Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yun Bu ( buy@sstm.org.cn ) Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
© 2018 Ya-Li Jin, Yun Bu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jin Y-L, Bu Y (2018) First record of Scolopendrellopsis from China with the description of a new species (Myriapoda, Symphyla). ZooKeys 789: 103-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.27356
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The genus Scolopendrellopsis Bagnall, 1913 is recorded from China for the first time and Scolopendrellopsis glabrus sp. n. is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by the short central rod on head, third tergite complete, four kinds of sensory organs present on antenna, and the cerci rather short and covered with a low number of straight setae.
antennal sensory organ, chaetotaxy, taxonomy, tergal process, Tömösváry organ
There are 204 symphylan species known in the world to date (
Most specimens were collected during a project for soil animal survey of Gutian Mountain of Zhejiang Province during the years 2012 to 2013; others were collected in Jiangsu province and Hainan province recently. All were extracted by means of the Tullgren funnels from soil and humus samples and preserved in 75% ethanol. They were mounted under slides using Hoyer’s solution and dried in an oven at 60 °C. Observations were made with a phase contrast microscope (Leica DM 2500). Photographs were taken by a digital camera installed on the microscope (Leica DMC 4500). Line drawings were drawn using a drawing tube. All specimens are deposited in the collections of Shanghai Natural History Museum (SNHM) and Shanghai Entomological Museum (SEM), Shanghai, China.
Habitus slender. First pair of legs present, 3-segmented and with claws, not more than one-half length of the following pairs. Trunk with 16 or 17 tergites and most of tergites with a pair of posterior processes, without any striped band between each pair of processes on tergites, some tergites transversely divided.
The genus Scolopendrellopsis includes fifteen species and is subcosmopolitan, widely distributed in Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian regions (
Scolopendrellopsis glabrus sp. n. is characterized by the short central rod on head, 3rd tergite not divided and with only weak middle indentation, rod-like sensory organs with setae surrounded on dorsal side of 3rd–17th antennal segments, cavity-shaped organs on dorsal side of subapical 5–6 antennal segments, mushroom-shaped organs at lateral side of subapical 4–7 segments and bladder-shaped organs on subapical 3–6 antennal segments, first pair of legs longer than the tarsus of the last pair of legs, cerci short and covered with a low number of straight setae.
Holotype, female (slide no. ZJ-GTS-SY2012017) (SNHM), China, Zhejiang Province, Gutian Mountain, extracted from soil samples in broad-leaved forest, Alt. 1000 m, 29°15'N, 118°06'E, 11-IV-2012, coll. Y. Bu et al. Paratypes, 2 female (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2012010, ZJ-GTS-SY2012016) (SNHM), same date as holotype; 1 female (slide no. ZJ-GTS-SY2012051) (SEM), ibidem, 14-X-2012; 2 females (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2012055, ZJ-GTS-2012060) (SNHM), ibidem, 17-XI-2012; 1 female (slide no. ZJ-GTS-SY2013015) (SNHM), ibidem, 24-IV-2013; 1 male (slide no. JS-WX-SY2017001) (SNHM), China, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi, Daji Mountain, extracted from soil samples in bamboo forest, Alt. 5 m, 31°32'N, 120°12'E, 9-X-2017, coll. Y. Bu. Other material (SNHM): 8 juveniles with 8–10 pairs of legs (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2012002, ZJ-GTS-SY2012004, ZJ-GTS-SY2012006, ZJ-GTS-SY2012012–ZJ-GTS-SY2012015, ZJ-GTS-SY2012019), same data as holotype; 1 juvenile with 10 pairs of legs (slide no. ZJ-GTS-SY2012023), ibidem, 19-VI-2012, coll. Y. Bu et al; 6 juveniles with 8–11 pairs of legs (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2012028–ZJ-GTS-SY2012032, ZJ-GTS-SY2012039), ibidem, 15-VII-2012, coll. Y. Bu et al; 2 juveniles with 9 and 10 pairs of legs (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2012046, ZJ-GTS-SY2012051), ibidem, 14-X-2012, coll. Y. Bu et al; 2 juveniles with 10 and 9 pairs of legs respectively (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2012052, ZJ-GTS-SY2012055), ibidem, 17-XI-2012, coll. Y. Bu et al; 3 juveniles with 8–10 pairs of legs (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2012064–ZJ-GTS-SY2012066), ibidem, 12-XII-2012, coll. Y. Bu et al; 1 juvenile with 8 pairs of legs (slide no. ZJ-GTS-SY2013004), ibidem, 23-II-2013, coll. Y. Bu et al; 6 juveniles with 8–10 pairs of legs (slides nos. ZJ-GTS-SY2013005, ZJ-GTS-SY2013009, ZJ-GTS-SY2013011, ZJ-GTS-SY2013013–ZJ-GTS-SY2013015), ibidem, 27-III-2013, coll. Y. Bu et al; 1 juvenile with 9 pairs of legs (slide no. HN-SY-SY2017001), China, Hainan Province, Sanya, Yalong bay tropical paradise forest park, extracted from soil samples in bamboo forest, Alt. 67 m, 18°15' N, 109°37'E, 22-III-2017, coll. Y. Bu.
Adult body 1.57 mm long in average (1.45–1.65 mm, n = 8), holotype 1.65 mm (Figure
Tömösváry organ oval, maximum diameter 17.0–22.5 μm, somewhat shorter than the greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment (20–23 μm), opening at front position, with diameter (4–5 μm) approx. one-fourth of 3rd segment of antennae (Figs
Mandible with eleven teeth and divided into two parts by a gap, with five anterior and six posterior teeth respectively. First maxilla has two lobes, inner lobe with four hook-shaped teeth, palp bud-like with two distal points close to outer lobe (Figure
Scolopendrellopsis glabrus sp. n. (Holotype) A habitus B head, dorsal view C right antenna, 3th–6th segments, dorsal view D right antenna, 12th–16th segments, ventral view E right antenna, 11th–16th segments, dosal view F left Tömösváry organ G stylus on base of 6th leg (arrow indicated) H stylus on base of 11th leg (arrow indicated) I first pair of legs J 3rd leg and coxal sac K 9th leg and coxal sacs L cerci, dorsal view. ro-rod-like sensory organs with surrounded setae, co-cavity-shaped organ, mo-mushroom-shaped organ, bo-bladder-shaped organ. Scale bars: 100 μm (A), 20 μm (B–L).
Antennae 15–19 segments (16 in holotype), length 250–350 μm (320 μm in holotype), approx. 0.2 of the length of the body. First segment cylindrical, greatest diameter a little wider than long (20–26 μm: 16–25 μm), with four setae in one whorl, the longest seta (6–11 μm) inserted at the inner side and distinctly longer than outer ones (5–8 μm). Second segment wider (20–30μm) than long (18–22 μm), with six or seven setae evenly inserted around the segment and inner setae (6–10 μm) a little longer than outer ones (5–7 μm). Chaetotaxy of 3rd segment similar to preceding ones (Figure
Segments | Nos. of primary whorl setae | Nos. of secondary whorl setae | Rod-like organ with setae surrounded | Cavity-shaped organs | Mushroom-shaped organs | Bladder-shaped organs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dorsal | Ventral | ||||||
1st | 4 | ||||||
2nd | 6 | ||||||
3rd | 7 | ||||||
4th | 8 | ||||||
5th | 8 | 1 | |||||
6th | 8 | ||||||
7th | 8 | ||||||
8th | 8 | ||||||
9th | 9 | ||||||
10th | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
11th | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
12th | 9 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
13th | 9 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
14th | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
15th | 8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
16th | 7 | 2 |
Trunk: seventeen dorsal tergites present, with 6th, 9th, 12th, and 15th tergites transversely divided, longer than preceding ones (Figs
Tergites: 1st tergite reduced to a narrow short plate with a pair of diagonal bands and with six short setae in a row (Figs
Scolopendrellopsis glabrus sp. n. (Holotype) A first and second maxilla B 1st and 2nd tergite C 3rd tergite D 4th tergite E 6th tergite, left side F 8th tergite, left side G 9th tergite, left side H 12th tergite, left side I 14th tergite, left side J 15th tergite, left side. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Legs: all twelve pairs of legs with claws.1st pair of legs short, 3-segmented, length 35–45 μm, not more than the length of 2th pair of legs, but longer than the tarsus (30–32 μm) of last pair of legs; femur at least 1.2 times wider than long (15–22 μm: 12–15 μm), with two setae at the outer side; tibia approx. 1.4 times wider than long (14–20 μm: 10–14 μm), with dorsal seta (8–10 μm) longer than ventral one (4–6 μm); tarsus longer than wide (12–19 μm: 10–17 μm), with four setae, three dorsal (5–7 μm) and one ventral (6–8 μm); claws simple and the anterior one a little larger and broader than posterior (Figs
Coxal sacs present at bases of 3rd–9 th pairs of legs, fully developed, each with 3 setae (Figs
Styli present at base of 3rd–12th pairs of legs, reduced into small knobs with tuft of setae, on 9th–12th legs larger than on former legs, especially on 11th legs (5–6 μm), distinctly longer than anterior ones (2–4 μm) (Figs
Sense calicles with smooth margin to pit, length nearly two times longer than outer diameter (25–35μm: 12–16μm). Sensory seta inserted in the center of cup, extremely long, length 100–120 μm, at least 8.5 times longer than other two lateral setae (11–14 μm, 7–10 μm respectively) that inserted at the edge of cup (Figs
Cerci subuliform, short, approx. half as long as head, somewhat shorter than 12th pairs of legs, length at least three times as long as its greatest width (80–95 μm: 25–30 μm), sparsely covered with long and straight setae, with the longest one (12.5–17 μm) approx. half of the greatest width of the cerci, terminal area (10–13 μm) short, with length at most half of the greatest width of the cerci and circled by 6–8 layers of curved ridges. Terminal setae length 18–20 μm, distinctly longer than terminal area (Figure
Scolopendrellopsis glabrus sp. n. (Holotype) A head and 1st–4th tergites B mandible and first maxilla C 1st–5th segments of right antenna D–E 13th–16th of right antenna D dorsal view E ventral view F first leg G 12th leg H left sense calicles, dorsal view I right sense calicles, dorsal view J stylus on base of 11th leg K right cercus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A), 20 μm (B–I, K), 5 μm (J).
The species name glabrus, meaning bald, to indicate the lower number of setae on cerci.
China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hainan).
Scolopendrellopsis glabrus sp. n. is similar to S. hirta (Scheller, 1971) and S. spinosa (Sheller, 1979) in the shape of 3rd tergite which is not divided, shape of processes on tergites, shape of sensory organs on antennae. It differs from the latter two species in the absence of anterior part of central rod (anterior part present but indistinct in S. hirta, distinct in S. spinosa), chaetotaxy of the 2nd and 3rd tergites (with four and five lateromarginal setae in S. glabrus respectively, five and six in the other two species), cerci with lower number of setae (more setae in S. hirta and S. spinosa), all setae on cerci long and straight (setae on inner side of cerci slightly curved in S. hirta, most setae on cerci short and curved in S. spinosa). It is also similar to the worldwide species S. subnuda in the shape of the first three tergites, number of lateromarginal setae of the 3rd tergite, shape and number of setae of the cerci, but differs in the absence of anterior part of central rod (anterior part present in S. subnuda), apical seta on processes slightly anteriorly located (rather close to the apex in S. subnuda).
Tergites | Axial setae | Lateral setae |
---|---|---|
1st | 3+3 | – |
2nd | 1+11 | 7+68 |
3rd | 2+22 | 9+99 |
4th | 2+2 | 6+6 |
5th | 2+2 | 5+5 |
6th | 3+3 | 9+910 |
7th | 2+23 | 6+6 |
8th | 2+24 | 5+5 |
9th | 3+3 | 9+911 |
10th | 2+2 | 6+6 |
11th | 2+24 | 5+5 |
12th | 3+34 | 9+912 |
13th | 2+2 | 6+613 |
14th | 3+35 | 4+414 |
15th | 3+36 | 7+715 |
16th | 1+17 | 2+216 |
17th | 5+517 |
No. of tergites | Length | Width | Length of processes | Width of processes | Basal distance between processes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 30–40 (40) | 75–100 (80) | – | – | – |
2nd | 45–55 (55) | 78–100 (100) | 25–45 (31) | 15–35 (20) | 25–35 (30) |
3rd | 50–85 (82) | 95–130 (112) | 30–48 (40) | 23–30 (25) | 28–35 (33) |
4th | 45–61 (61) | 100–125 (122) | 30–50 (50) | 30–40 (40) | 35–45 (45) |
5th | 41–59 (59) | 103–125 (107) | 50–55 (50) | 25–30 (30) | 40–50 (40) |
6th | 55–123 (116) | 130–150 (140) | 40–58 (55) | 25–35 (35) | 40–55 (55) |
7th | 60–71 (71) | 140–160 (160) | 50–65 (50) | 40–50 (50) | 40–66 (66) |
8th | 55–75 (75) | 110–135 (110) | 50–65 (55) | 25–35 (33) | 58–68 (68) |
9th | 100–110 (110) | 150–170 (160) | 60–70 (60) | 25–40 (30) | 70–80 (80) |
10th | 67–71 (71) | 150–187 (166) | 40–70 (70) | 30–50 (50) | 45–74 (74) |
11th | 60–75 (68) | 130–138 (138) | 30–65 (50) | 33–40 (33) | 55–70 (60) |
12th | 75–120 (120) | 150–165 (160) | 54–60 (55) | 25–40 (33) | 55–65 (64) |
13th | 45–69 (69) | 110–180 (156) | 30–50 (50) | 25–50 (50) | 50–60 (60) |
14th | 55–80 (65) | 95-140 (140) | – | – | – |
15th | 70–98 (85) | 110–150 (140) | 38–45 (40) | 25–30 (30) | 35–50 (42) |
16th | 35–43 (38) | 95–130 (115) | – | – | – |
17th | 58–65 (65) | 75–125 (90) | – | – | – |
We give our great gratitude to Dr. Xin Ke for his fund supports during the collection in Gutian Mountain. We also appreciate Professor José G. Pаlacios-Vargas (Mexico) for his linguistic corrections of the manuscript as well as his valuable advices. We specially thank Professor Hong Ying Song (China) and Dr. Miguel Domínguez Camacho (Spain) for their careful revisions and valuable comments that greatly improved our manuscript. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31772509), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (no. 17ZR1418700), the project for construction of Chinese forest biodiversity monitoring network (no. CforBio20120106) and the strategic biological resources service network project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (no. ZSBZ-003).