsum decorated with silvery band at the anterior margin, silvery blotches at the middle and lateral sides and golden yellow mark near spinnerets at the posterior end (Fig.
Brownish black and strongly sclerotised palp. Short cymbium, narrow distal region. Embolus short, somewhat stout, immovable above the apical portion of tegulum, extending beyond the level of the distal end of tegulum (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.65, PL 1.90, PW at PLE 1.50, AL 2.2, AW 1.5. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.40, PLE 0.1, ALE 0.22, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.24, PLE-PLE 1.08, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.62. Leg I: TR 0.30, FM 1.46, PT 0.97, TB 1.32, MT 1.08, TA 0.51; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.16, PT 0.54, TB 0.84, MT 0.70, TA 0.46; Leg III: TR 0.24, FM 1.24, PT 0.51, TB 0.94, MT 0.97, TA 0.46; Leg IV: TR 0.27, FM 1.22, PT 0.54, TB 1.05, MT 1.16, TA 0.46.
Female. Similar to male except greyish yellow legs, leg I not robust, broader abdomen than prosoma, covered with golden yellow gleaming scales, dorsal pattern of abdomen as in Fig.
Epigynum moderately sclerotised, fully developed scapum extending beyond the line of epigastric furrow (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.80, PL 2.00, PW at PLE 1.45, AL 2.65, AW 1.75. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.40, PLE 1.34, ALE 0.27, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.19, PLE-PLE 1.11, ALE-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.62. Leg I: TR 0.24, FM 1.32, PT 0.86, TB 1.27, MT 0.97, TA 0.43; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.16, PT 0.49, TB 0.81, MT 0.68, TA 0.43; Leg III: TR 0.24, FM 1.16, PT 0.46, TB 0.92, MT 0.94, TA 0.46; Leg IV: TR 0.24, FM 1.16, PT 0.54, TB 1.03, MT 1.11, TA 0.46.
Phintella argentea A–C Male palp A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view D Epigynum, ventral view E Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: AEB = anterior epigynal border; ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; LP = lamellar process; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C), 0.1 mm (D–E).
Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_407): Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala FR, 190 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, hand collection, 15-VII-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_408): Same locality and collection data as in holotype.
2♂ (IFS_SAL_409–410): Same locality and collection data as in type materials. 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_079–083): Same locality and collection data, 1–28-II-2007. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_164), same locality and collection data, 190 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, beating, 08-IV-2015, leg. SP Benjamin et al. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_265), 07°28'17"N, 80°30"E, 24-XI-2009, same locality and collection data, SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_271), same locality and collection data 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, beating, 08-IV-2015, N Athukorala. 6♂, 6♀ (IFS_SAL_178–189), Nikaravatiya, hand collection, 1–3-XI-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. 2♀ (IFS_SAL_200–201), same locality and collection data, 11-II-2007. 3♂, 3♀ (IFS_SAL_213–218), same locality and collection data, 21-I-2008. 2♂, 4♀ (IFS_SAL_387–392), same locality and collection data, 1–3-11-2007. 1♂ 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_790–792), 252 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, hand collection, 07-VI-2016, leg. N Athukorala and K Nilani. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_102), Eastern province, Ampara District, Gal Oya NP, 80 m, 07°13'22"N, 81°31'56"E, 10-II-2010, leg. SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_262), Central province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum, 180 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, litter, 19-VI-2014, N Athukorala et al. 2♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_438–440), same locality, 188 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, 17-VIII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin et al. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_927): Western Province, Gampaha District, Pilikuttuwa FR, 69 m, 07°03'52.4"N, 80°03'04"E, beating, 28-IX-2016, leg. K Nilani.
This name is a patronym for the collector Z Jaleel, who collected many specimens of this species and other spiders described by us here and elsewhere.
The species is similar to P. abnormis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) in copulatory organ morphology; however, it is distinguishable by RTA with basal minute teeth and absence of LP in males (Figs
Male. In life, prosoma blackish brown, somewhat oval, broad in shape, sparsely covered with greyish white hairs (Fig.
Abdomen longer and narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum densely covered with greyish white hairs in life (Fig.
Blackish brown palp. Short cymbium narrows at the distal region. Embolus short and robust immovable on rather broad apical portion of tegulum (Figs
Measurements. TL 3.90, PL 1.80, PW at PLE 1.45, AL 2.10, AW 1.05. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.19, ALE 0.22, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.24, PLE-PLE 1.08, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.62. Leg I: TR 0.30, FM 1.22, PT 0.43, TB 1.08, MT 0.54, TA 0.38; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.10, PT 0.24, TB 0.76, MT 0.38, TA 0.30; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.13, PT 0.30, TB 0.86, MT 0.49, TA 0.35; Leg IV: TR 0.32, FM 1.16, PT 0.32, TB 0.92, MT 0.49, TA 0.38.
Female. In life, prosoma blackish brown, broad and densely covered with greyish white hairs (Figs
Abdomen longer and slightly broader than prosoma. Dorsum densely covered with greyish white hairs in life (Figs
Epigynum with large, globe-like and highly sclerotised spermathecae with thin wall. Scapum absent (Figs
Measurements. TL 4.00, PL 1.90, PW at PLE 1.45, AL 2.15, AW 1.20. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.21, ALE 0.24, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.10, PLE-PLE 1.08, ALE-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.65. Leg I: TR 0.24, FM 0.97, PT 0.24, TB 0.73, MT 0.38, TA 0.27; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.03, PT 0.22, TB 0.76, MT 0.41, TA 0.32; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.16, PT 0.35, TB 0.92, MT 0.54, TA 0.40; Leg IV: TR 0.35, FM 1.19, PT 0.35, TB 0.94, MT 0.51, TA 0.40.
Phintella jaleeli A–C Male palp A ventral view B retrolateral view C retro-ventral view D–E Epigynum, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C), 0.1 mm (D–F). Arrow points to minute teeth on RTA.
2♀ (IFS_SAL_196-198), Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala FR, 190 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, hand collection, 11-II-2007, Z Jaleel. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_138-139), same locality and collection data, 20-V-2007. 1♂, 2♀ (IFS_SAL_670-672), same locality and collection data, 1-28-VII-2007. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_227), same locality and collection data, 17-XI-2007. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_290), same locality and data, 09-XII-2007. 2♀ (IFS_SAL_138–139), same locality and collection data, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, 300m, 1–28-II-2008, leg. Z Jaleel. 2♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_210-212), same locality and data, 21-I-2008. 1♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_384-385), Nikaravatiya, hand collection 1-3-11-2007, Z Jaleel. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_507), same locality and data. 2♀ (IFS_SAL _176-177), Central Province, Nawalapitiya, March, 2008, leg. Z Jaleel. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_604), Matale District, Bowatenna, Reservoir area, secondary shrub along road to bund, 252 m, 07°39'37"N, 80°41'18"E, beating, 10-II-2016, leg. K Nilani. 1♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_877-878), Gannoruwa forest, 575 m, 07°17'16"N, 80°35'47"E, beating, 30-VIII-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika. 1♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_240-241), Eastern Province, Ampara Disrtict, Samangala, 112 m, 07°24'38.27"N, 81°34'52.38"E, beating, 19-V-2015, leg. N Athukorala. 5♂, 5♀ (IFS_SAL_701-710), Western Province, Kalutara District, Panadura, Mahabellana, along Bolgoda south lake, 9 m, 06°42'48"N, 79°54'09"E, beating, VII-2008, leg. SP Benjamin, SK Dayananda. 1♀, 1♂ (IFS_SAL _461-462), Kaluthara Disrtict, Paragoda-Bulathsinnhala, 169 m, 06°38'23"N, 80°09'55"E, 07-VIII-2012. 3♂, 2♀ (IFS_SAL_915-919), Gampaha District, Pilikuttuwa FR, 69 m, 07°03'52.4"N, 80°03'04"E, beating, 28-IX-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika. 1♂, ♀ (IFS_SAL_749-750), Southern Province, Galle District, Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR, 252 m, 06°03'53"N, 80°18'05"E, beating, 24-26-V-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_816): North Central Province, Anuradapura District, Mihintale Sanctuary, 123 m, 08°21'10.60"N, 80°30'14.54"E, hand collection, 14-VI-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika.
The species is closely related to Phintella accentifera, P. aequipeiformis, P. argentea, and P. suavis in palpal morphology. However, it is distinguishable by the transverse metallic bands on the abdomen in both sexes (Figs
Male. Small spiders (less than 5.0 mm). In life, prosoma oval and black with transverse blue metallic band on the middle of the eye field (Figs
Abdomen slightly shorter and narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum decorated with transverse blue and black metallic lustrous banding pattern, single transverse golden yellow at the posterior region (Figs
Brownish black palp. Short cymbium narrows at distal region. Embolus short, somewhat stout immovable, on rather triangular apical portion of tegulum, extending beyond the level of the distal end of tegulum (Figs
Measurements. TL 3.40, PL 1.80, PW at PLE 1.24, AL 1.44, AW 1.10. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.45, PLE 0.16, ALE 0.20, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.22, PLE-PLE 1.00, ALE-PME 0.30, ALE-PLE 0.60. Leg I: TR 0.25, FM 0.625, PT 0.37, TB 0.88, MT 0.63, TA 0.37; Leg II: TR 0.22, FM 0.75, PT 0.37, TB 1.00, MT 0.625, TA 0.50; Leg III: TR 0.18, FM 1.00, PT 0.37, TB 0.63, MT 0.87, TA 0.63; Leg IV: TR 0.20, FM 1.00, PT 0.38, TB 0.88, MT 0.80, TA 0.62.
Female. As in male except for greyish yellow legs and distal end of femur IV and tibia IV with black patches (Figs
Measurements. TL 3.65, PL 1.60, PW at PLE 1.56, AL 2.00, AW 1.65. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.42, PLE 0.10, ALE 0.20, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.26, PLE-PLE 1.00, ALE-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.60. Leg I: TR 0.17, FM 0.76, PT 0.38, TB 0.63, MT 0.45, TA 0.31; Leg II: TR 0.17, FM 1.00, PT 0.30, TB 0.63, MT 0.30, TA 0.50; Leg III: TR 0.24, FM 1.10, PT 0.38, TB 0.67, MT 0.70, TA 0.35; Leg IV: TR 0.25, FM 1.00, PT 0.35, TB 0.87, MT 0.58, TA 0.50.
Phintella vittata A, B Male palp A ventral view B retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: AEB = anterior epigynal border; ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; LP = lamellar process; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.1 mm (C–D).
We provide evidence that the specimens collected by us in Sri Lanka are members of three distinct evolutionary lineages. The monophyly of Phintella and Chrysilla has never been tested. They never have been clearly defined in phylogenetic terms. Most species of Phintella were originally placed in Chrysilla, Telamonia, Icius, or Jotus. Many species of both genera are apparently misplaced (
Chrysilla is more closely related to Siler than to Phintella (Figs
Species diversity is unevenly distributed across the globe with terrestrial biodiversity concentrated in a few restricted biodiversity hotspots, Sri Lanka being one of them (
We gratefully acknowledge financial support for this study from the National Institute of Fundamental Studies and a research grant from the National Research Council (# 17–027 to SPB). We are indebted to Z Jaleel, S Batuwita, PMH Sandamali, I Sandunika, SK Dayananda, HMSM Nadeeshani, RMGN Tilakarathna, MK Rathnayake, S Ranasinghe, CI Clayton, and N Athukorala, who collected and made available many specimens used in this study. The Department of Wildlife Conservation and Department of Forest Conservation of Sri Lanka facilitated fieldwork; their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. We thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments.
Figure S1. Phylogeny of Chrysillini obtained by the ML analysis of CO1 single gene molecular data
Data type: phylogeny data
Explanation note: Numbers above the line denote bootstrap proportions from 1000 replicates. Only support values above 60% are given.
Figure S2. Phylogeny of Chrysillini obtained by the ML analysis of 28S single gene molecular data
Data type: phylogeny data
Explanation note: Numbers above the line denote bootstrap proportions from 1000 replicates. Only support values above 90% are given.
Figure S3. Phylogeny of Chrysillini obtained by the ML analysis of 18S single gene molecular data
Data type: phylogeny data
Explanation note: Numbers above the line denote bootstrap proportions from 1000 replicates. Only support values above 70% are given.