Type species.

Aleurodaphis blumae van der Goot, 1917.

Diagnosis.

Body oval and flat. In apterous females: body aleyrodiform, absence of frontal horns, and wax glands arranged along the crenulated margin of body. Head and prothorax, meso- and metathorax, abdominal tergites I–VII fused, respectively; only abdominal tergite VIII free; antennae 4 or 5-segmented, primary rhinaria small and ciliated; eyes with 3 facets. Dorsal setae fine and sparse. Rostrum reaching mid-coxae, at most hind coxae. Ultimate rostral segment obviously longer than second hind tarsal segment. Legs short; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 2–4, 2–4, 2–4; dorsal-apical setae on second hind tarsal segments with funnel-shaped apex. Siphunculi ring-shaped. Cauda knobbed and anal plate bilobed. In alate viviparous females: antennae 5-segmented, with secondary rhinaria near ring-shaped, without cilia; eyes normal; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4, sometimes 3 or 2; fore wings with media once branched, pterostigma extended and two cubitus fused or separated at base; hind wings with two obliques.

Host plants.

The range of host plantsin Aleurodaphis is quite wide, including Compositae (Aster, Blumea, Carpesium, Chrysanthemum, Kalimeris, Ligularia, Parasenecio, Senecio), Balsaminaceae (Impatiens), Gramineae (Bambusa), Moraceae (Ficus), Plantaginaceae (Plantago), Scrophulariaceae (Mazus), Styracaceae (Sinojackia), Theaceae (Stewartia),  Verbenaceae (Callicarpa) and Violaceae.

Biology.

Five species, Aleurodaphis asteris, Aleurodaphis blumeae, Aleurodaphis impatientis, Aleurodaphis ligulariae and Aleurodaphis mikaniae, mainly feeding on Compositae species, have monoecious and anholocyclic life cycle. Aleurodaphis sinojackiae Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. and Aleurodaphis stewartiae can form galls on the leaves of the primary host plants, but their secondary hosts are unknown. The details of Aleurodaphis antennata wereunreported (Ghosh 1988; Blackman and Eastop 1994, 2006; Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Distribution.

China, Japan, India and Indonesia.

Keys to species of Aleurodaphis

Apterous viviparous females

Alate viviparous females

Host plants.

Bambusa sp.

Distribution.

India (Ghosh 1988) .

Material examined.

CHINA (NZMC): 2 apterous viviparous females, 15 April 1991, Jiangle, Fujiang, No. 10054, on Violaceae, coll. W. Y. Zhang; 8 apterous viviparous females, 13 August 2003, Motuo, Tibet, No. 15371, host plants unknown, coll. G. X. Qiao and X. L. Huang; JAPAN (BMNH):24 apterous viviparous females, 5 August 1966, Osaka, Chihaya, on Aster sp., coll. M. Sorin.; 9 apterous viviparous females, 29 May 1964, Osaka, Kongo Mt., on Aster sp., coll. v. d. Bosch; 4 apterous viviparous females, 7 June 1966, Kyushu, Hikosan, on Kalimeris sp., coll. H. Takada; 8 apterous viviparous females, 6 August 1980, Kyoto, Kibune Mt., on Aster yomena, coll. R. L. Blackman; KOREA (BMNH):2 apterous viviparous females, 15 September 1963, Ulnungdo, on Aster incisus, coll. W. H. Paik; 1 apterous viviparous female, 14 September 1963, Pusan, on Chrysanthemum zawidskii, coll. W. H. Paik.

Host plants.

Carpesium abrotanoides, Aster yomena, Aster incisus, Chrysanthemum zawaidskii, Kalimeris sp. and Violaceae.

Biology.

The species feed on the stems, leafstalks, flower stalks and leaves of the host plants.

Distribution.

China, Japan and Korea.

Comments.

The type specimens of Aleurodaphis sinisalicis Zhang, 1982 were checked, including 48 apterous viviparous females, 25 July 1963, Sichuan (Guanxian County), No. Y0399, on Salix sp., coll. G. X. Zhang and T. S. Zhong. The result confirmed the queries of Blackman and Eastop (1994) and Remaudière and Remaudière (1997) that Aleurodaphis sinisalicis (Fig. 2) was a synonym of Aleurodaphis blumeae (Fig. 1).

The original descriptions of Aleurodaphis sinisalicis Zhang, 1982 were accurate, but the morphological characters of Aleurodaphis blumeae in his diagnosis were wrong. Perhaps, this is the main reason why Zhang (1992) described it as a new species. In the original descriptions of Aleurodaphis sinisalicis Zhang, 1982, the diagnosis was: the ratio of body length to antennae length was 4.70 (Aleurodaphis blumeae: 2.70), the base of cauda restricted (Aleurodaphis blumeae: not restricted), and the anal plate bilobed (Aleurodaphis blumeae: not bilobed). Actually, the morphological characters of Aleurodaphis blumeae in this diagnosis were inaccurate. In A. blumeae, the ratio of body length to antennae length was 4.80 instead of 2.70, the base of cauda restricted instead of not restricted, and the anal plate bilobed instead of not bilobed.

The host plant of Aleurodaphis sinisalicis, Salix sp., is perhaps mis-recorded.

Material examined.

CHINA (NZMC): 6 apterous viviparous females, 17 August 2004, Guizhou (Daozhen County), No. 15597, host plants unknown, coll. J. Y. Yang; 6 apterous viviparous females, 17 July 2001, Shaanxi (Nanzheng County), No. Y8606, host plants unknown, coll. S. H. Wang; 7 apterous viviparous females, 8 September 1995, Jiangxi (Jinggangshan City), No. 10852, on Compositae, coll. G. X. Zhang; 9 apterous viviparous females and 7 alate viviparous females, 25 April 1984, Shaanxi (Yangling County), No. 64, on Carpesium cernuum, coll. X. F. Dai; 5 alate viviparous females, May 1984, Shaanxi (Yangling County), No. Y6227, host plants unknown, coll. X. F. Dai; 3 apterous viviparous females, 26 June 1983, Zhejiang (Lin’an City), No. Y2692, on Carpesium abrotanoides, collector unknown; 5 apterous viviparous females, 8 April 1998, Guangxi (Napo County), No. 11772, on Callicarpa bodinieri, coll. G. X. Qiao; 14 apterous viviparous females, 21 April 1998, Guangxi (Fangchenggang City), No. 11840, on Senecio scandens, coll. G. X. Qiao; 16 apterous viviparous females, 22 March 1998, Guangxi (Pingxiang City), No. 11580, on Plantago asiatica, coll. G. X. Qiao; 7 apterous viviparous females, Hunan, No. 8887, on Compositae, the collector unknown; 3 apterous viviparous females and 2 nymphs, Feburary 1925, Taiwan (Taihoku), on Ficus sp., coll. R. Takahashi (BMNH); 107 apterous viviparous females, 1 alate viviparous female and 24 nymphs, 21 May 1985, Zhejiang (Hangzhou City), on Carpesium abrotanoides, coll. V. F. Eastop (BMNH); JAPAN (BMNH):2 apterous viviparous females and 4 nymphs, 29 August 1913, Kumamoto, on Blumea sp., coll. Theobald; 10 alate viviparous females, 22 September 1957, Osaka, on Carpesium abrotanoides var. tumbergianum, coll. M. Sorin; 2 apterous viviparous females, 2 alate viviparous females and 4 nymphs, 30 July 1957, Tokyo, Takao Mt., on Blumea sp., coll. R. Takahashi; 7 apterous viviparous females and 12 nymphs, 16 August 1991, Chiba, Sayama, on Carpesium sp., coll. D. L. Stern; KOREA (BMNH): 2 apterous viviparous females, 15 September 1963, Ulnungdo, on Mazus miguelii, coll. W. H. Paik; 1 apterous viviparous female, July 1969, Lri, host plants unknown, coll. W. H. Paik; INDONESIA (BMNH): 6 apterous viviparous females and 2 alate viviparous females, 13 July 1916, Garoet, on Compositae, coll. D. van der Goot; MALAYSIA (BMNH): 3 apterous viviparous females and 2 nymphs, 23 September 1944, Cameron Highlands, on Blumea sp., coll. R. Takahashi; PHILIPPINES (BMNH):1 alate viviparous female, September 1962, Davao Exp. Station, trap in Abacca grove, coll. M. R. Gavarra; 1 alate viviparous female, July 1963, Davao Exp. Station, host plants unknown, coll. M. R. Gavarra; 1 alate viviparous female, January 1964, Davao Exp. Station, host plants unknown, coll. M. R. Gavarra; 1 alate viviparous female, March 1964, Davao Exp. Station, host plants unknown, coll. M. R. Gavarra; 3 apterous viviparous females and 2 nymphs, 13 September 1964, Makiling, on Blumea sp., coll. V. S. Calilung.

Host plants.

Carpesium cernuum, Carpesium abrotanoides, Carpesium abrotanoides var. tumbergianum, Senecio scandens, Blumea chinensis, Callicarpa bodinieri, Mazus miguelii, Ficus sp. and Plantago asiatica. The common hosts are various Compositae.

Biology.

This species feeds on the lower surface of leaves, along the main veins. It can infest Blumea on stems and undersides of young leaves, causing slight leaf-curl (Calilung 1967).

Distribution.

China, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippine.

Host plants.

Impatiens textori and Impatiens noli-tangere.

Biology.

The species is viviparous throughout the year on Impatiens spp. Alate viviparous females appear in the latter part of September. Adult apterous viviparous females pass the winter on the stalks near and just below the ground level. The hibernated adult females move to the seedlings and start to feed on the leaves and stalks in mid-April (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Distribution.

Japan (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Host plant.

Ligularia fischeri.

Biology.

The aphid lives on the lower side of the leaves and the apical part of the stem, as well as on the flower stalk at the tips of the host plant shoots. The alate viviparous females appear in the latter part of September. Adult apterous viviparous females pass the winter on the basal part of the stem just below the ground level and on fallen leaves in the ground litter (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Distribution.

Japan (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Material examined.

CHINA (NZMC): 6 apterous viviparous females and 3 alate viviparous females, 24 August 2004, Guizhou (Daozhen County), No. 15638, host plants unknown, coll. J. Y. Yang; 4 apterous viviparous females, 15 August 2003, Sichuan (Baoxing County), No. 15017, on Parasenecio sp., coll. K. Guo; 7 apterous viviparous females, 27 June 1999, Shaanxi (Foping County), No. 12336, on Compositae, coll. T. L. He; 20 apterous viviparous females, 12 October 1988, Hunan (Zhangjiajie City), No. 8962, on Impatiens sp., coll. T. S. Zhong and G. X. Zhang; 4 apterous viviparous females, 26 September 1974, Guizhou (Guiyang City), No. Y2123, on Senecio scandens, coll. Y. Y. Rao; 10 apterous viviparous females, 31 March 1982, Yunnan (Kunming City), No. 7373, on Senecio scandens, coll. G. X. Zhang; 6 apterous viviparous females, 12 October 1996, Shaanxi (Zhouzhi County), No. 11096, host plants unknown, coll. G. X. Qiao; 4 apterous viviparous females, 18 August 2003, Sichuan (Baoxing County), host plants unknown, coll. K. Guo; 10 apterous viviparous females, 12 July 2002, Shaanxi (Meixian County), No. 13559, host plants unknown, coll. E. B. Ma; 14 apterous viviparous females, July 1936, Taiwan (Shinkwan), host plants unknown, coll. R. Takahashi; JAPAN (BMNH): 41 apterous viviparous females, 6 August 1980, Kyoto, Kibune Mt., on Impatiens sp., coll. R. L. Blackman.

Host plants.

Parasenecio sp., Impatiens sp., and Senecio scandens.

Distribution.

China and Japan.

Locus typicus.

China (Jiangsu and Zhejiang).

Etymology.

The new species is named after its host plant, Sinojackia xylocarpa.

Description of mounted specimens.

Apterous viviparous females (Table 1; Figs 3–13, 20–28). Body oval (Fig. 20). Measurements: body 1.86–2.09 long, 1.01–1.24 wide. Cephalic setae, marginal setae on abdominal tergite I and dorsal setae on abdominal tergite VIII 0.04–0.06, 0.04, 0.06–0.07 long. Antennae 0.61–0.68 long, segment III 0.19–0.23 long. Setae on segment III 0.03 long. Ultimate rostral segment 0.12–0.15 long. Hind trochanter and femur 0.33–0.39 long, hind tibia 0.38–0.44 long, second hind tarsal segment 0.10–0.11 long. Setae on hind tibia 0.04–0.06 long. Apical diameter of siphunculi 0.04–0.05. Cauda 0.08–0.10 long.

Head and pronotum (Figs 3, 21), mesonotum and metanotum (Fig. 6), abdominal tergites I–VII fused (Fig. 20), respectively; tergite VIII free (Fig. 8). Antennae, rostrum and legs brown; cauda, anal plate and genital plate dark brown. Dorsum of body rough, covered with dense sculptures on dorsum of head and thoracic notums, and with sparse sculptures on abdominal tergites (Fig. 9). Dorsum of body with round marginal wax glands, composited with big facets (Figs 8, 25, 26). Pro- and metanotum each with 13 wax glands, mesonotum with 8 wax glands, abdominal tergites I–VII each with 3–6 pairs of wax glands; tergite VIII with 10–13 wax glands. Dorsal setae of body fine and short (Fig. 9). Head with 2 pairs of cephalic and spinal setae, 3 pairs of marginal setae; pronotum with 2 pairs of spinal, 1 pair of pleural and 2 pairs of marginal setae; mesonotum with 2 pairs of spinal, 3 pairs of pleural and 2 pairs of marginal setae; metanotum with 1 pair of spinal, 3 pairs of pleural and 2 pairs of marginal setae; abdominal tergite I with 1 pair of spinal, pleural and marginal setae; tergites II–VII each with 1 pair of spinal and marginal setae; tergite VIII with 1 pair of spinal and 5 marginal setae. Cephalic setae, marginal setae on abdominal tergite I, setae on abdominal tergite VIII 1.20–1.60, 0.45–1.20 and 1.09–2.00 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Spiracles oval, closed, on brown oval spiracular plates.

Head: Front flat and straight. Eyes with 3 facets. Antennae 5-segmented (Figs 4, 22), with spinulose imbrications on segments III–V, 0.33–0.38 times as long as body. Length in proportion of segments I–V: 31–38 : 34–42 : 100 : 50–62 : 56–65+13–21, respectively. Processus terminalis 0.25–0.33 times as long as base of the segment V. Segments I–V each with 2–4, 2 or 3, 0 or 1, 1 or 2, 2+0 setae, respectively. Processus terminalis with 5 or 6 apical setae. Setae on segment III 0.58 times as long as widest diameter of the segment. Primary rhinaria small and round. Rostrum short, reaching mid-coxae. Ultimate rostral segment acute wedge-shaped (Figs 5, 23), 2.67–3.33 times as long as its basal width, 1.14–1.43 times as long as second hind tarsal segment; with 2 pairs of primary setae and 1 or 2 pairs of secondary setae.

Thorax: Mesosternal furca with two separated arms, each arm 1.21–1.41 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III. Legs normal. Trochanter and femora fused, hind trochanter and femur 1.63–1.85 times as long as antennal segment III, hind tibia 0.20–0.22 times as long as body; setae on hind tibia 0.88–0.94 times as long as its mid-diameter. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4, sometimes 3, 3, 4 or 4, 4, 3. Second hind tarsal segment with 2 setae between claws and each seta with funnel-shaped apex (Figs 7, 24).

Abdomen: Siphunculi pore-like (Figs 10, 25), on abdominal tergite VI, apical diameter 1.00–1.40 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III. Cauda, anal plate and genital plate with spinulose imbrications. Cauda knobbed (Figs 11, 26), constricted in middle, 0.55–0.68 times as long as its basal width, with 9 or 10 apical setae. Anal plate bilobed (Figs 12, 27), each with 6–8 setae. Genital plate broad band-shaped (Figs 13, 28), with 3 or 4 anterior setae and 14–23 middle and posterior marginal setae. Two gonapophyses each with 5 short setae.

Alate viviparous females (Table 2; Figs 4–19, 29–34). Body oval (Fig. 29). Measurements: body 1.30–2.00 long, 0.56–0.82 wide. Cephalic setae, marginal setae on abdominal tergite I and dorsal setae on abdominal tergite VIII 0.016–0.021, 0.015–0.017, 0.020–0.026 long, respectively. Antennae 0.49–0.74 long, segment III 0.18–0.28 long. Ultimate rostral segment 0.10–0.14 long. Hind femur 0.26–0.40 long, hind tibia 0.36 long, second hind tarsal segment 0.07–0.11 long. Setae on hind tibia 0.030 long. Fore wing 1.64–1.74 long. Apical diameter of siphunculi 0.04–0.05. Cauda 0.05–0.08 long.

Dorsum of body dark brown, antenna, apex of rostrum, legs, cauda, anal plate and genital plate brown. Dorsal setae of body fine, short and pointed, slightly longer than ventral setae. Head with 2 pairs of cephalic setae, 2 pairs of setae between antennae and 2 pairs of setae between eyes; abdominal tergites I–VII each with 1 pair of spinal and marginal setae; tergite VIII with 1 pair of spinal setae. Cephalic setae, marginal setae on abdominal tergite I, setae on abdominal tergite VIII 0.51–0.67, 0.50–0.54 and 0.64–0.83 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III, respectively.

Head: Front rounded. Antennae 5-segmented (Figs 14, 30), with sparse imbrications on segments I–II and dense spinulose imbrications on segments III–V. Whole length of antennae 0.37–0.43 times as long as body, length in proportion of segments I–V: 21–32 : 24–33 : 100 : 49–60 : 41–53+10–15, respectively. Processus terminalis 0.29–0.37 times as long as base of the segment V. Segments I–V each with 3–5, 2 or 3, 0 or 1, 1, 1 or 2+0 setae, respectively. Processus terminalis with 5 apical setae. Primary rhinaria irregular ring-shaped. Segments III, IV and base of Segment V each with 10–14, 3–6 and 2–4 secondary rhinaria, respectively. Rostrum short, reaching mid-coxae. Ultimate rostral segment (Figs 15, 31) 2.50–2.86 times as long as its basal width, 1.20–1.54 times as long as second hind tarsal segment; with 2 or 3 pairs of primary setae and 1 or 2 pairs of secondary setae.

Thorax: Legs normal. Hind femur 1.50–1.62 times as long as antennal segment III, hind tibia 0.25–0.28 times as long as body; setae on hind tibia 0.91–1.20 times as long as its mid-diameter. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 3. Fore wing (Figs 16, 29) 1.17–1.34 times as long as body, 2.00–2.42 times as long as width of the wing. Media once branched. Pterostigma long and curved to the apex of the wing. Hind wings with one thick longitudinal vein and two oblique veins.

Abdomen: Siphunculi pore-like (Figs 17, 32), apical diameter 1.33–1.51 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III. Cauda knobbed (Figs 18, 33), constricted in middle, 0.68–0.86 times as long as its basal width, with 6–8 apical setae. Anal plate bilobed (Figs 19, 34), each with 6 or 7 setae. Genital plate broad band-shaped, with 3 anterior setae and 12–15 posterior marginal setae. Two gonapophyses each with 5 or 6 setae.

Embroys. Body oval, with wax glands arranged along crenulated margin in both apterae and alatae. Cephalic setae short and pointed. Antennae 4-segmented. Rostrum and legs well developed. Legs covered with dense setae. Siphunculi visible.

Type material examined.

Holotype, 1 apterous viviparous female, CHINA: Zhejiang (Hangzhou City), 21 May 1985, on Sinojackia xylocarpa, coll. V. F. Eastop (BMNH). Paratypes, 28 apterous viviparous females, 2 alate viviparous females and 8 nymphs, with the same collection data as holotype (BMNH); 9 apterous viviparous females and 11 alate viviparous females, CHINA: Jiangsu (Zhongshan Botanic Garden, Nanjing City, Alt. 100m), No. Y7116, 10 June 1987, on Sinojackia xylocarpa, coll. T. S. Zhong (NZMC); 1 apterous viviparous female and 1 alate viviparous female, CHINA: Jiangsu (Zhongshan Botanic Garden, Nanjing City, Alt. 100m), No. Y7116, 10 June 1987, on Sinojackia xylocarpa, coll. T. S. Zhong (Kôgakkan University, Japan).

Host plants.

Sinojackia xylocarpa.

Biology.

The species induced the leaves of host plants to curl and form boat-shaped leaf galls.

Diagnosis.

The new species differs from the other known speciesas follows: in apterous viviparous female: wax glands arranged in each segment, not connecting with each other (the other species: arranged continuously along the edge of body as a crenulation, or without wax glands); in alate viviparous female compared to the most similar species Aleurodaphis mikaniae: antennal segment III with 10–14 secondary rhinaria (Aleurodaphis mikaniae: 24–27); first tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4, sometimes 3, 3, 3 (Aleurodaphis mikaniae: 3, 3, 3, sometimes 2, 2, 2).

Remark.

As the detailed biological information is very important to research the taxonomic position of the genus and species identification, the life cycle of the new species will receive further study in future.

Host plants.

Primary host: Stewartia monadelpha. Secondary hosts unknown.

Biology.

The aphid induces a leaf gall, which is formed by rolling the marginal part of the leaf upwards. The gall is about 47.5 long and 7.2 wide, with a surface rough to the touch. The alate viviparous females emerge in early August, and then disappear from the host tree, probably emigrating to some unknown secondary host (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Distribution.

Japan (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).