Chrysilla jesudasi Caleb & Mathai, 2014.

Combination of “Phintell” taken from Phintella and “oides” meaning “having the form of”. This name also refers to the closer relationship of Phintelloides to Phintella than to other chrysillines. Gender masculine.

The monophyly of Phintelloides is recovered in all ML molecular trees (except in the 18S single gene analysis; see supporting information) and the morphology parsimony tree (Figs 1, 3). Supported by the following morphological unambiguous putative synapomorphies: triangular-shaped bulbus, slightly oblique to apical lobe (39–1) (Figs 5D, 7A, 9D, 11A, 15D, 16A, 17D, 18A), conspicuous black blotches on the prosoma of females (7–1) (Figs 4D, G, H, 12A, E, 14D–F), duck-neck-shaped diverging curves at anterior margin of epigynum (46–1) (Figs 6C, D, G, H, 7C, D, 10C, D, G, H, 11C, D, 12C, D, G, H, 13A–D, 16C, D, 18C, D), apical origin of FD (55–3). The genus Phintelloides is a member of the tribe Chrysillini both as defined by Maddison (2015) and Proszynski (2016).

Figure 1. 

The single most likely tree obtained by ML analysis of the combined molecular data in RAxML–VI–HPC. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap values (only values 60 and above are given). Nodes that are unsupported have been collapsed. Collection country is given if available. Key: “Navajo rugs” indicate presence (black) or absence (white) of a given node in the tree specified in the legend.* denotes taxa included in the morphological analysis; resulting tree is given in Fig. (3).

Figure 2. 

The single most parsimonious tree obtained by analysis of the combined molecular data in TNT. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap values (only values above 60 are given). Nodes that are unsupported have been collapsed. Collection country is given if available.

Figure 3. 

The single MP tree obtained by parsimony analysis in TNT under implied weights of the 56 morphological characters given in Table 2. Unambiguous character state changes are mapped using Farris optimisation. Characters are denoted by the numbers above the circles and character state changes by numbers below the circles. The values above the lines represent sympatric resampling frequencies/sympatric resampling frequency differences, while the values below the line represent Bremer support/relative Bremer support.

All molecular trees recover Phintelloides brunne and P. flavoviri as sister species with high support. This is in contrast to the morphological tree where P. orbisa and P. flavoviri are recovered as sister species (P. orbisa was not included in the molecular analysis, due to lack of fresh materials). We predict that it would branch with P. flavoviri, due to similar genital morphology (Fig. 12G, H). All genes trees, individual single gene phylogenetic trees as well as male and female habitus, palpal, and epigynal structure suggest that Chrysilla jesudasi Caleb & Mathai, 2014 should be transferred to Phintelloides.

This genus can be recognised from other chrysillines by white tuft of hairs on the clypeus, white diamond-shaped mark behind PLE, pale white band on the anterior eye field, black median band bordered by two lateral bands on the abdomen. Further, presence of LP, comparably longer embolus in males and the duck-neck-shaped diverging curves of CD in females. This genus is closely related to Proszynskia in appearance than to Phintella and Chrysilla.

Medium sized spiders. Male with white tuft of hairs on the clypeus (described as “moustache” in Caleb and Mathai (2014); prosoma with pale yellow/ white band behind AME; white diamond-shaped mark behind the eye field; white belts on lateral prosoma; leg I slightly robust in males; abdomen with blackish or brownish grey longitudinal median band bordered by pale yellow bands; long embolus; apical portion of bulbus with lamellar process; small posterior lobe of bulbus; long RTA with bent tip. Female with black patches on the eye field and surrounding PME, behind PLE and posterior slope of prosoma; abdomen with longitudinal lateral stripes or devoid of markings; duck-neck-shaped diverging curves at anterior margin of epigynum; CO laterally outwards; CD medium or very long and bent or twisted; spermatheca pyriform or spherical; broad PEB. See species descriptions below.

Phintelloides alborea sp. n., P. brunne sp. n., P. flavoviri sp. n., P. flavumi sp. n., P. jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014) comb. n., P. orbisa sp. n., P. versicolor (CL Koch, 1846) comb. n.

The transfer of P. versicolor is based on the tree from the ML phylogenetic analysis of the combined matrix (Fig. 1). Additionally, P. versicolor shares with other species of Phintelloides the following characters: in males, the lateral white belts of the prosoma, white band on the anterior eye field, white diamond mark, black longitudinal abdominal median band bordered with pale yellow bands and similar shape of tegulum. In females, it differs in the absence of black blotches of prosoma, stripe pattern of abdomen and absence of DDC of the epigynum. It is also not clear if all specimens described under this name belong to a single species; special attention needs to be given to this matter in future studies.

India, Sri Lanka (excluding P. versicolor).

Holotype1♂ (IFS_SAL_436), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum, 188 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, 17-VIII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin et al. Paratype. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_369), same locality as holotype, 07-VII-2013, leg. SP Benjamin and N Athukorala. Other material examined. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_654), Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Anuradapura District, Mihintale Sanctuary, 123 m, 08°21'10.60"N, 80°30'14.54"E, hand collection, 22-VI-2013, leg. I Sandunika. 1♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_814-815), same locality and collection data, 14-VI-2016, leg. K Nilani.

The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin alborem for pale white colour and refers to the pale white spots behind PMEs on the prosoma of males.

This species is distinguishable from other known congeners by oval LP in males (Figs 5D, 7A), small and rounded spermathecae and shape of copulatory ducts (thin, elongated without coils) in females. This species is closely related to P. jesudasi comb. n. and P. flavumi by the shape of bulbus and RTA (Figs 5D, 15D, 17D); however, female members obviously differs by rounded spermathecae, ‘c’-shaped CD and comparably broader DDC (Figs 6C, D, G, H, 10C, D). Furthermore, it differs from P. brunne and P. versicolor by its comparably longer embolus and broader ALT, and from P. orbisa and P. flavoviri by the absence of a coiled CD.

Male. Blackish clypeus with white ‘moustache’ covered with tuft of white hairs (Fig. 4B). Prosoma blackish ornamented with pale yellow band behind AME (Fig. 4A) and slightly broader than abdomen. There are two white blotches in front of PLE in life. Conspicuous, constricted, white diamond-shaped mark behind eye field. Lateral sides of prosoma with white belts (Figs 4A, B). Chelicerae brownish black, covered with white hairs at its base. Yellowish brown prosoma with black patches behind ALE and PLE in preserved specimens. Posterior margin of prosoma rather steep and slightly truncated. Sternum yellowish brown and oval in shape, edges bordered with light brown. Leg I robust than others, leg I and II blackish with white hairs around proximal region of patella, tibia and metatarsus, leg III and IV blackish yellow. Medium sized abdomen, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with broad blackish grey median band, bordered by pale yellow bands extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig. 4A). Ventrum blackish grey in life and yellowish brown in preserved specimens (Fig. 5B). Spinnerets yellow.

Figure 4. 

Phintelloides alborea (A–D) from Dambulla, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Arboretum A, B Male in life C, D Female in life and Phintelloides jesudasi (E–H) from Pilikuttuwa E, F Male in life G, H Female in life.

Figure 5. 

Phintelloides alborea (A, B) Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Palp covered with pale yellow scales, except for reddish brown cymbium. Cymbium longer and narrower at the distal region and broader at the proximal region. Embolus slender, long immovable on rather broad apical portion of bulbus (Figs 5C–E, 7A, B). Lamellar process semicircular comparably smaller than in P. flavumi (Figs 5D, 7A). Bulbus longer than wide. Sperm duct is clearly visible at the distal portion of tegulum. Small triangular bump at the retrolateral portion of bulbus. Tegulum with small posterior lobe (Figs 5C, D, 7A). RTA robust and long, nearly half-length of the bulbus, broader at the base, narrower and bent at the tip (Figs 5D, E, 7A, B).

Measurements. TL 4.60, PL 2.20, PW at PLE 1.70, AL 2.24, AW 1.26. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.50, PLE 0.32, ALE 0.27, PME 0.15, PME-PME 1.25, PLE-PLE 0.67, ALE-PME 0.30, ALE-PLE 0.71. Leg I: TR 0.34, FM 2.20, PT 0.90, TB 2.10, MT 1.64, TA 0.76; Leg II: TR 0.25, FM 1.68, PT 0.72, TB 1.40, MT 0.83, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.34, FM 1.92, PT 0.76, TB 1.30, MT 1.22, TA 0.53; Leg IV: TR 0.31, FM 1.86, PT 0.66, TB 1.32, MT 1.54, TA 0.66.

Female. White prosoma decorated with three pairs of large, black patches, surrounding PME, behind PLE and posterior slope of prosoma in life (Figs 4D, 6A). Eye field enclosed with pale yellow scales. AME blackish brown covered with white and yellowish scales in the anterior and posterior portions respectively. Clypeus covered with dense white scales (Fig. 4C). Chelicerae unidentate, pale brown. In alcohol-preserved specimen, carapace yellow with faded black patches. Sternum yellow and pentagonal in shape (Fig. 6B).

Abdomen pale yellow and elliptically shaped, longer and narrower than prosoma. Dorsum with two lateral greenish black stripes extending longitudinally along the length of the abdomen (Figs 4D, 6A). Ventrum enclosed with white scales, no markings in live specimens (Fig. 4D). Spinnerets pale yellow. Legs glassy pale yellow.

Epigynum moderately sclerotised. CO projecting laterally outwards (Fig. 6D). Copulatory ducts diverge initially at more than two receptacle diameters and then slightly curved inward to form DDC leading to CO (Figs 6C, D, 7C, D). Spermathecae comparably small, rounded and both receptacles placed closely to each other (Figs 6C, D, 7C, D). FD lanceolate, originating from apical wall of receptacles (Figs 6D, 7D). PEB rather broad with shallow median indentation.

Figure 6. 

Phintelloides alborea (A–D) A–B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C, D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloides jesudasi (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C, D, G, H).

Figure 7. 

Phintelloides alborea A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SC = scapum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

Measurements. TL 4.82, PL 2.52, PW at PLE 1.82, AL 2.35, AW 1.38. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.30, ALE 0.27, PME 0.15, PME-PME 1.20, PLE-PLE 0.67, ALE-PME 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 2.22, PT 1.00, TB 1.79, MT 1.60, TA 0.71; Leg II: TR 0.28, FM 1.62, PT 0.75, TB 1.40, MT 0.84, TA 0.80; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.80, PT 0.77, TB 1.25, MT 1.22, TA 0.54; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.78, PT 0.67, TB 1.27, MT 1.51, TA 0.66.

This species is known only from Sri Lanka.

Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_142): Sri Lanka, Central Province, Kandy District, Delthota, Loolkandura FR, 1480m, hand collection, 07°08'45"N, 80°41'53"E, 11-V-2010, leg. S Batuwita and N Athukorala. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_281): same locality, Matale disrtict, Gammaduwa, Knuckles range, 900 m, 18-XI-2009, Hand collection, leg. SP Benjamin, S Batuwita et al. Other material examined. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_844): same locality, Nuwara Eliya District, Hakgala SNR, 1745 m, 06°55'00"N, 80°46'00"E, beating, 30-VI-2016, leg. K Nilani. (IFS_SAL_256): same locality, Matale District, Knuckles range Deenston K06/7/9, beating, 11/12-III-1998, leg. SP Benjamin.

This species name a noun in apposition, derived from the Latin brunneus, and refers to the reddish brown colouration of median band of the dorsal abdomen.

This species is distinguishable from other known congeners by colour of the median band of abdomen and broad PLT in males (Fig. 8A–C), and the relatively large spermathecae and shape of copulatory ducts (thick, stout) in females. It differs from P. alborea, P. jesudasi, and P. flavumi by comparably shorter embolus, narrower triangular ALT and from P. versicolor by comparably longer embolus, narrow ALT and short RTA. Female members obviously differ from P. orbisa and P. flavoviri by the absence of coiled CD.

Male. Live spiders, clypeus enclosed with tuft of white scales, prosoma blackish brown decorated with pale yellow band on the anterior margin of prosoma behind AME. White dots sparsely scattered on prosoma (Fig. 8A–D). A white, prominent diamond-shaped mark behind PLE (Fig. 8A–C). Lateral sides of prosoma with white belts (Fig. 8A–C). In ethanol preserved specimens, chelicerae brown, prosoma yellowish brown. Posterior margin of prosoma slightly truncated (Fig. 9A). Rounded, yellowish brown sternum, edges light brown (Fig. 9B).

Abdomen moderately long and slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with much broader greenish brown median band, delimited by narrow white lateral bands extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig. 8A–C). Ventrum blackish grey in life and pale yellow in preserved specimens. Spinnerets greyish brown. Leg I blackish brown and robust than others, leg II, III and IV blackish yellow.

Yellowish brown palp. Cymbium shorter than P. jesudasi and slightly narrower distally. Embolus slender, long immovable on the thinner apical portion of tegulum, slightly extending beyond the level of the distal end of tegulum (Figs 9C–E, 11A, B). Lamellar process absent. Bulbus longer than wide. Spermatophore loop clearly visible at the antero-lateral portion of bulbus. Tegulum with small posterior lobe. RTA nearly half-length of bulbus, broader at base, narrow tip hook-shaped (Figs 9D, E, 11A, B).

Figure 8. 

Live male of Phintelloides brunne (A–D) from Hakgala SNR and female of Phintelloides flavoviri (E, F) from Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR.

Figure 9. 

Phintelloides brunne (A, B). Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Measurements. TL 4.60, PL 1.85, pW at PLE 1.50, AL 2.30, AW 1.15. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.43, PLE 0.16, ALE 0.24, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.13, PLE-PLE 1.10, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.65. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.13, PT 0.81, TB 1.30, MT 0.95, TA 0.41; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.13, PT 0.46, TB 0.81, MT 0.68, TA 0.41; Leg III: TR 0.24, FM 1.22, PT 2.03, TB 0.92, MT 0.98, TA 0.43; Leg IV: TR 0.22, FM 1.16, PT 0.51, TB 1.00, MT 1.10, TA 0.43.

Female. Ethanol preserved specimens, prosoma yellowish brown, ALE, PME, PLE covered with black blotches (Fig. 10E, F). Chelicerae, labium yellowish brown, edges brown. Pentagon-shaped sternum, pale yellow, edges light brown (Fig. 10F). Posterior prosoma steep and slightly truncated. Leg I dark yellowish brown, slightly robust than rests. Legs II, III, and IV yellow.

Abdomen moderately long and slightly broader than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with two yellowish brown stripes extending longitudinally from anterior portion to near spinnerets (Fig. 10E). Middle of dorsum decorated with two pairs of dark yellowish brown spots. Ventrum pale brown. Spinnerets yellow.

Epigynum moderately sclerotised. DDC is shorter compared to its congeners (Figs 10G, H, 11C, D). Position of CO unclear, could be laterally outwards. Comparably shorter CD is twisted near DDC. Spermathecae large and rounded (Fig. 10G, H). FD lanceolate originating from apical portion of receptacles (Figs 10H, 11D). PEB comparably thinner than other congeners.

Measurements. TL 4.72, PL 2.15, PW at PLE 1.48, AL 2.55, AW 2.10. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.43, PLE 0.16, ALE 0.24, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.10, PLE-PLE 1.15, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.65. Leg I: TR 0.25, FM 1.12, PT 0.78, TB 1.32, MT 0.90, TA 0.36; Leg II: TR 0.26, FM 1.20, PT 0.44, TB 0.78, MT 0.68, TA 0.40; Leg III: TR 0.25, FM 1.20, PT 2.00, TB 0.87, MT 0.96, TA 0.40; Leg IV: TR 0.25, FM 1.10, PT 0.54, TB 1.00, MT 1.20, TA 0.40.

This species is known only from Sri Lanka.

Figure 10. 

Phintelloides flavumi (A–D) A–B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloides brunne (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Abbreviation: SC = scapum. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C–D), 0.1 mm (G, H).

Figure 11. 

Phintelloides brunne A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CY = cymbium; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

Holotype ♀ (IFS_SAL_754): Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Galle District, Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR, 252 m, 06°03'53"N, 80°18'05"E, beating, 24–26-V-2016, leg. K Nilani. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_755): same locality and collection data as in holotype.

The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin flavo viridi and refers to the uniform yellowish green colour body of females.

This species is distinguishable from other known congeners by the single coiled, comparably broader CD, sclerotised long projections from DDC and oval spermathecae (Figs 12C, D, 13C, D). It is closely related to P. orbisa (Figs 8E, F) both possess a twisted CD with coils (which are longer in P. orbisa) and broader DDC; however, it differs by the rounded spermathecae, single coil of CD, and sclerotised structures of CD.

Female. Prosoma greenish yellow, ocular region with dense white hairs. AME and ALE greenish black in life (Fig. 8E, F). Pale yellow prosoma with black blotches on the ocular region in preserved specimens (Fig. 12A). PLE and PME surrounded with black patches. Posterior prosoma with devoid of any markings. Posterior margin of prosoma slightly truncated. Sternum pale yellow, oval in shape.

Abdomen greenish yellow in life, pale yellow in preserved specimen, elliptical, broader, and longer than prosoma. Dorsum devoid of any longitudinal stripes or markings as in other congeners (Fig. 8E, F). Ventrum pale yellow without any markings. Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigynum moderately sclerotised. CO indistinct. DDC are broader, twice width of CD at anterior margin (Figs 12C, D, 13C, D). CD broader, longer, straight initially, twisted with one coil near DDC. Spermathecae rounded, thick walled, placed closely to each other. FD lanceolate, arising from anterior wall of receptacles (Fig. 13D). PEB comparably thinner than its congeners.

Measurements. TL 4.80, PL 1.92, PW at PLE 1.44, AL 2.56, AW 1.84. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.43, PLE 0.15, ALE 0.28, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.15, PLE-PLE 1.17, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.66. Leg I: TR 0.28, FM 1.14, PT 0.54, TB 0.87, MT 0.64, TA 0.47; Leg II: TR 0.26, FM 1.10, PT 0.47, TB 0.80, MT 0.60, TA 0.40; Leg III: TR 0.25, FM 1.34, PT 0.60, TB 0.81, MT 0.53, TA 0.40; Leg IV: TR 0.26, FM 1.47, PT 0.67, TB 0.94, MT 0.67, TA 0.60.

Male. Unknown.

This species is known only from Sri Lanka.

Figure 12. 

Phintelloides flavoviri (A–D) A, B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C, D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloides orbisa (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C–D), 0.2 mm (G, H).

Figure 13. 

Phintelloides orbisa (A, B) and Phintelloides flavoviri (C, D) A, C Epigynum, ventral view B, D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory ducts; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; FD = fertilisation ducts; HS = head like structure; S = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–D).

Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_758): Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Galle District, Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR, 252m, 06°03'53"N, 80°18'05"E, beating, 24–26-V-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_760): Same locality and collection data as holotype. Other material examined. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_689): same locality and collection data as holotype, 18-V-2010, leg. SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 3♂, 2♀ (IFS_SAL_742-746): Same locality and collection data as holotype. 2♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_970-972): Sabaragamuwa Province, Rathnapura District, Sinharaja FR, Kudawa, 521 m, 06°24'58.26"N, 80°25'25"E, beating, 11–13-X-2016, leg. K Nilani.

The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin flavum and refers to the yellow coloured scales around AME.

The species is distinguishable from other congeners by the rounded, well-developed LP, longer, straight, tapering RTA in males (Figs 15D, E, 16A, B) and inverted C-shaped CD, well-developed HS (Figs 10C, 16C), and relatively smaller body size in females. It is closely related to P. alborea and P. jesudasi in palpal structure with minor differences including semicircular LP, straight RTA. However, it obviously differs by well-developed HS and inverted C-shaped CD.

Male. In life, prosoma black, decorated with white band in the vicinity of first row of eyes at the anterior margin, clypeus with dense white scales (Fig. 14B). Chelicerae black, with white hairs at its base. Behind PLE, white, prominent diamond-shaped marks present (Fig. 14A–C). Lateral sides of prosoma with white belts (Fig. 14A–C). Posterior margin of prosoma rather steep and slightly truncated. Yellowish brown sternum, oval in shape, edges light brown. First pair of legs blackish and sturdy, other legs yellowish black.

Abdomen oval, moderately long, slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with comparably narrow black, median band, bordered by pale yellow bands extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig. 14A–C). Ventrum blackish grey in life and brown with yellowish brown dots longitudinally, arranged from epigastric furrow to spinnerets in preserved specimens (Fig. 15B). Spinnerets black.

Moderately sclerotised pale yellow palp. Distal end of cymbium longer, narrower than proximal region. Embolus slender, long immovable, on rather broad apical portion of bulbus, extending to distal end of cymbium (Figs 15D, E, 16A, B). Lamellar process well developed, large, lying immediately below embolus (Figs 15D, 16A). Bulbus longer than wide. Sperm duct clearly visible at the antero-lateral portion of bulbus. Retrolateral portion of bulbus with small bump. Tegulum with posterior lobe. RTA long nearly half-length of the bulbus, broader at the base, narrower, hook-shaped at the tip (Figs 15D–E, 16A, B).

Measurements. TL 4.70, PL 2.20, PW at PLE 1.52, AL 2.40, AW 1.30. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.25, PME 0.12, PME-PME 1.20, PLE-PLE 0.66, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.66. Leg I: TR 0.35, FM 2.25, PT 1.00, TB 1.88, MT 1.54, TA 0.81; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.72, PT 0.76, TB 1.50, MT 0.84, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.34, FM 1.87, PT 0.80, TB 1.24, MT 1.21, TA 0.50; Leg IV: TR 0.32, FM 1.78, PT 0.63, TB 1.33, MT 1.57, TA 0.60.

Female. Prosoma sparsely covered with white hairs and decorated with three pairs of large, black blotches, surrounding PME, PLE, ocular area, and posterior slope of prosoma (Fig. 14D–F). Pale brown AME covered with white hairs anteriorly and yellowish hairs posteriorly (Fig. 14F). Clypeus enclosed with dense white scales. Chelicerae unidentate, orange brown. Sternum yellow, with pale yellow hairs. In ethanol preserved specimen, carapace yellow with black patches.

Abdomen white, leaf-shaped, longer, slightly broader than prosoma. Dorsum with two lateral dark green streaks, elongating longitudinally along the whole length of the abdomen (Figs 14D–F). Ventrum with white scales, devoid of any markings in life. Spinnerets pale yellow. Legs glassy greenish yellow.

Epigynum moderately sclerotised. Copulatory openings located laterally inside duck-neck-shaped diverging curves. Copulatory ducts twisted, diverge initially and then bending inward to form a much broader duck-neck-shaped diverging curves leading to the copulatory openings (Figs 10C, D, 16C, D). Comparably large, oval spermathecae with head-like structure placed closely to each other (Figs 13D, 16C, D). Fertilisation ducts lanceolate originating from apical wall of receptacles (Figs 13D, 16D). Posterior epigynal border rather broad.

Measurements. TL 4.63, PL 2.11, PW at PLE 1.88, AL 2.50, AW 1.32. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.52, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.25, PME 0.12, PME-PME 1.22, PLE-PLE 0.66, ALE-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 2.14, PT 0.91, TB 1.84, MT 1.62, TA 0.70; Leg II: TR 0.28, FM 1.65, PT 0.70, TB 1.40, MT 0.85, TA 0.84; Leg III: TR 0.34, FM 1.82, PT 0.74, TB 1.23, MT 1.24, TA 0.55; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.84, PT 0.66, TB 1.26, MT 1.54, TA 0.66.

This species is known only from Sri Lanka.

Figure 14. 

Phintelloides flavumi A, B Male from Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR C Male from Singaraja FR, Kudawa D Female from Singaraja FR, Kudawa E, F Female from Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR.

Figure 15. 

Phintelloides flavumi (A, B). Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 16. 

Phintelloides flavumi A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; HS = head like structure; LP = lamellar process; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

1♂ (IFS_SAL_668), Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala FR, hand collection, 1–28-VII-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_137), same locality, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, 190 m, hand collection, 1-28-II-2008, leg. Z Jaleel. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_293), same locality, Polgahawala, hand collection, 14-VI-2015, leg. HMSM Nadeeshani. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_324), Uva Province, Badulla District, Diyaluma falls, 660 m, 06°43'57"N, 81°01'58"E, 04-VII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin. 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_920-924), Western Province, Gampaha District, Pilikuttuwa FR, 69 m, 07°03'52.4"N, 80°03'04"E, beating, 28-IX-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika.

This species is easily distinguishable from other known congeners by the irregular LP, stouter RTA and by the broad anterolateral portion of bulbus (Figs 17D, E, 18A, B) in males and shape of copulatory ducts, comparably thinner CD with space between DDC in females (Figs 6G, H, 18C, D). It is closely related to P. alborea and P. flavumi in palpal structure; however, it differs from them by irregular LP, broad ALT in males and comparably thinner DDC.

Male. In life, clypeus blackish with white stripe covered with tuft of white scales, cephalothorax blackish, with pale yellow band behind AME. White, prominent, diamond-shaped mark behind eye field (Fig. 4E, F). Lateral sides of prosoma with white belts (Fig. 4E, F; Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 1, 3). Chelicerae reddish black, covered with white hairs at its base (Caleb and Mathai 2014: fig. 2). Prosoma fawn in colour, black patches behind ALE and around PLE in preserved specimens (Fig. 17A). Posterior margin of prosoma rather steep and slightly truncated. Yellowish brown sternum oval in shape, edges bordered with light brown (Fig. 17B). Leg I robust than others, legs I and II blackish with white hairs around proximal region of patella, tibia and metatarsus (Caleb and Mathai 2014), legs III and IV blackish yellow.

Abdomen moderately long, slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with broad blackish grey median band, surrounded by pale yellow bands, extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig. 4E, F; Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 1, 3). Ventrum blackish grey in life and yellowish brown in preserved specimens (Fig. 17B). Spinnerets yellow.

Pale yellow palp. Cymbium longer and narrower at the distal region. Embolus slender and long immovable on rather broad apical portion of bulbus (Figs 17C–E, 18A, B). Lamellar process is comparably smaller than in P. alborea (Figs 17D, 18A). Bulbus longer than wide. Spermatophore loop is clearly visible at the antero-lateral portion of bulbus. Retrolateral portion of bulbus with small bump. Tegulum with small posterior lobe. RTA long nearly half-length of the bulbus, broader at the base, narrower and curved at the tip (Figs 17D–E, 18A, B).

Measurements. TL 4.50, PL 2.10, PW at PLE 1.60, AL 2.30, AW 1.15. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.52, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.27, PME 0.12, PME-PME 1.22, PLE-PLE 0.67, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.32, FM 2.15, PT 0.93, TB 1.90, MT 1.66, TA 0.74; Leg II: TR 0.26, FM 1.68, PT 0.71, TB 1.41, MT 0.81, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.30, FM 1.80, PT 0.73, TB 1.25, MT 1.21, TA 0.51; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.83, PT 0.64, TB 1.29, MT 1.53, TA 0.63.

Female. Prosoma white decorated with three pairs of large, black patches, surrounding PME, behind PLE and posterior slope of prosoma in life (Fig. 4G, H; Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 4, 6). Ocular region covered with white scales. Dark brown AME covered with white and yellowish hairs in the anterior and posterior portions respectively (Caleb and Mathai 2014: fig. 5). Clypeus enclosed with dense white scales. Chelicerae unidentate, orangish brown. Sternum yellow covered with pale yellow hairs (Fig. 6F). In alcohol-preserved specimen, carapace yellow with faded black patches (Fig. 6E).

Abdomen yellow, oval-shaped, longer, and narrower than prosoma. Dorsum with two lateral blackish stripes extending longitudinally along the length of the abdomen (Fig. 4G, H; Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 4, 6). Ventrum enclosed with white scales with devoid of any markings in life. Spinnerets pale yellow. Legs glassy greenish yellow.

Epigynum moderately sclerotised. Copulatory openings placed laterally outwards (Caleb and Mathai 2014). CD diverge initially and then bend inward to form a duck-neck-shaped diverging curve leading to CO (Figs 6G, H, 18C, D, Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 9, 10, 13, 14). Oval spermathecae with head-like structure at the anterior wall and placed closely to each other. FD lanceolate, originating from anterolateral wall of receptacles (Figs 6H, 18D). Posterior epigynal border rather broad.

Measurements. TL 4.22, PL 1.91, PW at PLE 1.84, AL 2.30, AW 1.32. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.33, ALE 0.26, PME 0.11, PME-PME 1.22, PLE-PLE 0.66, ALE-PME 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.28, FM 2.12, PT 0.92, TB 1.85, MT 1.65, TA 0.73; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.66, PT 0.70, TB 1.42, MT 0.82, TA 0.81; Leg III: TR 0.30, FM 1.81, PT 0.72, TB 1.26, MT 1.20, TA 0.53; Leg IV: TR 0.31, FM 1.80, PT 0.67, TB 1.28, MT 1.53, TA 0.65.

India and Sri Lanka (new record).

Figure 17. 

Phintelloides jesudasi (A, B). Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 18. 

Phintelloides jesudasi A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; CY = cymbium; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; LP = lamellar process; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SD = sperm duct; T: = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

Holotype 1♀ (IFS_SAL_306), Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Anuradapura District, Mihintale Sanctuary, 123 m, 08°21'10.60"N, 80°30'14.54"E, hand collection, 06-VII-2013, leg. SP Benjamin et al.

The species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin orbis and refers to the coiled CD.

This species is distinguishable from P. alborea, P. brunne, P. jesudasi, and P. flavumi by having coiled CD (Figs 12G, H, 13A, B) and from P. flavoviri by reniform spermathecae, CD with 2–3 coils and absence of sclerotised structures originating from CD.

Female. In ethanol preserved specimens, prosoma orange in colour with black blotches on the ocular region (Fig. 12E). PLE surrounded with black scales. Posterior region of prosoma with devoid of any markings (Fig. 12E). Posterior margin of prosoma slightly truncated. Pale yellow sternum oval in shape.

Abdomen yellow, oval in shape as long as prosoma. Dorsum devoid of any longitudinal stripes, as in other congeners, two pairs of yellowish orange dots at the middle of abdomen (Fig. 12E). Ventrum pale yellow without any markings (Fig. 12F). Spinnerets pale yellow.

Epigynum with poorly sclerotised PEB. Spermathecae comparably large, thick walled and reniform with head-like structure (Figs 12G–H, 13A–B). CD twisted with 2–3 coils, ends in a duck-neck-shaped diverging curve leading to CO. Fertilisation ducts lanceolate, arising from anterolateral wall of receptacles (Figs 12H, 13B).

Measurements. TL 5.29, PL 2.28, PW at PLE 1.88, AL 3.35, AW 1.48. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.44, PLE 0.15, ALE 0.25, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.10, PLE-PLE 1.15, ALE-PME 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.15, PT 0.78, TB 1.40, MT 0.93, TA 0.33; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.30, PT 0.40, TB 0.77, MT 0.66, TA 0.45; Leg III: TR 0.25, FM 1.22, PT 2.25, TB 0.87, MT 0.93, TA 0.43; Leg IV: TR 0.25, FM 1.00, PT 0.55, TB 1.10, MT 1.32, TA 0.47.

Male. Unknown.

Chrysilla lauta Thorell, 1887

Carapace low, twice as long as eye field, gently sloping behind eye field, broader behind PME. Cephalic region slightly broad anteriorly, flat above. Hairy narrowed clypeus. Anterior eyes in a straight line. Chelicerae elongate, directed diagonally forwards, slightly diverging distally with prominent retrolateral tooth. Sternum broadly truncate in front. Legs IV longer than legs III. Abdomen longer and narrower than prosoma. Long dark spinnerets.

Furthermore, Chrysilla can be separated from Phintella by the bright, metallic colouration of body, narrower and longer abdomen, comparably slender, quite longer and gently bent embolus, elongated oval-shaped apical tegulum, much longer than wide genital bulb, elongated cymbium (Ahmed et al. 2014), single and strong RTA nearly half of the tegulum, copulatory openings separated by ca. one diameter, and pyriform or rounded spermathecae of epigyne (Caleb 2016; Wang and Zhang 2012). For a detailed diagnosis and description see Ahmed et al. (2014), Dyal (1935) and Prószyński and Deeleman-Reinhold (2010).

According to Prószyński (2016) Chrysilla may be best recognised by its colouration. Further, Caleb (2016) also claimed that the presence of a colourful body with shiny scales separates Chrysilla from Phintella. However, as several species of Phintella such as P. vittata and P. argentea, also have a shiny body colouration and as shown in this study over reliance on body colouration could lead to ambiguities.

Caleb (2016) suggested that C. lauta and C. volupe might be conspecific, as he was unable to differentiate them due to the minor differences in their somatic and genital morphology. However, we are able to diagnose C. lauta and C. volupe, based on our material from Sri Lanka as given below.

1♂ (IFS_SAL_699), Sri Lanka, Western Province, Panadura, Mahabellana, along Bolgoda south lake, 9 m, 06°42'48"N, 79°54'09"E, beating, -XII-2008, leg. SP Benjamin and SK Dayananda.

This species is closely related to C. volupe and C. deelemani Prószynski, Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 in the general form of palpal structure and is distinguishable from them by the abdominal scutum (Fig. 19A, B) and absence of “M”-shaped orange scales on the dorsal abdomen, round shape of PLT, and comparably stouter RTA (Figs 19D, E, 20A, B).

Male. Prosoma arranged with iridescent blue and reddish orange scales (Fig. 19A, B). Edges of prosoma covered with thin line of iridescent blue scales. AME and ALE black in colour, enclosed with reddish orange scales. Clypeus with blackish blue iridescent scales. Reddish brown chelicerae with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth, sternum oval-shaped covered with iridescent scales. First pair of legs blackish blue, long and larger than other pairs. Other legs beige in colour.

Narrow abdomen tapers to the iridescent blackish blue spinnerets. Dorsum of abdomen covered with iridescent blackish blue scutum decorated with silvery markings (Fig. 19A). Ventrum blackish grey in colour.

Palp metallic blue, except for golden yellow cymbium. Cymbium elongated, narrower at the distal end (Figs 19C–E, 20A, B). Embolus medium sized, bent at the tip. Sperm duct clearly visible at the shoulder of tegulum. Posterior lobe of tegulum is rounded, extended diagonally. Apical portion of bulbus narrow extending beyond the distal end of tegulum (Figs 19D, E, 20A, B). RTA with broad based, with a bulge at the dorsal edge, sharply pointed, bent forward at the tip (Figs 19D, E, 20A, B).

Measurements. TL 5.00, PL 2.10, PW at PLE 1.65, AL 2.80, AW 3.08. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.42, PLE 0.31, ALE 0.25, PME 0.09, PME-PME 1.16, PLE-PLE 1.22, ALE-PME 0.41, ALE-PLE 0.51. Leg I: TR 0.32, FM 1.45, PT 0.59, TB 1.24, MT 0.81, TA 0.54; Leg II: TR 0.31, FM 1.23, PT 0.54, TB 0.78, MT 0.65, TA 0.56; Leg III: TR 0.27, FM 1.32, PT 0.42, TB 0.63, MT 0.75, TA 0.54; Leg IV: TR 0.29, FM 1.23, PT 0.34, TB 1.20, MT 1.21, TA 0.66.

Female. Unknown.

Figure 19. 

Chrysilla lauta (A, B). Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 20. 

Chrysilla lauta (A, B). A Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view. C. volupe (C–F) C Palp, ventral view D Palp, retrolateral view E Epigynum, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.1 mm (C–F).

1♂ (IFS_SAL_239), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Kandy District, Kandy town, hand collection, 10-VI-2015, leg. CI Clayton. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_443), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Kandy District, Ballagola, 467 m, 07°17'12"N, 80°42'48E, 22-VI-2013, leg. SP Benjamin. 3♂, 2♀ (IFS_SAL_633-638), Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Anuradapura District, Mihintale Sanctuary, 123 m, 08°21'10.60"N, 80°30'14.54"E, hand collection, 22-VI-2013, leg. I Sandunika. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_669), Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala FR, 190 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, hand collection, 1-28-VII-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. 1♂ (IFS_SAL _860), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum, 180 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, 17-VIII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin et al.

This species is closely related to C. lauta and C. deelemani in palpal structure and it is distinguishable from C. lauta by the absence of abdominal scutum, and rectangular PLT in males and from latter by abdominal metallic colour pattern in both sexes. See also Caleb and Mathai (2014) for a detailed diagnosis.

Male. In live spiders, prosoma covered by iridescent blue and reddish orange scales arranged as alternative bands with thin layer of blue iridescent scales, edged of prosoma cover. AME and ALE black in colour, enclosed with reddish orange scales. Clypeus with iridescent blue scales. Reddish brown chelicerae with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth, sternum oval and covered with iridescent scales (Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 12, 15). First pair of legs blackish blue, longer and larger than other pairs. Abdomen tapers to the black spinnerets. Dorsum of abdomen covered with reddish orange, iridescent blue and black patches, orange scales arranged in ‘M’ shape on the abdomen (Fig. 21A; Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 15, 18). Ventrum blackish grey colour.

Palp metallic bluish black. Cymbium narrower at the distal end than proximal region. Embolus medium sized and slightly curves at the tip (Żabka 1988). Sperm duct is clearly visible at the distal end of tegulum. Proximal lobe of tegulum is partitioned by conspicuous groove (Figs 20C, 21D). Apical portion of bulbus narrow extending beyond the distal end of tegulum. Strong RTA broad at base but narrow and bent forward at the tip (Figs 20C, D, 21D, E).

Measurements TL 3.74, PL 1.94, PW at PLE 1.50, AL 1.85, AW 0.75. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.41, PLE 0.24, ALE 0.23, PME 0.07, PME-PME 1.15, PLE-PLE 1.19, ALE-PME 0.20, ALE-PLE 0.48. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.35, PT 0.54, TB 1.21, MT 0.78, TA 0.55; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.10, PT 0.40, TB 0.72, MT 0.61, TA 0.43; Leg III: TR 0.30, FM 1.20, PT 0.41, TB 0.59, MT 0.75, TA 0.53; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.23, PT 0.30, TB 1.12, MT 1.20, TA 0.62.

Female. In ethanol-preserved specimens, prosoma is reddish brown and ocular region is dark, blackish brown in colour (Figs 22A). Narrow and short fovea between PLE. Chelicerae and labium yellowish brown. Sternum oval with black dots. Lateral sides of prosoma covered with thin line of greyish white scales. Posterior margin of prosoma is truncated. Legs yellow in colour and first pair of legs rather broader than others. Femur IV and IV with black blotches. Abdomen much broader than prosoma (Fig. 22A). Dorsum greyish black decorated with dots, ventrum metallic black with metallic pale yellow markings (Fig. 22B). Anterior spinnerets black with yellow tip, posterior and median pairs black.

Epigynum moderately sclerotised. Posterior margin characterised with two lobed scapum (Figs 20E, F, 22C, D). Spermathecae rounded with thick wall. CD broad originates from anterolateral portion of spermathecae and terminates in cap-like structure at anterior margin. Lanceolate fertilisation ducts open in anterolateral wall of receptacles (Figs 20F, 22D).

Measurements. TL 3.92, PL 1.95, PW at PLE 1.52, AL 1.95, AW 0.85. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.42, PLE 0.26, ALE 0.25, PME 0.08, PME-PME 1.16, PLE-PLE 1.19, ALE-PME 0.25, ALE-PLE 0.50. Leg I: TR 0.27, FM 1.37, PT 0.54, TB 1.23, MT 0.81, TA 0.61; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.20, PT 0.51, TB 0.74, MT 0.62, TA 0.51; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.24, PT 0.44, TB 0.61, MT 0.75, TA 0.61; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.33, PT 0.35, TB 1.22, MT 1.31, TA 0.73.

Sri Lanka, India, Bhutan.

Figure 21. 

Chrysilla volupe A, B Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 22. 

Chrysilla volupe A, B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

Viciria diatreta Simon, 1902.

The name honours Jerzy Prószyński, one of the most influential salticidologists, who redescribed many type specimens and greatly contributed to our knowledge of jumping spider biodiversity.

Monophyly of Proszynskia is recovered in all molecular trees and the morphological tree (Figs 1–3) is supported by the following unambiguous putative synapomorphies: pale yellow median abdominal band bordered with two black bands (Fig. 23E–G), more/less straight embolus (Figs 24D, 25A), large, pyriform spermathecae, mid-wall origin of FD (Figs 25D, E, 26C, D).

This genus can readily be recognised from the closely related genus Phintelloides by pale yellow, median longitudinal band bordered with blackish stripes of dorsal abdomen, short and straight embolus, absence of LP, well-developed PLT, narrowed distal part of the tegulum, mid-wall origin of FD and absence of DDC in females. Other differences are the pattern of abdominal dorsal markings and copulatory organ’s morphology including short, robust, and comparably shorter embolus and comparably short RTA in males, absence of curved CD, presence of large and highly sclerotised spermathecae and the presence of SC in females.

Large spiders (7–9mm). Prosoma longer than wide with pale yellow patches on the ocular field; white diamond-shaped mark behind eye field; white belts on lateral prosoma; leg I dark brown and robust in males; tibiae and metatarsi of first two legs with four and two pairs of ventral spines respectively; abdomen with pale yellow longitudinal median band; bordered by blackish brown lateral bands and ventrum uniform pale colour; short and straight embolus; apical portion of bulbus without lamellar process; well-developed proximal lobe of bulbus prolaterally; medium sized RTA with bent tip. Position of CO uncertain; CD short; large, pyriform-shaped spermathecae; FD originating from mid-wall of the receptacles; PEB with partially developed scapum.

This genus encompasses two known species: Proszynskia anusuae (Tikader & Biswas, 1981) comb. n. and P. diatreta (Simon, 1902) comb. n.

Proszynskia diatreta was recovered as a separate lineage in all our analyses (Figs 1, 2; Suppl. material 1–3: Figs S1–S3). However, its placement within trees differed. Many more species of the lineage may remain to be discovered in the South Asian region. Proszynskia anusuae comb. n. (formerly Marpissa anusuae Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 97, text figs 18–20) is distinct from other Marpissa of the subtribe Marpissina Simon, 1901 in habitus as well as copulatory organ’s morphology. Morphologically, P. anusuae resembles P. diatreta and is thus transferred here.

India and Sri Lanka.

This species was recently transferred to Phintella by Caleb (2016). However, it differs from most Phintella by general appearance, body size, as well as palpal structure including shape of PLT, narrowed distal part of the tegulum, comparably straight embolus, pyriform spermathecae, and origin of FD through funnel-like structures on the mid-dorsal wall of receptacles. Further, our molecular data of single and combined gene analysis corroborates its placement outside of Phintella.

1♂ (IFS_SAL_520), Sri Lanka, Eastern province, Batticaloa District, Sallimunai, 4km North of Panichchankerni, Sea level, 08°06'37"N, 81°27'20"E, 07-09-VIII-2010, leg. SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_539), Northern Province, Vavuniya District, Poonthottam, Home gardens, 98 m, 08°46'12.95"N, 80°30'32.81"E, hand collection, 27.X.2015, leg. K Nilani. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_861), same locality and collection data, 18-VII-2016. 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_1011- 1015), same locality and collection data, 13-I-2017.

This species is distinguishable from Proszynskia anusuae comb. n. by the sclerotised structures from spermathecae and funnel-like unusual structures connecting spermathecae and FD (Figs 25D, E, 26C, D).

Male. Prosoma black, decorated with greenish yellow patches on the ocular region, a patch between the AME, two lateral patches placed between PLE and PME (Fig. 23E–G; Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 38, 40, 41). Ocular field slightly elevated. Behind PLE, there is a white, prominent diamond-shaped mark. (Figs 23E, G). Lateral sides of prosoma decorated with white belts (Figs 23E–G; Caleb and Mathai 2014: figs 38, 40). Clypeus covered with black scales (Fig. 23H). Chelicerae black with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth, labium black in colour. Sternum oval, greyish yellow. Posterior margin of prosoma rather steep and slightly truncated. Leg I dark blackish yellow and robust with black femur and white hairs dorsally, ventral portion of femur II covered with black scales, others blackish yellow.

Abdomen longer and slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with narrow pale yellow median band, surrounded by two black bands bordering with pale yellow lateral bands extending longitudinally from anterior to posterior end (Fig. 23E–G; Caleb and Mathai 2014: fig. 38). Ventrum blackish grey in life (Caleb and Mathai 2014: fig. 39) and yellowish brown in preserved specimens (Fig. 24B). Spinnerets greenish yellow.

Brownish yellow palp. Cymbium narrows at the distal region. Embolus straight and robust, immovable on rather broad apical portion of tegulum (Figs 24D, 25A). LP absent. Bulbus longer than wide. Spermatophore loop clearly visible at the shoulder of tegulum. Small bulge at retrolateral portion of bulbus. Tegulum with prolaterally expanded proximal lobe. RTA broader at the base, narrower and bent forward at the tip (Figs 24D–E, 25A, B).

Measurements. TL 7.00, PL 3.15, PW at PLE 2.80, AL 3.90, AW 2.00. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.53, PLE 0.28, ALE 0.30, PME 0.05, PME-PME 1.32, PLE-PLE 1.20, ALE-PME 0.38, ALE-PLE 0.78. Leg I: TR 0.35, FM 1.92, PT 0.88, TB 1.73, MT 1.18, TA 0.75; Leg II: TR 0.30, FM 1.71, PT 1.00, TB 1.22, MT 1.12, TA 0.68; Leg III: TR 0.28, FM 1.73, PT 0.72, TB 1.10, MT 1.10, TA 0.74; Leg IV: TR 0.30, FM 1.93, PT 0.80, TB 1.32, MT 1.21, TA 0.82.

Female. Almost all somatic characters similar to male except shape of the mark behind PLE and comparably less strong first pair of legs (Fig. 26A, B). Epigynum highly sclerotised. Spermathecae large and pear-shaped (Figs 25D, E, 26C, D). Position of copulatory openings remains unclear. Copulatory ducts short and bent inward dorsally. FD lanceolate, opening in funnel-like structures in the mid-dorsal wall of receptacles (Figs 25E, 26D). Posterior margin characterised with moderately sclerotised scapum from which two sclerotised structures running parallel and fused with anterior wall of spermathecae (Figs 25D, 26C).

Measurements. TL 8.45, PL 3.75, PW at PLE 3.30, AL 4.60, AW 2.70. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.55, PLE 0.28, ALE 0.35, PME 0.05, PME-PME 1.35, PLE-PLE 1.20, ALE-PME 0.38, ALE-PLE 0.78. Leg I: TR 0.36, FM 1.90, PT 0.80, TB 1.63, MT 1.18, TA 0.76; Leg II: TR 0.30, FM 1.75, PT 1.00, TB 1.32, MT 1.15, TA 0.66; Leg III: TR 0.26, FM 1.75, PT 0.70, TB 1.15, MT 1.15, TA 0.70; Leg IV: TR 0.35, FM 1.89, PT 0.85, TB 1.30, MT 1.20, TA 0.80.

India and Sri Lanka (new record).

Figure 23. 

Phintella jaleeli (A–D) from Ethagala FR A, B Male in life C, D Female in life and Male of Proszynskia diatreta (E–H) from Batticaloa.

Figure 24. 

Proszynskia diatreta A, B Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 25. 

Proszynskia diatreta A–C Male palp, A ventral view B retrolateral view C prolateral view D Epigynum, ventral view E Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SC = scapum; T = tegulum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C), 0.1 mm (C–E).

Figure 26. 

Proszynskia diatreta A, B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Telamonia bifurcilinea Bösenberg & Strand, 1906.

Phintella are usually small to medium (3–6 mm in length). Some species are covered with metallic iridescent scales. They are characterised by relatively high cephalothorax with distinctive posterior slope, unidentate chelicerae, tegulum with lobe and bump about 90°clockwise from the base of the embolus, embolus sets apically, usually short, pointed or furcate, palpal tibia with one or more apophyses. Female genitalia simple with rounded spermathecae in most species, insemination ducts of different length, usually not twisted (Żabka 2012).

Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_085): Sri Lanka, Central Province, Nuwara Eliya District, Agarapatana, Bopattalawa FR, 1665 m, 06°50'36"N, 80°40'40"E, hand collection, 18–21-II-2007, leg. SP Benjamin and Z Jaleel. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_086): same locality and collection data as in holotype.

2♀ (IFS_SAL_087-088), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Nuwara Eliya District, Agarapatana, Bopattalawa FR, 1665 m, 06°50'36"N, 80°40'40"E, hand collection, 18–21-II-2007, leg. SP Benjamin and Z Jaleel. 1♀, 1♂ (IFS_SAL_191-192), same locality and collection data. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_452), Kandy District, Deltoa, Loolcondera FR, 1480 m, 07°08'45"N, 80°41'53"E, hand collection, 11-V-2010, leg. S Batuwita, N Athukorala. 1♂, ♀ (IFS_SAL_857-858), same locality and collection data, 22-VI-2016, leg. I Sandunika. 2♀ (IFS_SAL_457-458), Nuwara Eliya District, Horton plains NP, 2141 m, 06°47'54"N, 80°48'51"E, hand collection, 20–21-II-2007, leg. SP Benjamin and Z Jaleel. 2♂ (IFS_SAL _893-894), Upcot, 1850 m, 06°46’N, 80°36’E, beating, 03-X-2016, leg. K Nilani and I Sandunika.

This species name a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin argenteus, and refers to the presence of characteristic silvery markings on the prosoma and abdomen of spiders of this species.

The species is closely related to Phintella accentifera (Simon, 1901), P. aequipeiformis Zabka, 1985, P. suavis (Simon, 1885) and P. vittata (C. L. Koch, 1846) in palpal morphology. However, it is distinguishable from them by the markings of dorsal abdomen in both sexes (Fig. 27A–F), more elongated ALT and LP (Figs 28C–E, 30B, C) in males and much longer copulatory ducts that diverge above spermathecae and deep recurved SC border in females (Figs 29C, D, 30D, E).

Male. In life, rounded prosoma covered with black shiny scales. Transverse silvery marking on the middle of the eye field (Fig. 27A, B, E, F). Ocular region slightly elevated. Clypeus enclosed with silvery black glistening setae (Fig. 27B, F). AME surrounded with silvery scales. Chelicerae glossy black, blackish brown fangs. Transverse large diamond-shaped silvery blotch behind eye field (Fig. 27A, E). Rounded sternum, blackish grey, rounded furrow at the middle in preserved specimens (Fig. 28B). Silvery patches on each lateral sides of prosoma (Figs 27A, E, F). Posterior margin of prosoma steeper, slightly truncated at the middle. Glossy brownish black legs with greyish yellow banding pattern, leg I somewhat robust.

Abdomen slightly narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Glossy black dorsum decorated with silvery band at the anterior margin, silvery blotches at the middle and lateral sides and golden yellow mark near spinnerets at the posterior end (Fig. 27A, B, E, F). Ventrum blackish grey, greyish yellow parallel dotted lines from epigastric furrow to spinnerets, in preserved specimens (Fig. 28B). Spinnerets shiny black.

Brownish black and strongly sclerotised palp. Short cymbium, narrow distal region. Embolus short, somewhat stout, immovable above the apical portion of tegulum, extending beyond the level of the distal end of tegulum (Figs 28D, 30B). Comparably narrower, longer apical portion of tegulum (Figs 28D, E, 30B, C). Large, conspicuous, triangular flap on side of embolus (Figs 28D, E, 30B). Bulbus tapering, sperm duct comparably broader at distal end of tegulum, narrower at the apical portion of tegulum. Small hump at retrolateral portion of bulbus (Figs 28C, D, 30B, C). Proximal lobe of tegulum with well-developed posterior lobe at the prolateral portion. Palpal tibia short, dorsally bent RTA (Figs 28D, E, 30B, C).

Measurements. TL 4.65, PL 1.90, PW at PLE 1.50, AL 2.2, AW 1.5. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.40, PLE 0.1, ALE 0.22, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.24, PLE-PLE 1.08, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.62. Leg I: TR 0.30, FM 1.46, PT 0.97, TB 1.32, MT 1.08, TA 0.51; Leg II: TR 0.27, FM 1.16, PT 0.54, TB 0.84, MT 0.70, TA 0.46; Leg III: TR 0.24, FM 1.24, PT 0.51, TB 0.94, MT 0.97, TA 0.46; Leg IV: TR 0.27, FM 1.22, PT 0.54, TB 1.05, MT 1.16, TA 0.46.

Female. Similar to male except greyish yellow legs, leg I not robust, broader abdomen than prosoma, covered with golden yellow gleaming scales, dorsal pattern of abdomen as in Fig. 27C, Ventrum pale yellow, dark green medians, lateral blotches in preserved specimens, pale yellow palp (Fig. 29B).

Epigynum moderately sclerotised, fully developed scapum extending beyond the line of epigastric furrow (Figs 29C, D, 30D–E). CO clearly distinguishable, located inside of strongly sclerotised hood-like structure at the anterior margin. Rounded spermathecae, thick walled (Figs 30D, E, 32D). Copulatory canals comparably longer. FD lanceolate, originating from the anterior wall of receptacles (Fig. 30E).

Measurements. TL 4.80, PL 2.00, PW at PLE 1.45, AL 2.65, AW 1.75. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.40, PLE 1.34, ALE 0.27, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.19, PLE-PLE 1.11, ALE-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.62. Leg I: TR 0.24, FM 1.32, PT 0.86, TB 1.27, MT 0.97, TA 0.43; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.16, PT 0.49, TB 0.81, MT 0.68, TA 0.43; Leg III: TR 0.24, FM 1.16, PT 0.46, TB 0.92, MT 0.94, TA 0.46; Leg IV: TR 0.24, FM 1.16, PT 0.54, TB 1.03, MT 1.11, TA 0.46.

Figure 27. 

Phintella argentea A, B Male from Loolecondera estate C–D Female from Loolecondera estate E–F Male from Hakgala SNR.

Figure 28. 

Phintella argentea A, B Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 29. 

Phintella argentea (A–D) A, B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C, D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintella vittata (E–H) E–F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G–H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–B, E–F), 0.1 mm (C–D, G–H).

Figure 30. 

Phintella argentea A–C Male palp A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view D Epigynum, ventral view E Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: AEB = anterior epigynal border; ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; LP = lamellar process; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C), 0.1 mm (D–E).

Holotype ♂ (IFS_SAL_407): Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala FR, 190 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, hand collection, 15-VII-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. Paratype. ♀ (IFS_SAL_408): Same locality and collection data as in holotype.

2♂ (IFS_SAL_409–410): Same locality and collection data as in type materials. 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_079–083): Same locality and collection data, 1–28-II-2007. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_164), same locality and collection data, 190 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, beating, 08-IV-2015, leg. SP Benjamin et al. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_265), 07°28'17"N, 80°30"E, 24-XI-2009, same locality and collection data, SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_271), same locality and collection data 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, beating, 08-IV-2015, N Athukorala. 6♂, 6♀ (IFS_SAL_178–189), Nikaravatiya, hand collection, 1–3-XI-2007, leg. Z Jaleel. 2♀ (IFS_SAL_200–201), same locality and collection data, 11-II-2007. 3♂, 3♀ (IFS_SAL_213–218), same locality and collection data, 21-I-2008. 2♂, 4♀ (IFS_SAL_387–392), same locality and collection data, 1–3-11-2007. 1♂ 4♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_790–792), 252 m, 07°29'11.23"N, 80°22'21.64"E, hand collection, 07-VI-2016, leg. N Athukorala and K Nilani. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_102), Eastern province, Ampara District, Gal Oya NP, 80 m, 07°13'22"N, 81°31'56"E, 10-II-2010, leg. SP Benjamin and S Batuwita. 1♂ (IFS_SAL_262), Central province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum, 180 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, litter, 19-VI-2014, N Athukorala et al. 2♂, 1♀ (IFS_SAL_438–440), same locality, 188 m, 07°51'34"N, 80°40'28"E, 17-VIII-2012, leg. SP Benjamin et al. 1♀ (IFS_SAL_927): Western Province, Gampaha District, Pilikuttuwa FR, 69 m, 07°03'52.4"N, 80°03'04"E, beating, 28-IX-2016, leg. K Nilani.

This name is a patronym for the collector Z Jaleel, who collected many specimens of this species and other spiders described by us here and elsewhere.

The species is similar to P. abnormis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) in copulatory organ morphology; however, it is distinguishable by RTA with basal minute teeth and absence of LP in males (Figs 31D–E, 33A–C) and globular spermathecae, very short CD and absence of SC (Figs 32D, 33D–F).

Male. In life, prosoma blackish brown, somewhat oval, broad in shape, sparsely covered with greyish white hairs (Fig. 23A). Clypeus with black scales. Chelicerae glossy black with reddish brown fangs. Oval sternum, yellowish brown in middle, dark green at the periphery, edges reddish brown colour in ethanol preserved specimens (Fig. 31B). Posterior margin of prosoma steep, slightly truncated. Leg I greenish yellow, robust, prominent black patches on lateral sides of tibia I, others greenish yellow (Fig. 23A, B).

Abdomen longer and narrower than prosoma, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum densely covered with greyish white hairs in life (Fig. 23A), blackish green, pale yellow chevrons in preserved specimens (Fig. 31A). Anal tubercle blackish brown, more prominent than in other congeners (Fig. 31A). Ventrum blackish green with parallel dot lines from epigastric furrow to spinnerets in preserved specimens, spinnerets greenish yellow (Fig. 31B).

Blackish brown palp. Short cymbium narrows at the distal region. Embolus short and robust immovable on rather broad apical portion of tegulum (Figs 31D, 33A). Lamellar process absent. Bulbus more elongated than broad. Sperm duct clearly visible at the shoulder of tegulum. Small protuberance at retrolateral portion of bulbus (Figs 31C, E, 33A–C). Proximal lobe of tegulum with small posterior lobe. Broader base of RTA with minute teeth, narrower and slightly bent forward at the tip (Figs 31D–E, 33A–C).

Measurements. TL 3.90, PL 1.80, PW at PLE 1.45, AL 2.10, AW 1.05. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.19, ALE 0.22, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.24, PLE-PLE 1.08, ALE-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.62. Leg I: TR 0.30, FM 1.22, PT 0.43, TB 1.08, MT 0.54, TA 0.38; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.10, PT 0.24, TB 0.76, MT 0.38, TA 0.30; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.13, PT 0.30, TB 0.86, MT 0.49, TA 0.35; Leg IV: TR 0.32, FM 1.16, PT 0.32, TB 0.92, MT 0.49, TA 0.38.

Female. In life, prosoma blackish brown, broad and densely covered with greyish white hairs (Figs 23C, D). Clypeus covered with greyish white scales. Chelicerae glossy blackish brown with brownish yellow fangs. Oval sternum, yellowish brown in middle and edges covered with dark green and reddish brown patches in ethanol preserved specimens (Fig. 32B). Posterior margin of prosoma steep and slightly truncated. Legs glassy greenish yellow with black longitudinal stripes on the lateral sides (Figs 23C, D), leg I not robust as in males. Black palp with greyish white end.

Abdomen longer and slightly broader than prosoma. Dorsum densely covered with greyish white hairs in life (Figs 23C, D), blackish green with pale yellow chevrons in preserved specimens (Fig. 32A). Anal tubercle blackish brown and more prominent than other congeners. Ventrum blackish green with greyish yellow middle band and parallel dot lines from epigastric furrow to spinnerets in preserved specimens (Fig. 32B). Spinnerets greenish yellow.

Epigynum with large, globe-like and highly sclerotised spermathecae with thin wall. Scapum absent (Figs 35C, 36D), copulatory openings small in front of receptacles. Copulatory ducts too short and broad (Figs 32C, D, 33D–F). FD lanceolate, opening into the anterior wall of receptacles (Fig. 33F).

Measurements. TL 4.00, PL 1.90, PW at PLE 1.45, AL 2.15, AW 1.20. Eye field: diameter of AME 0.51, PLE 0.21, ALE 0.24, PME 0.01, PME-PME 1.10, PLE-PLE 1.08, ALE-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.65. Leg I: TR 0.24, FM 0.97, PT 0.24, TB 0.73, MT 0.38, TA 0.27; Leg II: TR 0.24, FM 1.03, PT 0.22, TB 0.76, MT 0.41, TA 0.32; Leg III: TR 0.32, FM 1.16, PT 0.35, TB 0.92, MT 0.54, TA 0.40; Leg IV: TR 0.35, FM 1.19, PT 0.35, TB 0.94, MT 0.51, TA 0.40.

Figure 31. 

Phintella jaleeli A, B Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 32. 

Phintella jaleeli A, B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Figure 33. 

Phintella jaleeli A–C Male palp A ventral view B retrolateral view C retro-ventral view D–E Epigynum, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C), 0.1 mm (D–F). Arrow points to minute teeth on RTA.