Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li ( lisq@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Gergin Blagoev
© 2018 Tongyao Jiang, Qingyuan Zhao, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jiang T, Zhao Q, Li S (2018) Sixteen new species of the genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 from China, Myanmar, and Thailand (Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). ZooKeys 791: 107-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28137
|
Sixteen new species of Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 (Sparassidae, Heteropodinae) are described. Among them, eight species were collected from China: P. chayuensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. conaensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. medogensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. nyingchiensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. shacunensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. shuo Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. yuanjiangensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♀) and P. zixiensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂); seven from Myanmar: P. colubrina Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. daxing Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. gexiao Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. putaoensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂), P. subbirmanica Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. titan Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. xia Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂); and one from Thailand: P. maeklongensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂). A distribution map of the new species is also provided.
Description, huntsman spiders, taxonomy
Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 is currently the third largest genus in the family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872, containing 124 known species. A molecular phylogeny of Sparassidae asserted that Pseudopoda belongs to the subfamily Heteropodinae, and is closely related to Heteropoda Latreille, 1804 and Sinopoda Jäger, 1999 (
Currently, all of the Pseudopoda species are found in Asian countries: Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. To date, 54 species have been reported from China, while 14 from Myanmar and six species from Thailand (
All specimens were examined and measured with a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Images of male pedipalps and female epigynes were taken with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound light microscope after removing them from the spiders’ bodies. Images of bodies were taken with an Olympus C7070 camera mounted on an Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope. Epigynes were cleaned and treated in trypsin and if necessary, in boiling solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) before taking images of the vulvae. All images were assembled using Helicon Focus 6.7.1 software.
All measurements are in millimeters. Leg formula, spination, and measurements of palp and legs follow
Abbreviations used in the text and figures are given below:
All material studied are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (
Sarotes promptus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885
Exclusively distributed in Asia. Small to large Heteropodinae. Male palp with membranous conductor (but sometimes absent), embolus at least in its basal part broadened and flattened, RTA arising basally or mesially from tibia; female epigyne with lateral lobes rising distantly beyond epigastric furrow, and in most cases covering median septum (modified from
Holotype ♂: China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Prefecture, Chayu County, Walong, 28°35.092'N, 98°07.384'E, 3680 m, VIII 2013, J. Liu.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Medium-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. gongschana Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 10.7, DS length 4.3, DS width 4.1, OS length 6.4, OS width 3.4. Eyes: AME 0.16, ALE 0.24, PME 0.16, PLE 0.30, AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.10, PME-PME 0.33, PME-PLE 0.33, AME-PME 0.41, ALE-PLE 0.33, CH AME 0.32, CH ALE 0.24. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 331; patella I-IV 001; tibia I-IV 2126; metatarsus I-II 2024, III 3025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp - (-, 1.0, 1.4, -, 2.4), leg I 26.3 (7.0, 2.5, 7.0, 7.5, 2.3), leg II 28.3 (7.5, 2.5, 8.0, 8.0, 2.3), leg III 23.2 (6.8, 2.3, 6.1, 6.1, 1.9), leg IV 25.7 (7.0, 2.1, 6.8, 7.5, 2.3). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 15 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium distally slender and elongated, with a small retrobasal projection in ventral view. RTA arising basally to mesially from tibia, vRTA thumb-like, shorter than dRTA (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellow. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma brown with black pattern. Legs yellowish brown, with reddish brown dots and patches (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, road to Ziradum Village, 27°33.617'N, 97°06.567'E, 1003 m, 8 V 2017, J. Wu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1 ♀, same locality as holotype, 13 XII 2016, J. Wu.
The specific name is derived from the Latin word colubrinus, -a, -um, meaning ‘serpentine, winding’, and referring to the shape of embolus in this species, which coils at the basal part and erects distally and looks like an alarmed snake; adjective.
Small to median-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. wu Jäger, Li & Krehenwinkel, 2015 (see
Female resembles P. hyatti Jäger, 2001 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 8.8, DS length 4.3, DS width 4.1, OS length 4.5, OS width 4.0. Eyes: AME 0.17, ALE 0.34, PME 0.29, PLE 0.28, AME-AME 0.23, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.33, AME-PME 0.37, ALE-PLE 0.32, CH AME 0.60, CH ALE 0.39. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2101; legs: femur I-II 323, III 322, IV 321; patella I-IV 101; tibia I-II 2026, III 2126, IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 2025, IV 3036. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 6.3 (2.0, 0.9, 1.1, -, 2.3), leg I 20.4 (5.8, 2.0, 5.9, 4.9, 1.8), leg II 22.1 (6.1, 2.3, 6.4, 5.4, 1.9), leg III 16.7 (5.0, 1.8, 4.5, 4.0, 1.4), leg IV 19.6 (5.6, 1.7, 5.0, 5.5, 1.8). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 21 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium slender, tip slightly bent prolaterally, with a distinct retrobasal bulge. RTA arising basally from tibia, simple but elongated, blunt in retrolateral view (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish. Radial furrows and fovea darker brown. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown. Legs yellowish, with randomly distributed brown dots (Figure
Female (paratype). Body length 10.0, DS length 4.9, DS width 4.3, OS length 5.1, OS width 3.2. Eyes: AME 0.22, ALE 0.33, PME 0.25, PLE 0.31, AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.20, PME-PLE 0.41, AME-PME 0.40, ALE-PLE 0.37, CH AME 0.51, CH ALE 0.41. Leg formula: II-IV-I-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; legs: femur I-II 323, III 322, IV 321; patella I-IV 101; tibia I-IV 2026; metatarsus I 1014, II-III 2024, IV 3036. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 5.3 (1.6, 0.7, 1.0, -, 2.0), leg I 17.6 (4.9, 2.0, 5.0, 4.2, 1.5), leg II 19.2 (5.5, 2.2, 5.5, 4.4, 1.6), leg III 14.9 (4.4, 1.8, 3.9, 3.4, 1.4), leg IV 18.1 (5.5, 1.8, 4.5, 4.6, 1.7). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 20 denticles.
Epigyne as in diagnosis. Epigynal field with nearly equal length in transverse and longitudinal axis. Lateral lobes longer in longitudinal axis. Median margin of lateral lobes touching each other medially. Internal duct system with loops looming through the lateral lobes in ventral view (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: As in male, but generally darker with more dots and patches (Figure
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Shannan Prefecture, Cona County, Lewang Bridge to Simuzha Scenic Area, roadside and scenic area, 27°49.571'N, 91°43.756'E, 2793 m, 1 VI 2016, J. Wu.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Small-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. roganda Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 8.3, DS length 3.8, DS width 3.1, OS length 4.5, OS width 2.5. Eyes: AME 0.17, ALE 0.25, PME 0.19, PLE 0.26, AME-AME 0.17, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.19, PME-PLE 0.30, AME-PME 0.26, ALE-PLE 0.22, CH AME 0.36, CH ALE 0.26. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2101; legs: femur I-II 323, IV 321; patella I-IV 000; tibia I 1026, II-IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 3025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 5.8 (2.0, 0.8, 1.2, -, 1.8), leg I 15.2 (4.0, 1.8, 4.2, 3.8, 1.4), leg II 16.0 (4.3, 1.9, 4.3, 4.0, 1.5), leg III - (-, 1.4, 3.7, 3.6, 1.3), leg IV 15.6 (4.3, 1.6, 3.8, 4.3, 1.6). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with five teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 22 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium relatively widened, with distinct retrolateral bulge beside bulb. RTA arising basally from tibia, well developed. Subtegulum extended, covering the base of conductor in prolateral view (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish brown, with a pair of dark longitudinal lateral bands. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown. Legs yellowish brown, with darker brown dots and patches (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, road to Ziradum Village, 27°33.617'N, 97°06.567'E, 1003 m, 13 XII 2016, J. Wu.
The specific name is derived from the Chinese Pinyin word for 'large size' (dà xíng), referring to the relatively large body size of the species; noun in apposition.
Median-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles those of P. contraria Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (
Male (holotype). Body length 12.4, DS length 6.0, DS width 5.4, OS length 6.4, OS width 3.2. Eyes: AME 0.30, ALE 0.41, PME 0.36, PLE 0.37, AME-AME 0.22, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME, 0.26, PME-PLE 0.46, AME-PME 0.44, ALE-PLE 0.43, CH AME 0.57, CH ALE 0.41. Leg formula: II-IV-I-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 321; patella I-IV 001; tibia I-IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 2024, IV 3036. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 9.4 (3.1, 1.4, 1.8, -, 3.1), leg I 29.3 (8.3, 3.0, 7.8, 7.8, 2.4), leg II 32.1 (8.7, 3.2, 9.0, 8.5, 2.7), leg III 25.1 (8.0, 2.6, 6.5, 6.0, 2.0), leg IV 29.4 (8.5, 2.5, 7.3, 8.5, 2.6). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 25 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium slender, with retrolateral bulge. RTA arising basally to mesially from tibia, dRTA hook-like, vRTA broad (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish brown. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown. Ventral opisthosoma with a pair of longitudinal bright lines. Legs yellowish brown, with randomly distributed brown dots (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary roadside between Camp 1 to Camp 2, 27°36.067'N, 96°59.367'E, 1714 m, 10 V 2017, J. Wu & Z. Chen. Paratype: 1 ♂, same locality as holotype, 17 XII 2016, J. Wu.
The specific name is derived from the Chinese Pinyin word for ‘small-size’ (gè xiǎo), referring to the relatively small body size of the species; noun in apposition.
Small sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. exigua (Fox, 1938) (see
Male (measurements of holotype first, those for paratype in parentheses). Body length 5.9 (5.4), DS length 2.8 (3.0), DS width 2.6 (2.6), OS length 3.1 (2.4), OS width 2.0 (1.7). Eyes: AME 0.16 (0.14), ALE 0.26 (0.25), PME 0.15 (0.19), PLE 0.28 (0.25), AME-AME 0.12 (0.13), AME-ALE 0.02 (0.06), PME-PME 0.19 (0.16), PME-PLE 0.21 (0.29), AME-PME 0.26 (0.32), ALE-PLE 0.15 (0.22), CH AME 0.20 (0.21), CH ALE 0.20 (0.15). Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur II-III 323, IV 321; patella I-IV 001; tibia I-III 2026, IV 2126; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 3035, IV 3036. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 3.9 (4.1) (1.1, 0.6, 0.9, -, 1.3), leg I - (-, 1.3, 2.8, 2.5, 1.1), leg II 11.2 (11.4) (3.2, 1.2, 3, 2.6, 1.2), leg III - (10.2) (-, -, -, -, -), leg IV - (11.2) (-, 1.0, 2.7, 3.1, 1.2). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 25 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Retrolateral margin of cymbium swollen. Distal part of cymbium sub-triangular. RTA arising mesially to distally from tibia, dRTA needle-like, while vRTA broad (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellow, with a pair of dark longitudinal lateral bands. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown with a bright transverse band in the posterior half. Legs yellowish brown, with reddish brown dots and patches (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Thailand, Tak Province, Umphang District, Mae Klong Subdistrict, field, 16°14.642'N, 98°59.914'E, 1228 m, 17 XI 2016, H. Zhao, Y. Li & Z. Chen.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Small-sized Pseudopoda species. Male has long spiral embolus that resembles P. parvipunctata Jäger, 2001 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 9.3, DS length 4.4, DS width 4.0, OS length 4.9, OS width 2.8. Eyes: AME 0.21, ALE 0.37, PME 0.26, PLE 0.38, AME-AME 0.16, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.22, PME-PLE 0.36, AME-PME 0.43, ALE-PLE 0.32, CH AME 0.45, CH ALE 0.38. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2101; legs: femur I-II 323, III 333, IV 331; patella I-IV 101; tibia I-IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 2024, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 8.4 (3.0, 0.8, 1.2, -, 3.4), leg I 21.9 (5.9, 2.4, 6.4, 5.4, 1.8), leg II 23.4 (6.4, 2.5, 6.7, 5.8, 2), leg III 17.2 (5.1, 1.8, 4.8, 4.1, 1.4) leg IV 21.5 (6.2, 1.8, 5.5, 6.2, 1.8). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 38 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium large. RTA arising basally from tibia. Both vRTA and dRTA flattened and blunt in ventral view (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellow. Radial furrows and fovea brown. Dorsal opisthosoma yellowish to reddish brown. Legs yellow, with randomly distributed brown dots (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Prefecture, Medog County, 8 km of the road of Beibeng to Gelin, 29°14.660'N, 95°11.442'E, 1235 m, 11 VIII 2017, M. Xu.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Median-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. obtusa Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 10.4, DS length 5.1, DS width 4.7, OS length 5.3, OS width 3.2. Eyes: AME 0.25, ALE 0.40, PME 0.22, PLE 0.35, AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.28, PME-PLE 0.40, AME-PME 0.40, ALE-PLE 0.40, CH AME 0.39, CH ALE 0.33. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2100; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 322; patella I-IV 101; tibia I 2126, II 3236, III-IV 2226; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 2025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 8.6 (3.1, 1.3, 1.6, -, 2.6), leg I 28.2 (7.8, 2.8, 8.0, 7.2, 2.4), leg II 30.8 (8.2, 3.1, 8.8, 8.0, 2.7), leg III 23.9 (6.8, 2.5, 6.7, 6.0, 1.9), leg IV 26.0 (7.3, 2.5, 6.9, 7.0, 2.3). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 35 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium slender. RTA almost straight, arising mesially from tibia (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace bright brown. Radial furrows and fovea darker. Dorsal opisthosoma dark brown with black pattern. Legs bright brown, with dark brown patches (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Prefecture, between Sejila Moution to Bayi Town, 29°33.790'N, 94°34.247'E, 3847 m, 13 VI 2016, J. Wu.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Median-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. gogona Jäger, 2001 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 9.9, DS length 4.8, DS width 4.3, OS length 5.1, OS width 3.3. Eyes: AME 0.19, ALE 0.25, PME 0.20, PLE 0.32, AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.10, PME-PME 0.28, PME-PLE 0.38, AME-PME 0.38, ALE-PLE 0.34, CH AME 0.31, CH ALE 0.26. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 331; patella I-III 001, IV 000; tibia I-IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 2024, III 3035, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 7.2 (2.5, 1.1, 1.3, -, 2.3), leg I 23.5 (6.0, 2.5, 6.3, 6.7, 2.0), leg II 25.6 (6.6, 2.6, 7.0, 7.3, 2.1), leg III 21.8 (6.0, 2.3, 5.8, 6.0, 1.7), leg IV 23.4 (6.3, 2.2, 5.9, 7.0, 2.0). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 18 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Retrolateral margin of cymbium swollen. RTA arising basally to mesially from tibia, vRTA broad in retrolateral view (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish. Radial furrows and fovea brown. Dorsal opisthosoma brown. Legs yellowish brown, with randomly distributed dark brown dots (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary roadside between Camp 2 to Camp 3, 27°37.150'N, 96°58.917'E, 2806 m, 16 XII 2016, J. Wu.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Median-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. platembola Jäger, 2001 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 9.9, DS length 4.7, DS width 4.1, OS length 5.2, OS width 3.0. Eyes: AME 0.19, ALE 0.31, PME 0.19, PLE 0.31, AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.29, PME-PLE 0.38, AME-PME 0.36, ALE-PLE 0.28, CH AME 0.35, CH ALE 0.30. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111, legs: femur I-II 323, III 322, IV 331; patella I-III 101, IV 000; tibia I-II 2226, III-IV 2126; metatarsus I-II 2024, III 3025, IV 3036. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 7.6 (2.6, 1.3, 1.5, -, 2.2), leg I 24.5 (6.5, 2.3, 6.5, 7.0, 2.2), leg II 26.8 (7.0, 2.6, 7.1, 7.8, 2.3), leg III 22.3 (5.6, 2.2, 6.0, 6.3, 1.9), leg IV 23.8 (6.2, 2.1, 6.1, 7.2, 2.2). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 30 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium elongated, retrolateral bulge present. RTA arising mesially from tibia, vRTA broad and humble in retrolateral view (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish. Radial furrows and fovea brown. Dorsal opisthosoma brown. Legs yellowish brown, with randomly distributed dark brown dots (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an city, Taihe County, Shacun Town, Chayuan Village, Guangshiyan, 26°31.214'N, 115°06.616'E, 3124 m, 3 V 2013, Y. Luo & J. Liu.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Small-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. lushanensis (Wang, 1990) (see
Male (holotype). Body length 6.8, DS length 3.4, DS width 3.3, OS length 3.4, OS width 2.5. Eyes: AME 0.20, ALE 0.25, PME 0.20, PLE 0.25, AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.24, PME-PLE 0.30, AME-PME 0.31, ALE-PLE 0.27, CH AME 0.30, CH PLE, 0.28. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur III 323, IV 321; patella III-IV 001; tibia III-IV 2126; metatarsus III 3025, IV 3035. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 5.4 (1.8, 0.8, 1.1, -, 1.7), leg I -, leg II -, leg III 14.3 (4.0, 1.4, 4.0, 3.6, 1.3), leg IV 16.7 (4.3, 1.4, 4.5, 5.0, 1.5). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 24 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. RTA arising mesially from tibia (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellow. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma bright brown with reddish brown pattern composed of dense reddish brown dots. Legs yellow, with reddish brown dots and patches (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Prefecture, Medog County, 44 km of the road of Bomi to Medog, 29°42.516'N, 95°34.650'E, 2787 m, 30 VIII 2015, J. Wu. Paratype: 1 ♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name is derived from the Chinese Pinyin word for ‘gigantism’ (shuò), referring to the relatively larger bulb on male palp than other Pseudopoda species; noun in apposition.
Small-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. zhangi Fu & Zhu, 2008 (see
Female can be distinguished from other Pseudopoda species except P. contraria Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 6.5, DS length 3.3, DS width 2.9, OS length 3.2, OS width 2.0. Eyes: AME 0.14, ALE 0.25, PME 0.17, PLE 0.22, AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.20, PME-PLE 0.30, AME-PME 0.28, ALE-PLE 0.24, CH AME 0.28, CH ALE 0.24. Leg formula: II-IV-I-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 332; patella I-III 001, IV 000; tibia I-IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 2024, III 3025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp - (-, 0.7, 0.9, -, 1.6), leg I 12.5 (3.5, 1.5, 3.3, 3.1, 1.1), leg II 13.1 (3.7, 1.5, 3.3, 3.1, 1.1), leg III 11.7 (3.4, 1.4, 3.0, 2.9, 1.0), leg IV 12.9 (3.6, 1.2, 3.3, 3.5, 1.3). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 25 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium relatively shortened compared to other Pseudopoda species. RTA arising basally from tibia (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace bright brown with dark brown lateral bands. Radial furrows and fovea darker. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown with black pattern and a bright transverse band in the posterior half. Legs bright brown, with reddish brown patches (Figure
Female (paratype). Body length 8.8, DS length 3.8, DS width 3.3, OS length 5.0, OS width 3.5. Eyes: AME 0.14, ALE 0.24, PME 0.16, PLE 0.30, AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.21, PME-PME 0.25, PME-PLE 0.30, AME-PME 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.16, CH AME 0.28, CH ALE 0.24. Leg formula: II-IV-I-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 1014, 2121; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 331; patella I-IV 000; tibia I-III 2026, IV 2025; metatarsus I-II 2024, III 3025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 4.1 (1.5, 0.5, 0.7, -, 1.4), leg I 11.5 (3.4, 1.5, 3.0, 2.6, 1.0), leg II 12.2 (3.6, 1.6, 3.2, 2.8, 1.0), leg III 10.6 (3.2, 1.3, 2.8, 2.4, 0.9), leg IV 11.9 (3.5, 1.3, 2.9, 3.1, 1.1). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 28 denticles.
Epigyne as in diagnosis. Epigynal field longer in transverse axis, with poorly developed anterior bands and trilobate anterior margin. Lateral lobes longer in transverse axis, curved. Median margin of lateral lobe converged, with the posterior part V-shaped. Posterior incision of lateral lobe indistinct or absent (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: as in male, but generally darker. Ventral opisthosoma with a pair of bright, longitudinal, dashed lines (Figure
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary roadside between Camp 1 to Camp 2, 27°36.550'N, 96°58.850'E, 2252 m, 17 XII 2016, J. Wu. Paratypes: 1 ♂, same locality as holotype, 14 V 2017, Z. Chen & J. Wu; 1 ♀, same locality as holotype, 18 V 2017.
The specific name refers to the similarity of its female individual to P. birmanica Jäger, 2001; adjective.
Small to median-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. digitata Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (see
Female extremely resembles P. birmanica Jäger, 2001 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 9.3, DS length 5, DS width 4.5, OS length 4.3, OS width 3.0. Eyes: AME 0.16, ALE 0.33, PME 0.24, PLE 0.38, AME-AME 0.25, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.24, PME-PLE 0.40, AME-PME 0.44, ALE-PLE 0.40, CH AME 0.48, CH ALE 0.37. Leg formula: IV-II-I-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 321; patella I-IV 001; tibia I-IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 3035, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 6.9 (2.3, 1.1, 1.3, -, 2.2), leg I 20.3 (5.8, 2.0, 5.6, 5.3, 1.6), leg II 20.5 (5.9, 2.0, 5.8, 5.1, 1.7), leg III 18.6 (5.4, 2.0, 5.0, 4.6, 1.6), leg IV 20.6 (6.0, 1.8, 5.4, 5.4, 2.0). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 20 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium slender. RTA arising mesially from tibia (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish brown. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown. Ventral opisthosoma with a pair of light transverse bands. Legs yellowish brown, with randomly distributed reddish brown dots (Figure
Female (paratype). Body length 12.2, DS length 5.1, DS width 4.8, OS length 7.1, OS width 5.1. Eyes: AME 0.16, ALE 0.29, PME 0.26, PLE 0.34, AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.26, PME-PLE 0.44, AME-PME 0.46, ALE-PLE 0.32, CH AME 0.36, CH ALE 0.30. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; legs: femur I-II 323, III 322, IV 331; patella I-IV 001; tibia I-IV 2026; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 3025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 6.1 (1.8, 1.1, 1.2, -, 2.0), leg I 15.4 (4.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.6, 1.4), leg II 16.1 (4.5, 1.9, 4.3, 3.8, 1.6), leg III 14.1 (4.3, 1.8, 3.4, 3.2, 1.4), leg IV 14.8 (4.1, 1.6, 3.6, 4.0, 1.5). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 25 denticles.
Epigyne as in diagnosis. Epigynal field longer in transverse axis. Anterior bands distinct, anterior margin slightly trilobate. Lateral lobes longer in transverse axis. Median margin of lateral lobes converged on the central axis, with anterior part V-shaped. Anterior margin of lateral lobe directed forward and then laterally (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: as in male, but generally darker. Carapace with dark pattern (Figure
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, roadside between Camp 2 to Camp 3, 27°36.867'N, 96°58.933'E, 2491 m, 15 XII 2016, J. Wu. Paratype: 1 ♀, same locality as holotype, 12 V 2017, J. Wu & Z. Chen.
The specific name is derived from the name of giants in Greek myth, referring to the gigantic size of this species; noun in apposition.
Large-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. emei Zhang, Zhang & Zhang, 2013 (see
Female resembles those of P. gemina Jäger, Pathoumthong & Vedel, 2006 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 19.0, DS length 9.0, DS width 8.0, OS length 10.0, OS width 6.5. Eyes: AME 0.29, ALE 0.38, PME 0.33, PLE 0.38, AME-AME 0.30, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.38, PME-PLE 0.60, AME-PME 0.46, ALE-ALE 0.38, CH AME 0.31, CH ALE 0.38. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 3100; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 321; patella I-II 101, III-IV 100; tibia I-III 2226, IV 2126; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 2025, IV 2424. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 14.4 (5.1, 2.1, 2.8, -, 4.5), leg I 48.2 (11.5, 4.5, 13.5, 14.0, 4.7), leg II 52.1 (13.5, 4.7, 14.0, 15.0, 4.7), leg III 37.6 (11, 3.7, 10.0, 9.5, 3.4), leg IV 40.6 (11.0, 3.6, 11.0, 11.0, 4.0). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth, cheliceral furrow with ca. 30 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium slender, with distinct retrolateral bulge beside bulb. RTA arising basally from tibia (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish brown. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown, with white dots and yellow patches. Legs orange. Ventral opisthosoma with two pairs of longitudinal lines composed of orange dots (Figure
Female (paratype). Body length 19.0, DS length 9.0, DS width 8.0, OS length 10.0, OS width 6.5. Eyes: AME 0.40, ALE 0.43, PME 0.30, PLE 0.43, AME-AME 0.34, AME-ALE 0.19, PME-PME 0.46, PME-PLE 0.68, AME-PME 0.53, ALE-PLE 0.47, CH AME 0.47, CH ALE 0.47. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 3110, 2020; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 321; patella I-II 101, III-IV 100; tibia I-II 2226, III-IV 2126; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 2024, IV 2037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 12.6 (4.0, 2.0, 2.6, -, 4.0), leg I 37.5 (11.5, 4.1, 10.0, 9.0, 2.9), leg II 40.2 (11.5, 4.2, 11.5, 10.0, 3.0), leg III 29.1 (8.5, 3.3, 8.0, 6.5, 2.8), leg IV 30.1 (9.0, 3.0, 8.0, 7.5, 2.6). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 30 denticles.
Epigyne as in diagnosis. Epigynal field longer in transverse axis, with distinct anterior bands and trilobate anterior margin. Lateral lobes longer in transverse axis, sub-rectangular but narrower laterally. Posterior incision of lateral lobe distinct, near the posterior meeting point of lateral lobes (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: as in male but generally darker (Figure
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, around Ziradum Village, 27°33.465'N, 97°06.580'E, 1051 m, 8 V 2017, J. Wu & Z. Chen.
The specific name is derived from the Chinese Pinyin word ‘jimpness’ (xiá), referring to the narrow abdomen of this species; noun in apposition.
Small-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. brauni Jäger, 2001 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 7.6, DS length 3.1, DS width 3.2, OS length 4.5, OS width 2.2. Eyes: AME 0.15, ALE 0.19, PME 0.15, PLE 0.21, AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.14, PME-PLE 0.25, AME-PME 0.21, ALE-PLE 0.24, CH AME 0.16, CH ALE 0.10. Leg formula: I-II-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2101; legs: femur I-III 323, IV 322; patella I-II 101, III-IV 001; tibia I 2226, II-III 2116, IV 2126; metatarsus I 1014, II 0014, III 2024, IV 3026. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 5.8 (1.9, 0.9, 1.0, -, 2.0), leg I 28.6 (7.5, 1.8, 8.2, 8.5, 2.6), leg II 26.3 (7.5, .18, 7.0, 7.5, 2.5), leg III 19.1 (5.5, 1.3, 5.2, 5.5, 1.6), leg IV 25.5 (7.0, 2.0, 6.8, 7.5, 2.2). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 15 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium slender, slightly elongated distally. RTA arising basally from tibia (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellow. Radial furrows and fovea black. Dorsal opisthosoma orange, with black pattern and white dots. Ventral opisthosoma with a pair of longitudinal white bands. Legs yellow to orange, with randomly distributed black dots and patches (Figure
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♀: China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Yuanjiang County, Yangchajie Village Nature Reserve, 23°39.632'N, 101°45.564'E, 2114 m, 4 VI 2015, Z. Chen & F. Li.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Small to median-sized Pseudopoda species. Female resembles P. bibulba (Xu & Yin, 2000) (see
Female (holotype). Body length 8.5, DS length 2.8, DS width 2.7, OS length 5.7, OS width 4.0. Eyes: AME 0.18, ALE 0.28, PME 0.21, PLE 0.32, AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.28, PME-PLE 0.37, AME-PME 0.40, ALE-PLE 0.31, CH AME 0.35, CH ALE 0.30. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2121, 1004; legs: femur I-II 323, III 322, IV 331; patella I-IV 001; tibia I-III 2026, IV 2025; metatarsus I-II 2024, III 3025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 5.8 (1.7, 1.0, 1.3, -, 1.8), leg I 13.9 (4.0, 1.9, 3.5, 3.2, 1.3), leg II 15.2 (4.3, 2.1, 4.0, 3.4, 1.4), leg III 12.3 (3.7, 1.6, 3.1, 2.8, 1.1), leg IV 13.4 (4.1, 1.6, 3.3, 3.2, 1.2). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 38 denticles.
Epigyne as in diagnosis. Epigynal field longer in transverse axis, with anterior bands and trilobate anterior margin. Lateral lobes slightly converged on the central axis. Posterior incision of lateral lobe distinct, near the meeting point of lateral lobes. (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish brown. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown, with a bright transverse band in the posterior half. Legs yellowish brown, with randomly distributed reddish brown dots (Figure
Male. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype ♂: China, Yunnan Province, Chuxiong City, Zixi Mountain, 25°00.602'N, 101°24.386'E, 2445 m, VI 2017, Z. Chen. Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Median-sized Pseudopoda species. Male resembles P. sinapophysis Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (see
Female resembles P. cangschana Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (see
Male (holotype). Body length 10.5, DS length 5.0, DS width 4.4, OS length 5.5, OS width 3.2. Eyes: AME 0.17, ALE 0.29, PME 0.22, PLE 0.32, AME-AME 0.17, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.26, PME-PLE 0.40, AME-PME 0.37, ALE-PLE 0.35, CH AME 0.38, CH ALE 0.30. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2111; legs: femur III 323, IV 331; patella III-IV 101; tibia III-IV 2026; metatarsus III 3025, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 7.3 (2.5, 1.1, 1.4, -, 2.3), leg I -, leg II -, leg III 19.6 (5.4, 2.2, 5.3, 5.1, 1.6), leg IV 21.9 (6.0, 2.1, 5.5, 6.5, 1.8). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 25 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium sub-triangular, with distinct retrolateral bulge. RTA arising basally to mesially from tibia, vRTA humble and broad (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: carapace yellowish brown. Radial furrows and fovea dark brown. Dorsal opisthosoma reddish brown. Ventral opisthosoma with a pair of bright longitudinal lines. Legs yellowish brown, with randomly distributed reddish brown dots (Figure
Female (paratype). Body length 11.5, DS length 5.5, DS width 4.7, OS length 6.0, OS width 4.2. Eyes: AME 0.21, ALE 0.32, PME 0.24, PLE 0.32, AME-AME 0.25, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.33, PME-PLE 0.50, AME-PME 0.43, ALE-PLE 0.42, CH AME 0.50, CH ALE 0.33. Spination: palp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; legs: femur II 323, III 322, IV 331; patella II-IV 001; tibia II-III 2026, IV 2025; metatarsus I-II 1014, III 3015, IV 3037. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 7.2 (2.2, 1.2, 1.6, -, 2.2), leg I - (-, -, -, 4.0, 1.6), leg II 18.5 (5.3, 2.7, 4.6, 4.3, 1.6), leg III 15.3 (4.5, 2.1,4.0, 3.4, 1.3), leg IV 17.4 (5.0, 2.0, 4.3, 4.5, 1.6). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth. Cheliceral furrow with ca. 30 denticles.
Epigyne as in diagnosis. Epigynal field with nearly equal length in transverse and longitudinal axis. Anterior bands distinct, anterior margin slightly trilobate. Lateral lobes longer in longitudinal axis. Lateral lobes converged on the central axis, with both anterior and posterior part V-shaped. Spermathecae exposed in dorsal view. Spermathecae oval, with coiling ducts embedded (Figure
Coloration in ethanol: as in male, but generally darker (Figure
Known only from the type locality.
Distribution map of the sixteen new species from the genus Pseudopoda. The numbers represent the different species 1 P. chayuensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 2 P. colubrina Zhao & Li, sp. n. 3 P. conaensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 4 P. daxing Zhao & Li, sp. n. 5 P. gexiao Zhao & Li, sp. n. 6 P. maeklongensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 7 P. medogensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 8 P. nyingchiensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 9 P. putaoensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 10 P. shacunensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 11 P. shuo Zhao & Li, sp. n. 12 P. subbirmanica Zhao & Li, sp. n. 13 P. titan Zhao & Li, sp. n. 14 P. xia Zhao & Li, sp. n. 15 P. yuanjiangensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. 16 P. zixiensis Zhao & Li, sp. n.
We are deeply grateful to Gergin Blagoev (Ontario, Canada), Majid Moradmand (Isfahan, Iran), Cristina Rheims (São Paolo, Brazil), Theo Blick (Hummeltal, Germany), and Yanfeng Tong (Shenyang, China) for their valuable comments on the early manuscript of this article. The final version was improved by Nathalie Yonow (Swansea, UK). This study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31530067, 31471960).