ZooKeys 128: 15–52, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.128.1804
A key to species of subgenus Lithochlaenius (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Chlaeniini, Chlaenius), with descriptions of three new species
Ye Valim1,2,†, David H. Kavanaugh3,‡, Hongliang Shi1,§, Hongbin Liang1,|
1 Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2 Key Laboratory for Plant Pests Management of Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou, University, Guiyang 550025, China
3 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, California 94118, U.S.A.

Corresponding author: Hongbin Liang (lianghb@ioz.ac.cn).

Academic editor: Terry Erwin

received 13 July 2011 | accepted 22 August 2011 | Published 9 September 2011


(C) 2011 Ye Valim. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


For reference, use of the paginated PDF or printed version of this article is recommended.

Abstract

Three new species of genus Chlaenius Bonelli subgenus Lithochlaenius Kryzhanovskij are described from China: Chlaenius chuanqianensis Liu & Liang, sp. n. (type locality: Xishui, Guizhou Province), Chlaenius linwensini Liu & Liang, sp. n. (type locality: Fujian Province), and Chlaenius propeagilis Liu & Kavanaugh, sp. n. (type locality: Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province). Seven species of the subgenus are redescribed: Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, Chlaenius noguchii Bates, Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, and Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer. Additional taxonomic changes include the following: Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička is treated as a junior synonym of Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik and Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, syn. n. and Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička as junior synonyms of Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, syn. n. Chlaenius latroLaFerté-Sénectère is considered a nomen nudum stat. n. and unavailable, leaving Chlaenius agilisChaudoir as the next available name. Chlaenius nuristanusaberration rubridipesJedlička is also an unavailable name. Chlaenius formosensisLorenz (=Chlaenius formosanusHabu) is returned to species status stat. n. A key to adults of the 10 known species of subgenus Lithochlaenius is provided.

Keywords

Coleoptera, Carabidae, Chlaenius, Lithochlaenius, new species, new synonymy, key

Introduction

Lithochlaenius Kryzhanovskij (1976) is one of the subgenera included in genus Chlaenius Bonelli (1810) of the carabid tribe Chlaeniini. This subgenus was erected for adults with cordate pronota and long, narrow metepisterna. Members of this subgenus are very similar to those of subgenus Stenochlaenius, with which they share a cordate pronotum, but from which they differ in having a pubescent body (body glabrous in Stenochlaeniusadults).

To date, nine species of the subgenus have been described from Asia, namely, Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička (1935) (Type locality: Wenxian, Gansu, China), Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir (1856) (Nord Industan, India), Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates (1889) (Goorais Valley, Pakistan), Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička (1935) (Kosempo, Taiwan, China), Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz (1998) (Urai, Taiwan, China), Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer (2005) (Leishan, Guizhou, China), Chlaenius noguchii Bates (1873) (Kawachi, Japan), Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik (1933) (Ussuri, Far East, Russia), and Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer 1997 (Wenxian, Gansu, China). Recently, after studying Chlaenius specimens in the collection of the National Zoological Museum of China (Beijing) and in several other museums, we determined that two of these, Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates and Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička, were just junior synonyms of other species names, and that some specimens collected from Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Fujian provinces represented three new species. In this presentation, the new synonymic relationships are formally proposed and descriptions of the three new species are provided.

To date, no key including all known species of Lithochlaenius has been published. Based on our study of type specimens and/or original descriptions, we provide here a key to aid identifications of adults of all known species, including the three new ones described in this paper.

Materials and methods

We measured all available specimens for each species except for those with plentiful specimens, for which five males and five females were measured, including smallest and largest specimens for each sex (determined by visual inspection of the assembled samples). Measurements were made with the aid of a Nikon SMZ1500 stereoscopic dissecting microscope with a micrometer. Body length (BL) was measured as the linear distance along the midline from the apex of the longer mandible to the apex of the longer elytron. Other measurements, and abbreviations used for them in this paper, are as follows: HW = maximum head width including the eyes; EYL = eye length measured along the longitudinal diameter of the eye (dorsal–lateral view); PL = length of pronotum measured along median line; PW = pronotum width at its widest point; EL = elytron length from base to apex; EW = width across both elytra at widest point (equal to body width).

Wherever we refer to abdominal ventral plates, we use the numbering system that recognizes the generally accepted segmental homologies in Carabidae. Thus the first visible sternum (i.e. the sternum divided medially by the hind coxae) in Chlaenius adults is sternum II and the last visible sternum is sternum VII.

All photographs were taken through a Nikon stereoscopic dissecting microscope fitted with a Canon 450D camera, and were edited by Helicon Focus and Photoshop software.

Specimens examined in the course of this study were deposited at the following collections:

BMNH Natural History Museum, London, U.K.

CASC California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, U.S.A.

CCCC Private Collection of Changchin Chen, Tianjin, China

HBUM Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China

IZCAS National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China

MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

NMPC Narodni Muzeum, Prirodovedecke Muzeum, Prague, Czech Republic

OMNH Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan

SIECAS Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

ZRAS Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

Taxonomy
Subenus Lithochlaenius Kryzhanovskij, 1976

http://species-id.net/wiki/Lithochlaenius

Hemichlaenius Lutshnik, 1933:169 (nec Bates, 1892:307). Type species Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, 1933; Kryzhanovskij, 1976:11
Lithochlaenius Kryzhanovskij, 1976:9. Type species Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, 1933; Morita, 1993:161
Agilochlaenius Kirschenhofer, 1997:116. Type species Chlaenius latro LaFerté–Sénectère, 1851; Kirschenhofer, 2000:58
Diagnosis.

Antennomere 3 distinctly longer than antennomeres 1 and 2 combined (Fig. 9); pronotum distinctly cordate (Fig. 1), disk glabrous or sparsely pubescent, each hind angle with single seta (Fig. 2); scutellar setiferous pore puncture present (Fig. 3); venter densely pubescent laterally, sparsely pubescent or glabrous medially (Fig. 4); prosternal intercoxal process punctate, bordered at apex; metepisterna long and narrow (Fig. 10); basal margination of elytra incomplete, absent from medial portion; anterior tarsomere 4 short and deeply emarginate apically (more distinctly so in male, Figs 5–8); aedeagus tubular, ejaculatory orifice long, extended to basal fifth of aedeagus, lamella short (Figs 11, 117145); gonostylus of female ovipositor smooth, with one setiferous pore near apex and one slender spine at basal inner margin (Figs 12–15).

Description.

Length 12.0–18.0 mm, width 4.6–6.4 mm. Head and pronotum black, with green, blue or coppery metallic luster; elytra black, with blue or coppery luster in a few species; ventral surface black; legs black, brown or yellow; antennae yellow, brown, or dark brown.

Head with vertex nearly glabrous, or sparsely and coarsely punctate behind posterior level of eye; eyes moderately prominent; genae pubescent; antennae long, antennomere 1 (scape) coniform (Figs 52–53, 57–59), cylindrical (Figs 56, 60), or elongate-ovoid (Figs 54–55, 61–65); antennomere 3 sparsely setose, distinctly longer than antennomeres 1 and 2 combined (Fig. 9); mandibles triangular, hooked at apex; labrum with six setigerous punctures near apex; maxillary and labial palpi cylindrical, slightly compressed at apex; maxillary palpi glabrous; penultimate labial palpomere with a few setae, apical labial palpomere glabrous; glossal sclerite with two subapical setae; tooth of mentum bifid or emarginate at apex, with one pair of setae near the base; gula glabrous, slightly rugose.

Pronotum cordate (Fig. 1), widest at apical one-third, front angles obtuse, hind angles acute; lateral margins bordered; disk glabrous or sparsely pubescent, base longitudinally rugose, punctate; basal foveae small, deep, rugose, pubescent; hind angles each with one seta (Fig. 2).

Elytra moderately convex, oblong, with distinct isodiametric microsculpture at least laterally; scutellar striae long, with basal setiferous pore present (Fig. 3); at least outer intervals pubescent (Figs 80–93), pubescence on intervals 8 and 9 generally denser than on others; wings full-sized, functional.

Abdominal sterna densely pubescent laterally, sparsely pubescent or glabrous medially (Fig. 4); sterna IV to VI with single long seta at each side; sternum VII with one seta at each side in male, two in female; apex of sternum VII more rounded in male than in female.

Pro- and mesosterna and pro-, mes-, and metepisterna densely pubescent; metasternum pubescent laterally, nearly glabrous medially; prosternal intercoxal process punctate and bordered at apex; scutellum triangular, glabrous.

Anterior femora without tooth; tarsomeres short, sparsely setose dorsally; anterior tarsomere 4 short and triangular, deeply emarginate (more so in male), with two rows of long setae ventrally (Figs 5–8); basal three anterior tarsomeres dilated in male.

Male genitalia with aedeagus tubular, simple; ejaculatory orifice long (Fig. 11); apical lamella short, rounded or slightly truncated at apex. Gonostylus of female ovipositor smooth, with one setiferous pore near apex and a long slender spine at basal inner margin, outer margin without or with a very short spine (Figs 12–15).

Figures 1–15.

Character states of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp. Figs 1–13 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik1 pronotum2 site of hind angle seta3 elytral base showing the site of basal pore4 abdominal sterna showing the pubescence5 male anterior tarsomere 4 in dorsal view6 male anterior tarsomere 4 in ventral view7 female anterior tarsomere 4 in dorsal view8 female anterior tarsomere 4 in ventral view9 antennomeres 1–5 showing antennomere 3 distinctly longer than 1 and 2 ones combined10 metepisternum11 aedeagus, showing the basic structure of the aedeagus in Lithochlaenius species12 female gonostylus in ventral view13 female gonostylus in lateral view14 female gonostylus of Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n. in ventral view15 female gonostylus of Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n. in lateral view.

Figures 16–21.

Habitus of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp16 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., holotype, male, dorsal view17 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., holotype, male, ventral view18 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., holotype, male, dorsal view19 Chlaenius linwensini sp.n., holotype, male, ventral view20 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., holotype, male, dorsal view21 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., holotype, male, ventral view. Scale line = 5.0 mm.

Figures 22–27.

Habitus ofChlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp22 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, holotype, dorsal view23 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, holotype, ventral view24 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, male, in CCCC, dorsal view25 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, ventral view26 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, male, in IZCAS, dorsal view27 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, male, in IZCAS, ventral view. Scale line = 5.0 mm.

Figures 28–33.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp28 Chlaenius noguchii Bates, male, in IZCAS, dorsal view29 Chlaenius noguchii Bates, male, in IZCAS, ventral view30Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, male, in IZCAS, dorsal view31 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, male, in IZCAS, ventral view32 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, male, in IZCAS, dorsal view33 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, male, in IZCAS, ventral view. Scale line = 5.0 mm.

Figures 34–39.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp34 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, male, collected from Ussuri region, in IZCAS, dorsal view35 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, male, collected from Ussuri region, in IZCAS, ventral view36 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, cotype, male, in BMNH, dorsal view37 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, cotype, male, in BMNH, ventral view38 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype, male, in MNHN, dorsal view39 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype, male, in MNHN, ventral view. Scale line = 5.0 mm.

Figures 40–45.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp40 Chlaenius nuristanus a. rubridipes Jedlička, paratype, male, in MNHN, dorsal view41 Chlaenius nuristanus a. rubridipes Jedlička, paratype, male, in MNHN, ventral view42 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, holotype, male, in NMPC, dorsal view43Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička, holotype, male, in NMPC, dorsal view44 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, from Taiwan, male, in IZCAS, dorsal view45 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, from Taiwan, male, in IZCAS, ventral view. Scale line = 5.0 mm.

Geographical Distribution.

China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), North Korea, Japan, Russia (Far East), Afghanistan, Pakistan, India. The known localities of Lithochlaenius species are shown in Fig. 158. Based on the work of Andrewes (1930) and Paik et al. (2006), members of this subgenus also occur in Indo-China (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam), but we have not studied specimens from those countries.

Biology.

Members of this subgenus are typically collected on sandy beaches of rivers or streams (Figs 146153). Adults of some species (e. g., Chlaenius agiloides, Chlaenius rambouseki) have been observed feeding on mollusks, worms, and dragonfly larvae at night (Figs 154–157). A few species have also been collected in light traps.

Remarks.

Based on the metallic body surface, single supraorbital seta, antennomere 3 longest and antennomeres 4–11 densely pubescent, Lithochlaenius species can be recognized as a member of the genus Chlaenius. Members of this subgenus are similar to those of subgenus Stenochlaenius in shape of the pronotum, but the latter are much smaller and have a glabrous body surface.

As presently conceived, the subgenus can be divided into two species groups: 1) the rambouseki group, members of which have all elytral intervals densely and more or less equally pubescent, and males have aedeagi slender in dorsal view; and 2) the agilis group, members of which have at least elytral intervals 1–5 glabrous medially with pubescence restricted to the strial depressions, intervals 6–9 densely pubescent, and males have aedeagi generally stouter in dorsal view. Most species of the subgenus have restricted geographical ranges, and only C. rambousekiis more broadly distributed.

In his treatment of the North American species of genus Chlaenius, Bell (1960) suggested that his solitarius species group, which included Chlaenius cordicollis Kirby, Chlaenius leucoscelis Chevrolat, Chlaenius prasinus Dejean, Chlaenius purpureus Chaudoir, and Chlaenius solitarius Say, represented a distinct group within his subgenus Chlaenius sensu stricto. He noted that the range of this group extends south into South America and that "Related forms occur in the Old World”. In the paper in which he proposed Lithochlaenius as a replacement name for Hemichlaenius Lutshnik, Kryzhanovskij (1976: 16) cited Bell's paper and suggested that Chlaenius solitarius might be a North American representative of that subgenus. Robert Davidson (personal communication) shares the view that species of Bell's solitarius group, and at least five additional species in Middle and South America, are likely related to some if not all Lithochlaenius species. All of these New World species share most of the diagnostic features of Lithochlaeniusand all of them have elytral pubescence as seen in members of the rambouseki group. However, members of all these New World species are distinguished in having the lateral and basal elytral margins smoothly continuous around the humeri without forming any trace of an angle and the elytral epipleura and basal regions smoothly continuous around the humeri, not separated by a carina of any kind. These were the main features that Bell used to distinguish members of his solitarius group. In contrast, members of all the Asian species of Lithochlaenius that we have studied have a distinct humeral angle formed at the junction of the lateral and basal elytral margins and a more or less distinctly carinate separation of the (lateral) epipleural from the basal (anterior vertical) elytral surfaces. Hence, Asian Lithochlaenius specimens could not be identified as members of the solitariusgroups using Bell's (1960) key. There is also greater variation in the development of the elytral basal margin (from complete to partially interrupted) and in the length and shape of the apical lamella of the male aedeagus among New World species than we have seen among the Asian Lithochlaeniusspecies. Consequently, we suggest that placement of any New World species in subgenus Lithochlaenius would be premature at this time and should await a more comprehensive, worldwide treatment of genus Chlaenius and analyses of phylogenetic relationships among the included species, species groups, and subgenera.


Key to the species of subgenus Lithochlaenius .
1 All intervals punctate, pubescent, slightly convex (Figs 88–89, 93); aedeagus slender, basal portion rugose (rambouseki group) 2
At least basal half of intervals 1–5 smooth and glabrous medially, distinctively convex (Figs 80–87, 90–92); aedeagus usually stout, basal portion smooth (agilis group) 3
2 Intervals dull, with dense and regular punctures (Figs 89, 93); antennomere 1 elongate ovoid (Figs 61, 65); apical lamella of aedeagus thin (Figs 137, 145) Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik
Intervals shining, with sparse and irregular punctures (large and small punctures mixed) (Fig. 88); antennomere 1 cylindrical (Fig. 60); apical lamella of aedeagus thick (Figs 134–135) Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička
3 Antennomere 1 with apical end much thicker than basal end, coniform (Figs 52–53, 57–59) 4
Antennomere 1 with apical end as thick as basal end, elongate-ovoid (Figs 54, 55, 62–64) or cylindrical (Fig. 56) 8
4 Intervals 1–7 glabrous medially, with a row of pubescence laterally (near striae) (Fig. 86); legs dark brown or brown (Fig. 29); apex of sternum VII subtruncate (Figs 105, 106); aedeagus slender, depressed, apical lamella bent ventrally (Figs 129–130) Chlaenius noguchii Bates
Intervals 6–7 pubescent, intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with a row of pubescence laterally (near striae) (Figs 80–81, 85, 87); aedeagus stout 5
5 Tibiae and femora bi-colored, with tibiae black or dark brown (Figs 26–27), femora yellow or light brown; lamella of aedeagus rounded at apex (Fig. 127), thickened, and bent ventrally (Fig. 128) Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer
Tibiae and femora concolorous, yellow or brown (Figs 16–19, 30–31) 6
6 All antennomeres brown or dark brown (Fig. 18); hind trochanters brown, nearly the same color as hind femora (Fig. 19); elytra with basal three-fourths of intervals 1–5 glabrous medially; lamella of aedeagus sub-truncate at apex (Fig. 119), thick (Fig. 120) Chlaenius linwensini Liu & Liang, sp. n.
At least antennomere 1 yellow or brown, paler than the rest (Figs 16, 30); hind trochanters much darker than hind femora (Figs 17, 41); elytra with entire lengths of intervals 1–5 glabrous medially; lamella of aedeagus rounded at apex (Figs 117, 131), thin (Figs 118, 132) 7
7 Antennomeres 1–3 brown, color paler than antennomeres 4–11 (Fig. 30); apical lamella of aedeagus bent ventrally (Fig. 132) Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer
Only antennomere 1 yellow or brown, color paler than antennomeres 2–11 (Fig. 16); apical lamella of aedeagus straight (Fig. 118) Chlaenius chuanqianensis Liu & Liang, sp. n.
8 Intervals 1–7 glabrous medially (Fig. 84); antennomere 1 cylindrical (Fig. 56); lamella of aedeagus subtruncate at apex (Fig. 125) Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz
At most intervals 1–5 glabrous medially (Figs 82–83, 90–92); antennomere 1 elongate ovoid (Figs 54–55, 62–64); lamella of aedeagus round at apex (Figs 121, 123, 138, 140, 142) 9
9 Male with media lobe of aedeagus gradually bent near base (Fig. 122), lamella triangular at apex, left side of media lobe nearly straight in dorsal view (Fig. 121) Chlaenius propeagilis Liu & Kavanaugh, sp. n.
Male with media lobe of aedeagus abruptly bent near the base (Figs 124, 139, 141, 143), lamella rounded at apex, left side of media lobe expand laterally in dorsal view (Figs 123, 138, 140, 142) Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir

The agilis group
Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) chuanqianensis Liu & Liang, sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2DA7CCAE-4DD2-4CF0-A722-88CA003C691A

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_chuanqianensis

Figs 16–17, 52, 66, 80, 94–95, 117–118, 146, 150, 158
Types.

Holotype: male (IZCAS), "China, Guizhou, Xishui County, Dabaitang, 600m”/ "IOZ & Guizhou Univ. Joint Expedition, 2000.9.24, Liang H.B” / ""Holotype, Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) chuanqianensis Liu & Liang sp. n."" [red label]. Paratypes: Total 14 specimens. 1 female (IZCAS), "China, Guizhou, Xishui County, Dabaitang, 550m”/ "IOZ & Guizhou Univ Joint Expedition, 2000.9.27, Liang H. B.”; 1 female (HBUM), "China, Guizhou, Xishui County, Dabaitang”/ "2000. IX. 25–29, collector Ren G. D.”; 1 male (IZCAS), "China, Guizhou, Xishui County, Chengzhai, Hongqi village, 28.419033, 106.273766”/ "2009.10.8, Liu Y. & Shi H. L.”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Ya-an”; / ""1990.VII.3, Xie Weiping collector”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Xinjin” / ""1981.VI.13, Liu Hongjiang collector”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Anxian”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Shehong” / ""1980.7.7”; 3 males and 3 females (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Yajiang, Hekou Town, Shanbeihou, Yalongjiang, N30.00020, E101.01526” / "2009.5.28 N, Liang Hongbin coll.”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Yajiang, Hekou Town, Shanbeihou, Yalongjiang, E30.00020, N101.01526”/ "2009.5.27, Day, Liang Hongbin coll.”. Each paratype with an additional yellow label: ""Paratype, Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) chuanqianensis Liu & Liang sp. n."".

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 52); color of antennomere 1 yellow or brown; intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with one row of pubescence laterally (Fig. 80); aedeagus stout, apical lamella round (Fig. 117), thin and straight in lateral view (Fig. 118).

Description.

Total length = 16.0–17.0 mm (mean = 16.8), width = 5.60–6.13 mm (mean = 5.86); HW = 2.60–2.95 mm (mean = 2.82), EYL = 0.95–1.10 mm (mean = 1.03), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.56–1.72 (mean = 1.64), PL/PW = 0.76–0.84 (mean = 0.81), EL/EW = 1.68–1.91 (mean = 1.79), EL/ PL = 1.37–1.49 (mean = 1.42).

Head and pronotum black with green or coppery metallic luster; elytra black; ventral surface black; mandibles and trochanters dark brown; antennomere 1, femora, tibiae yellow to brown; antennomeres 2–11, palpi and tarsi dark brown to nearly black.

Head with vertex smooth medially, coarsely punctate behind eyes; labrum slightly emarginate at apex; antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 52). Pronotum with disk smooth, very sparsely punctate along midline in a few specimens; lateral furrow sparsely pubescent and coarsely punctate; medial longitudinal furrow deep, impunctate; basal foveae narrow, deep, sparsely pubescent and punctate. Elytral intervals convex, intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with a row of setae laterally (Fig. 80), pubescent in apical one-fifth in a few specimens, intervals 6–9 pubescent throughout; striae deep, punctate; humeral angles obtuse (Fig. 66). Abdominal sterna IV–VI sparsely pubescent medially, densely pubescent laterally; sternum VII narrowly rounded apically in both sexes (Figs 94–95). Lamella of aedeagus round at apex (Fig. 117), thin and straight in lateral view (Fig. 118).

Etymology.

The Latinized name chuanqianensis refers to type localities of this new species in "chuanqian” regions, of which "chuan” refers to Sichuan Province and "qian” refers to Guizhou Province).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known only from Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, China.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were obtained from the holotype and all paratypes.

Members of this species are most similar to those of Chlaenius wrasei in shape of antennomere 1 and elytral pubescence, but differ from the latter in color of antennomere 1 (paler than antennomere 3 in Chlaenius chuanqianensis, antennomeres 1 and 3 concolorous in Chlaenius wrasei) and orientation of the apical lamella of the aedeagus of males (straight in Chlaenius chuanqianensis, bent ventrally in Chlaenius wrasei).

They are also similar to Chlaenius leishanensis members in pubescence of elytral intervals, but different from the latter in having yellow tibiae (black or dark brown in Chlaenius leishanensis), and males have a thin aedeagal lamella of the aedeagus (lamella thick in Chlaenius leishanensis males).

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) linwensini Liu & Liang, sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EE7D65D7-2C84-497B-AA28-F62D7DACD5E7

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_linwensini

Figs 18–19, 53, 67, 81, 96–97, 119–120, 158
Types.

Holotype: male (IZCAS), "Fujian, Jianyang, Huangkeng, Guiling, 270–340m""/ ""1960.III.26, Zhang Yiran collector""/ ""Holotype, Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) linwensini Liu & Liang sp. n.""[red label]. Paratypes: Total 6 specimens. 1 male (IZCAS), "Fujian: Jianyang, Huangkeng, Guiling, 270–340m""/ ""1960.III.26, Zhang Yiran collector""; 1 female (IZCAS), "Fujian, Chong"an, Xingcun Sangang, 740m, light trap""/ "1960.VII.15, Zhang Yiran collector""; 1 female (IZCAS), "Fujian: Chong-an, San-gang""/ "1979.VIII.5, Song Shimei collector""; 1 male (SIECAS), "Fujian, Chong"an, Xingcun""/ "1960.VI.27, Jin Lin collector""; 1 male (SIECAS), "Fujian: Chong"an, Xingcun""; 1 male (IZCAS), "Fujian: Dehua, Chenguan, 510–550m""/ ""1960.VI.2, collector Ma Chenling"". Each paratype with an additional yellow label: "Paratype, Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) linwensini Liu & Liang sp. n."".

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 53); all antennomeres concolorous; basal two-thirds of intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with irregular setae laterally (Fig. 81); lamella of aedeagus subtruncate at apex (Fig. 119), thickened and bent ventrally (Fig. 120).

Description.

Total length = 14.50–16.50 mm (mean = 15.71), width = 5.33–5.87 mm (mean = 5.60); HW = 2.40–2.85 mm (mean = 2.71), EYL = 1.00–1.15 mm (mean = 1.05), ratio Ant3/Ant1= 1.37–1.61 (mean = 1.50), PL/PW = 0.82–0.90 (mean = 0.86), EL/EW = 1.67–1.81 (mean = 1.76), EL/ PL = 1.27–1.41 (mean = 1.35).

Head and pronotum black, with green or coppery metallic luster; elytra black; ventral surface black; antennae, palpi, femora, and tibiae brown; mandibles, trochanters, and tarsi dark brown.

Head with vertex smooth medially, coarsely punctate and sparsely pubescent behind eye; labrum slightly emarginate at apex; antennomere 1 strongly coniform (Fig. 53). Pronotum with disk smooth medially, very sparsely punctate and pubescent along the middle line; lateral furrow very sparsely punctate; basal foveae small, deep, coarsely punctate and sparsely pubescent. Elytral intervals convex, basal two-thirds of intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with irregularly arranged setae laterally (Fig. 81), apical one-third of intervals 1–5 sparsely pubescent medially, intervals 6–9 densely pubescent; striae deep, punctate; humeral angle obtuse (Fig. 67). Abdominal sterna IV–VI sparsely pubescent medially, densely pubescent laterally; sternum VII broadly rounded apically in male, narrowly truncate apically in female (Figs 96–97). Lamella of aedeagus truncate at apex (Fig. 119), thick and bent ventrally (Fig. 120).

Etymology.

The Latinized namelinwensini refers to Mr. Lin Wensin, an excellent insect collector who died during a recent collecting trip to Hainan, China.

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known only from Fujian Province, China.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were obtained from the holotype and all paratypes.

Male members of this species are similar to those of Chlaenius formosensis in the shape of the lamella of aedeagus, but males and females differ from those of the latter in having antennomere 1 coniform (cylindrical in Chlaenius formosensis), elytral intervals 6–7 pubescent throughout (glabrous medially in Chlaenius formosensis), and males have the aedeagus convex ventrally in the middle portion (straight in Chlaenius formosensis males).

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) propeagilis Liu & Kavanaugh, sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0DB721CA-0192-49D6-BD14-A9320D1D574C

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_propeagilis

Figs 14–15, 20–21, 54, 68, 82, 98–99, 121–122, 148, 158
Types.

Holotype: male (IZCAS), "Southwest Yunnan, Gongshan, Dulongjiang, 0.5km N of Dizhengdang, 28.08442, 98.32652”/ "1880 m, 2004.10.29, David Kavanaugh Coll.”/ "Holotype Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) propeagilis Liu & Kavanaugh sp. n.” [red label]. Paratypes: Total 452 specimens (IZCAS, CASC): 1 male, "China, Yunnan Provin. Gongshan County, Cikai town, along street, N27°44'43", E98°39'53"”/ "1500 m, 2006.5.5, Liang H.B, Ba Weidong”; 2 males, "China, Yunnan, Gongshan County, Cikai Township, Nu Jiang at Dashaba, N27.73845, E098.67092”/ "1430 m, 8–9 October 2002, Stop #DHK 2002–40, D.H. Kavanaugh, P.E. Marek & H.B. Liang collectors”; 17 males and 11 females, "China, Yunnan Provin. Gongshan County, Cikai town, Pulahe, N27°46'08", E98°39'12"”/ "1510 m, 2002.9.21–24, Liang Hongbin, Ba Weidong”; 1 male and 1 female, "China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Cikai Township, 3.3 airkm NW of Gongshan above hydropower diversion dam, 1530 m”/ "N27.77175, E098.64924, 24 September 2002, Stop # DHK 2002–028, D.H. Kavanaugh collector”; 2 males, "China, Yunnan Prov. Gongshan, Cikai Town, Pulahe joint of Nujiang, 27.74843N, 98.66498E”/ "1530m, 2004.10.23, D. Kavanaugh, Dong D.Z.”; 6 males and 6 females, "China, Yunnan Provin. Gongshan County, Cilou (Power Station), N27°46'14", E98°39'16"”/ "1510m, 2002.5.6, Liang H.B, Ba Weidong, Yang Guodong, Li X.Q”; 5 males and 3 females, "China, Yunnan Provin. Gongshan County, Cikai town, Gazu Station, N27°44'35", E98°36'17"”/ "1600–1750 m, 2002.5.5, Liang H.B, Ba Weidong”; 2 males, "China, Yunnan Provin. Gongshan County, Cikai town to Qiqi Station, N27.43086, E98.34150”/ "1700–2000m, 2002.4.29, Liang Hongbin, Ba W.D.”; 7 males and 26 females, "China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Cikai Township, 3.0 airkm N of Gongshan on Pula He at hydropower diversion dam, 1500 m”/ "N27.77055°, E098.65446°, 24 September 2002, Stop # DHK 2002–027, D.H. Kavanaugh, P.E. Marek & D.Z. Dong collectors”; 3 males and 4 females (CASC), "CHINA, Yunnan Province, Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefecture, Gongshan County, Qiqi He just above hydroelectric plant, 1500m”/ "N27.75748°, E98.66073°, 22 July 2000, Stop #00–269, D.H. Kavanaugh, Liang H.-B., & Dong D.-Z. collectors”; 2 males and 4 females, "China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Bingzhongluo Township, 34km N of Gongshan at junction of Shuangla He and Nu Jiang, 1550m”/ "E27.96918°, E098.66198°, 25 September 2002, stop # DHK 2002–039, D.H. Kavanaugh, P.E. Marek & D.Z. Dong collectors”; 4 males and 6 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Gongshan, Bingzhongluo, Shuangla He, beach, 27.96817N, 98.66187E”/ "1520 m, 2004.10.22, D. Kavanaugh collector”; 12 males and 10 females, "China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Bingzhongluo, Shuanglahe, riverside, N27°58'59", E98°39'15"”/ "1588 m, 2002.9.22–26, Liang H.B. Li Xiangqian”; 2 males and 5 females, "China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Bingzhongluo, Shuanglahe, riverside, N27°58'59", E98°39'15"”/ "1588 m, 2002.7.20, Ba Weidong”; 5 males and 2 female, "China, Yunnan Prov. Gongshan, Dulongjiang, 0.5 km N of Dizhengdang, 28.08442N, 98.32652E”/ "1880 m, 2004.10.29; D. Kavanaugh, Dong D.Z.”; 7 males and 4 females, "China, Yunnan Provin. Gongshan County, Dulongjiang, Kongdang, headlamp, 27.87764N, 98.33618E”/ "1510m, 2006.8.27, David Kavanaugh”; 12 males and 17 females, "China, Yunnan Provin. Gongshan, Dulongjiang, Xianjiudang village, 27.94092N, 98.33340E”/ "1580m, 2004.11.4, D. Kavanaugh, Dong D.Z.”;1 male, "China, Yunnan, Fugong County, Shangpa Town, west bank of Nu Jiang, 1185 m, N26.90668, E098.86339”/ "13 October 2002, Stop #DHK 2002–047, D.H. Kavanaugh, P.E. Marek & H.B. Liang, D.Z. Dong collectors”; 5 males and 3 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Fugong, Shangpa Town, Nujiang, River, 26.90650N, 98.86397E”/ "1175 m, 2004.4.20, Liang H.B. coll.”; 9 males and 4 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Fugong, Shangpa Town, Beach of Nujiang, 26.90650N, 98.86397E”/ 1175 m, 2005.8.20, Liang H.B. Zhang J.F. Dong D.Z.”; 7 males and 5 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Fugong, Shangpa Town, Mugujia, riverside, 26.86203N, 98.87142E”/ 1177 m, 2005.8.22, Dong Dazhi collector”; 1 male and 2 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Fugong, Shangpa, Mugujia, round waterfall, 26.86203N, 98.87142E”/ 1177 m, 2005.8.22, Liang H.B. Zhang J.F.”; 1 female, "China, Yunnan, Fugong, Lumadeng Township, 2km airkm S of Aludi on Nu Jiang, 1245 m, N27.09037, E098.87359”/ "20 September 2002, Stop # DHK 2002–022, D.H. Kavanaugh & H.B. Liang collectors”; 1 female, "China, Yunnan Prov., Fugong, Pihe at junction of Nujiang River, 26.53177N, 98.89753E”/ "1060 m, 2004.4.20, D. Kavanaugh, C. Griswold”; 2 males and 6 females, "China, Yunnan, Lushui, Liuku, west bank of Nu Jiang, 960 m, N25.854, E098.852/ "15 October 2002, stop # DHK 2002–050, D.Z. Dong collector”; 1 male and 2 females, "China, Yunnan Provin. Lushui, Beach of Nujiang River, under stone, N25°51'20", E98°50'58"”/ 800 m, 2002.9.19, Liang Hongbin”; 2 males and 2 females (CASC), "CHINA, Yunnan Province, Gaoligongshan Mountains, Nujiang Prefecture, Lushui County, Salween River, 17 km N of Liuku, 970m”/ "25°58.7'N, 98°50.4'E, 21 October 1998, Stop #98–120, D.H. Kavanaugh & C.-L. Long collectors”; 2 females (CASC), "CHINA, Yunnan Province, Nujiang Prefecture, Lushui County, Liuku Township, Liuku, 800m”/ "25.86010°N, 98.85155°E, 25–26 June 2000, Stop #00–7, D.H. Kavanaugh & Liang H.-B. collectors”; 4 males and 5 females (CASC), "CHINA, Yunnan Province, Nujiang Prefecture, Lushui County, San jiang Township, Nu Jiang, 790m”/ "25.72964°N, 98.87180°E, 26 June 2000, Stop #00–9, D.H. Kavanaugh & Liang H.-B. collectors”; 7 male and 7 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Baoshan, Longyang, Bawan, Dongfengqiao, 24.98742N, 98.87047E”/ "670 m, 2005.6.1, D. Kavanaugh, Dong D.Z.”; 15 male and 16 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Baoshan, Longyang, Bawan, Dongfengqiao, 24.98535N, 98.87382E”/ "670 m, 2005.5.29–6.1, Liang H.B. Dong D.Z.”; 1 male, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Mangbang, Longwenqiao, 25.02329N, 98.67710E”/ "1290 m, 2006.6.5, Liang H.B. Hu P.”; 6 males and 7 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Mangbang, Longwenqiao, beach, 25.02396N, 98.67675E”/ "1285 m, 2006.6.5, David Kavanaugh”; 3 males and 1 female, "China, Yunnan Province, Tengchong, Shangying, N25°02'29.7", E98°40'22.9"” / "1335 m, 2003.10.19, Liang H.B, Shi X.C.”; 2 males and 8 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong Co., Wuhe Town, Longjiangqiao, 24.89499N, 98.67510E”/ "1205 m, 2005.V.24, Kavanaugh D. Dong D.Z.”; 1 female, "China, Yunnan Province, Tengchong, Wuhe Township, Longjiang Bridge on Longchuanjiang”/ "N24.89889, E098.67667, 1215 m, 28 October 2003, under rocks, Dong D.Z. collector”; 17 males and 9 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Wuhe, Longjiangqiao, beach, 24.89176N, 98.67551E”/ "1230 m, 2006.6.3, Kavanaugh D. Brett R.”; 4 males and 4 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong Co., Wuhe Town, Longjiangqiao, 24.89284N, 98.67439E”/ "1210 m, 2005.V.24, Liang H.B. Yang J.L”; 1 male, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Wuhe, Longjiangqiao, beach, 24.89293N, 98.67489E”/ "1220 m, 2006.6.3, Liang H.B. Hu P.”; 3 males, "China, Yunnan Province, Tengchong Co. Qushi Township, Shuang He Cun, N25.32555, E098.60861”/ "1464 m, 21 October 2003, under rocks, Dong D.Z. collector”; 2 males, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Qushi, Xiangyangqiao, beach, 25.21221N, 98.57836E”/ "1500 m, 2006.V.24, David Kavanaugh”; 2 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Qushi, Xiangyangqiao, beach, 25.23939N, 98.62723E”/ "1440 m, 2006.V.24, David Kavanaugh”; 11 males and 14 females (CASC), "CHINA, Yunnan Province, Gaoligongshan Mountains, Baoshan Prefecture, Tengchong County, Longchuan River at Longkou village”/ ”25°16.9'N, 98°35.5'E, 1500 m, 25 October 1998, Stop #98–126, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, & C.-L. Long collectors”; 6 males and 1 female, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Qushi, Longkou, beach, 25.28175N, 98.59246E”/ "1500 m, 2006.6.6, David Kavanaugh”; 5 males and 1 female (CASC), "CHINA, Yunnan Province, Gaoligongshan Mountains, Baoshan Prefecture, Tengchong County, Longchuan River at Longkou village”/ "25°16.9'N, 98°35.5'E, 1500 m, 2 November 1998, Stop #98–128, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, C.-L. Long, R. Li, & H.-X. He collectors”; 3 males and 5 females, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Qushi, Qinqiao, 25.27236N, 98.60093E”/ "1460 m, 2006.6.2–6, David Kavanaugh, Brett R.”; 4 males and 4 females, "China, Yunnan Province, Tengchong, Zhoujiapo Village, N25.33222, E098.67611”/ "1740 m, 24 October 2003, under rocks Dong D.Z. collector”; 3 males, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Jietou, Yonganqiao, beach, 25.32502N, 98.70459E”/ "1470 m, 2006.V.24, Liang H.B.”; 2 males and 1 female, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Jietou, Yonganqiao, beach, 25.32504N, 98.60959E”/ "1470 m, 2006.5.24, Kavanaugh D. Brett R.”; 1 male, "China, Yunnan Prov. Tengchong, Hehua, Dengma, on beach, 24.92346N, 98.38612E”/ "1105 m, 2006.6.2, Kavanaugh D. Brett R.”; 3 males and 1 female, "China, Yunnan Province, Jingping Co., Mengla Town, Mengla-daqiao, River side 22˚39'45.7", 103˚04'44.7"”/ "312m, 2003.12.15, day, Liang H B, Boris Kataev Colls.”; 12 males and 10 females (IZCAS), "Yunnan, Jingdong, 1100m”/ "1982.IV.29–V.2, Yu P.Y.& Liao S.B.”; 1 female, "Yunnan, Honghe Prefecture, Lvchun, Huanglianshan, 2009.V. 16, Bai X. X. coll.” 2 males and 1 female, "Yunnan, Menglun, Xishuanbanna Botanical Garden”, "2005.5.22, light trap, Zheng Guo leg.”; 3 males and 5 females, "China, Sichuan, Yajiang, Hekou Town, Shabeihou, Yalongjiang, N30.00020, E101.01526”/ "2583m, 2009.5.27–28, Liang H.B.”; 1 female (IZCAS), "China, Tibet, Bomi Yi"ong, Tangmai bridge, Beach of Yi"ong Zangbo, 30.09633N, 95.06577E”/ "2035m, 2006.8.30 N, Liang H.B., Song Z.S.”. Each paratype with an additional yellow label: "Paratype Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) propeagilis Liu & Kavanaugh sp. n.”

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 elongate ovoid (Fig. 54); color of antennomeres 1–3 lighter than antennomeres 4–11; intervals 1–5 almost glabrous medially, with one or two rows of pubescence at each lateral side, more evenly pubescent near apex (Fig. 82); apical lamella of aedeagus moderately triangular (Fig. 121), thick and reflexed in lateral view (Fig. 122).

Description.

Total length = 15.50–17.00 mm (mean = 15.71), width = 5.60–6.13 mm (mean = 5.81); HW = 2.75–2.95 mm (mean = 2.82), EYL = 1.00–1.15 mm (mean = 1.09), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.73–1.93 (mean = 1.81), PL/PW = 0.78–0.85 (mean = 0.83), EL/EW = 1.62–1.79 (mean = 1.73), EL/ PL = 1.29–1.45 (mean = 1.36).

Head and pronotum black with green or coppery metallic luster; elytra black; ventral surface black, with some slight metallic reflection; coxae almost black; mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 4–11, palpomere, trochanters, tibiae at both ends, and tarsomeres reddish or brown; antennomeres 1–3, femora and middle portions of tibiae yellow or yellowish-brown.

Head rugose near eyes and occiput, vertex sparsely rugose; eyes prominent; antennomere 1 elongate–ovoid (Fig. 54); labrum concave at apex, with distinct microsculpture; mentum tooth emarginate apically.

Pronotum cordate, moderately convex; lateral margins bordered; disk almost smooth, sparsely rugose and setose near base and lateral margins; basal foveae moderately deep.

Elytra widest at mid-length; humeral angle obtuse (Fig. 68); striae deep, punctate; intervals moderately convex, intervals 1–5 almost glabrous medially, with a row of pubescence laterally, intervals more evenly pubescent near apex (Fig. 82); intervals 6–9 pubescent throughout and with intervals 7–9 more densely pubescent than 6.

Abdominal sterna bordered, densely pubescent laterally; sterna IV–VI sparsely pubescent medially; sternum VII rugose–pubescent, with apex narrowly rounded or subobtuse in males (Fig. 98), more broadly rounded in female (Fig. 99).

Apical lamella of aedeagus moderately triangular (Fig. 121), thick and bent ventrally (Fig. 122). Gonostylus (Figs 14–15).

Etymology.

The Latinized namepropeagilis refers to the similarity of members of this species to those of Chlaenius agilis.

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known only from southeastern Tibet and Yunnan Province, China.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were based on measurements obtained from 5 males and 5 females selected for maximum variation.

Specimens of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) collected from western Yunnan were initially determined as Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir. However, after comparison of the male genitalia with those of type specimens of Chlaenius agilis, we are convinced that they represent a distinct new species. Males differ from those of Chlaenius agilis in having the median lobe of aedeagus gradually bent near the base in lateral view (Fig. 122), whereas Chlaenius agilis males have the median lobe abruptly bent with a depression near the base (Fig. 124).

This species is clearly very closely related to Chlaenius agilis. At present, the known ranges of these two species are broadly disjunct (Fig. 158). We know of no locality records for any Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) species from the intervening area (i.e., between northcentral India and southeastern Tibet and western Yunnan Province. Whether this distributional gap represents a real disjunction or is only an artifact of inadequate collecting in the area to date can only be determined from additional sampling efforts in the region. It would be particularly informative to determine whether or not any populations representing the propeagilis/agilis lineage occur in the region and, if so, whether or not males display intermediate genitalic traits.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) agilis Chaudoir

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_agilis

Figs 22–23, 3641, 46–49, 55, 62–64, 69, 76–78, 83, 90–92, 100, 113–115, 123–124, 138–143, 147, 158
Chlaenius latro LaFerté-Sénectère, 1851:250 (unavailable). Nomen nudum NEW STATUS
Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, 1856:246; 1876:193; Kryzhanovskij, 1976:12
Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, 1889:212; Kirschenhofer, 1997:116; Kirschenhofer, 2005:490. New synonymy
Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, 1956:194; Kirschenhofer, 2005:490. New synonymy
Chlaenius nuristanus a. rubridipes Jedlička, 1956:194 (not available, ICZN Articles 10A and 45.6.2).
Stenochlaenius anchomenoides Bates: Mandl, 1972:104
Specimens examined.

Total 15 specimens. India: type: male (MNHN), "agilis Chaud, Ind. orient bor. C. Boys.”/ "TYPE agilis”/ "Ex Musaeo Chaudoir”/ "agilis Chd”; Cotype: female (MNHN), "agilis Chaud, Ind. orient bor. C. Boys.”/ "TYPE agilis”/ "Ex Musaeo Chaudoir”/ "agilis Chd” ; Cotype: male (MNHN), "agilis Chaud, Ind. orient bor. C. Boys.”/ "latro”; 2 males and 3 females (CASC), "Bajaura, Kongra district (Indes Angl.)”/ "G. Babault, Juin 1914”/ "van Dyke collection”/ "Chlaenius agilis, Chaud., H.E. Andrewes det.”. 1 female (CASC), "W. Almora Divn, Kumaon U.P., Apr. 1917, HGC.”/ "Van Dyke Collection”. Pakistan: Cotype: 2 males (BMNH), "Goorais valley, 7000ft, V. 87”/ "H. E. Andrews Coll. B. M. 1945–97”/ "Ex coll. R. Oberthür”/ "Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, cotype, H. E. Andrews det.”/ "Co-type”. Afghanistan: 1 female (MNHN), "J. Klapperich, Bashgultal, 1100m, Nuristan, 22.4.53, Afghanistan”/ "Chlaenius nuristanus sp. n, det. ING. JEDLICKA”/ "Type”;

Paratype: 2 males (MNHN), "J. Klapperich, Asmar, 900m, Kunartal, 3.4.53, O-Afghanistan”/ "Chlaenius nuristanus sp.n, det. ING. JEDLICKA”/ "PARATYPE”; Type: 1 male (MNHN), "J. Klapperich, Asmar, 900m, Kunartal, 3.4.53, O-Afghanistan”/ "Chlaenius nuristanus a. rubridipes n. det. ING. JEDLICKA”/ "TYPUS”; Cotype: 1 male (MNHN), "J. Klapperich, Asmar, 900m, Kunartal, 3.4.53, O-Afghanistan”/ "Chlaenius nuristanus a. rubridipes n. det. ING. JEDLICKA”/ "Cotype”.

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 elongate ovoid (Figs 55, 62–64); basal two-thirds of intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with one row of pubescence laterally near striae (Figs 83, 90–92); aedeagus abruptly bent near base (Figs 124, 139, 141, 143).

Description.

Total length = 15.50–16.00 mm (mean = 15.50), width = 5.60–6.10 mm (mean = 5.73); HW = 2.75–2.95 mm (mean = 2.82), EYL = 1.00–1.15 mm (mean =1.00), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.67–1.83 (mean = 1.71), PL/PW = 0.84–0.85 (mean = 0.85), EL/EW = 1.63–1.73 (mean = 1.71), EYL/ PL = 1.15–1.44 (mean = 1.34). Mensural data cited in the description were obtained from type and cotype specimens examined.

Head, pronotum and elytra black, with green or blue metallic luster; ventral surface black; mandibles and trochanters dark brown; palpomeres, femora, and tarsomeres brown to dark brown; antennae and tibiae yellow to brown (Figs 22–23, 3641).

Head with vertex smooth or very sparsely punctate behind eyes; antennomere 1 elongate ovoid (Figs 55, 62–64); labrum slightly emarginate at apex. Pronotum with disk smooth; basal foveae deep, sparsely punctate and pubescent (Figs 22, 36, 38, 40). Elytra with intervals convex, basal two-thirds of intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with one row of pubescence laterally near striae (Figs 83, 90–92), intervals 6–9 and apical one-third of intervals 1–5 densely pubescent; striae deep, punctate; humeral angle obtuse (Figs 69, 76–78). Abdominal sterna IV–VI sparsely pubescent medially; sternum VII rugose–pubescent, narrowly rounded apically in males (Figs 100, 113–114), broadly rounded apically in females (Fig. 115). Aedeagus abruptly bent near base, apical lamella round (Figs 123, 138, 140, 142), thin and slight bent ventrally (Figs 124, 139, 141, 143).

Figures 46–51.

Labels of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp46 holotype, Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir (see Figs 22–23)47 Cotype, Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates (see Figs 40–41)48 Paratype, Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička (see Figs 42–43)49 Cotype, Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička (see Figs 44–45)50 Holotype, Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička (see Fig. 4851 Holotype, Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička (see Fig 49).

Figures 52–65.

Antennomere 1 of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) species52 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., holotype53 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., holotype54 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., holotype55 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, holotype56 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, CCCC57 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, IZCAS58 Chlaenius noguchii Bates, IZCAS59 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, IZCAS60 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, IZCAS61 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Ussuri region, IZCAS62 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, paratype63 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype64 Chlaenius nuristanus a. rubridipes Jedlička, paratype65 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Taiwan, CCCC. Scale line = 1.0 mm.

Figures 66–79.

Humeral region of elytra of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp66 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., holotype67 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., holotype68 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., holotype69 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, holotype70 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, CCCC71 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, IZCAS72 Chlaenius noguchii Bates, IZCAS73 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, IZCAS74 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, IZCAS75 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Ussuri region, ZCAS76 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, paratype77 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype78 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype79 Chlaenius rambousekiLutshnik from Taiwan, CCCC. Scale line = 1.0 mm.

Figures 80–93.

Elytral intervals of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp. 80 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., holotype81 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., holotype82 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., holotype83 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, holotype84 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, CCCC85 Chlaenius leishanensis, IZCAS86 Chlaenius noguchii Bates, IZCAS87 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, IZCAS88 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, IZCAS89 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Ussuri region, IZCAS90 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, paratype91 Chlaenius nuristanusJedlička, paratype92 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype93 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Taiwan, CCCC. Scale line = 1.0 mm.

Figures 94–116.

Abdominal sternum VII (ventral aspect) of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) species94 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., male, holotype95 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., female, paratype96 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., male, holotype97 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., female, paratype98 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., male, holotype99 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., female, paratype100 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, male, holotype101 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, male102 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, female103 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, male104 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, female105 Chlaenius noguchii Bates, male106 Chlaenius noguchii Bates, female107 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, male108 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, female109 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, male110 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, female111 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, from Ussuri region, male112 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Ussuri region, female113 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, male, paratype114 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, male, paratype115 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, female, paratype116 Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička from Taiwan, male. Scale line = 1.0 mm.

Figures 117–130.

Aedeagi of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) species117 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., holotype (dorsal view)118 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., holotype (left lateral view)119 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., holotype (dorsal view)120 Chlaenius linwensini sp. n., holotype (left lateral view)121 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., holotype (dorsal view)122 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., holotype (left lateral view)123 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, holotype (dorsal view)124 Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, holotype (left lateral view)125 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, holotype (dorsal view)126 Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, holotype (left lateral view)127 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer (dorsal view)128 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer (left lateral view)129 Chlaenius noguchiiBates (dorsal view)130 Chlaenius noguchiiBates (left lateral view). Scale lines: A = 1.0 mm (Figs 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129); B = 0.5 mm (Figs 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130).

Figures 131–145.

Aedeagi of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) species 131 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer (dorsal view) 132 Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer (left lateral view)133 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička (dorsal view) 134 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, holotype (left lateral view) 135 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička (left lateral view) 136 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Ussuri region (dorsal view)137 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Ussuri region (left lateral view) 138 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, paratype (dorsal view) 139 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, paratype (left lateral view)140 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype (dorsal view, black leg) 141 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype (left lateral view) 142 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype (dorsal view, yellow leg)143 Chlaenius nuristanus Jedlička, paratype (left lateral view)144 Chlaenius rambousekiLutshnik from Taiwan (dorsal view)145 Chlaenius rambousekiLutshnik from Taiwan (left lateral view). Scale lines: A = 1.0 mm (Figs 131, 133, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144); B = 0.5 mm (Figs 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145).

Color variation.

Color of antennae, palpomeres, femora, and tibiae varied from medium brown to dark brown or even black among different individuals (Figs 22–23, 3641).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known only from eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were obtained from type and cotype specimens examined. The name Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir was once treated as a junior synonym of Chlaenius latro LaFerté–Sénectère (Csiki 1931, Kirschenhofer 1997). However, in his work, LaFerté–Sénectère (1851) did not provide a specific description of Chlaenius latro. This means that Chlaenius latro LaFerté–Sénectère is a nomen nudum, and therefore, unavailable.

Kirschenhofer (2005) considered Chlaenius nuristanusJedlička to be a junior synonym of Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates. We have examined the types and/or cotypes of Chlaenius agilis Chaudoir, Chlaenius anchomenoides, Chlaenius nuristanus and its aberration Chlaenius nuristanusa.rubridipes, and found no significant differences between them, except for variation in the color of antennae and legs. The aedeagi are abruptly bent near the base in all dissected males (Figs 124, 139, 141, 143).

Mandl (1972: 104) assigned Chlaenius anchomenoides to genus Stenochlaenius. Based on the pubescent elytral intervals and incomplete elytral basal margin in members of Chlaenius anchomenoides, we do not agree with this assignment.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) formosensis Lorenz

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_formosensis

Figs 24–25, 56, 70, 84, 101–102, 125–126, 158
Chlaenius noguchii formosanus Habu, 1965: 86 (nec Jedlička, 1935:5)
Chlaenius formosanus Morita, 1993:161
Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz, 1998:339 (replacement name); Kirschenhofer, 2005:491
Specimens examined.

Total 24 specimens: China: 8 males and 12 females (CCCC), "Taiwan Prov., Hsinchu, Wufeng, 1996.08.03, Chen C.C. coll.”; 3 males and 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan Prov., Hsinchu, Wufeng, 1998.4.11, Chen C.C. coll.

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 cylindrical (Fig. 56); antennomeres 1–3 brown; intervals 1–7 convex, glabrous medially, with one row of pubescence laterally (Fig. 84); apex of sternum VII rounded (Figs 101–102); lamella of aedeagus slightly truncate at apex (Fig. 125), thick, bent ventrally (Fig. 126).

Description.

Total length = 16.0–17.0 mm (mean = 16.45), width = 5.87–6.40 mm (mean = 5.99); HW = 2.90–3.00 mm (mean = 2.96), EYL = 1.10–1.15 mm (mean = 1.12), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.71–1.88 (mean = 1.76), PL/PW = 0.81–0.88 (mean = 0.85), EL/EW = 1.68–1.86 (mean = 1.76), EL/ PL = 1.32–1.48 (mean = 1.39).

Head and pronotum black, with green or coppery metallic luster; elytra black; ventral surface black; mandibles, trochanters, and tarsomeres dark brown; antennae, palpomeres, femora, and tibiae yellow to brown.

Head with vertex nearly glabrous, very sparsely punctate and pubescent near eyes; Antennomere 1 cylindrical (Fig. 56); labrum slightly emarginate at apex. Pronotum with disk convex, nearly smooth, glabrous; basal foveae small, deep, finely punctate, sparsely pubescent. Elytra with intervals convex, intervals 1–7 glabrous medially, with a row of pubescence laterally near striae (Figs 24, 84), intervals 8 and 9 with decumbent pubescence throughout; striae deep, punctate; humeral angle obtuse (Fig. 70). Abdominal sterna IV-VI nearly glabrous medially, densely pubescent laterally; sternum VII broadly rounded at apex in both sexes (Figs 101–102). Aedeagus with lamella subtruncate at apex (Fig. 125), thick and bent laterally (Fig. 126).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known only from Taiwan.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were based on measurements obtained from 5 males and 5 females selected for maximum variation.

This species was first described as a subspecies of Chlaenius noguchii. Later, Morita (1993) upgraded it to a distinct species. However, the name Chlaenius formosanus was preoccupied by another Chlaenius species of Jedlička, and therefore Lorenz (1998) renamed it Chlaenius formosensis.

Kirschenhofer (2005: 491) considered Chlaenius formosensis Lorenz to be a junior synonym of Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička (= Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, see below) with no comparison. Based on Habu"s original description (type unavailable according to Morita), named specimens of Chlaenius formosensis in Morita's collection (corresponding author and checked by HBL in 2009), and specimens in Chen Chanchin's collection, we treat Chlaenius formosensis as a distinct species. Its members differ from those of Chlaenius rambousekiin having the vertex of the head and pronotal disk glabrous (both sparsely punctate and pubescent in Chlaenius rambouseki), intervals 1–7 glabrous medially (wholly pubescent in Chlaenius rambouseki), and the male aedeagus stout (slender in Chlaenius rambouseki).

Chlaenius formosensis adults are similar to those of Chlaenius noguchii in elytra pubescence, but differ from the latter in having antennomere 1 cylindrical (coniform in Chlaenius noguchii), pronotal disk smooth (finely punctate in Chlaenius noguchii), and male aedeagus stout (slender in Chlaenius noguchii).

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) leishanensis Kirschenhofer

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_leishanensis

Figs 26–27, 57, 71, 85, 103–104, 127–128, 149, 158
Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, 2005:490
Specimens examined.

Total 14 specimens: China: 1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), "Guizhou Prov. Leigongshan, Fangxiang, 2005.6.2–3, 1000–1100m, Ge Deyan collector”; 1 female (IZCAS) "Guizhou Prov. Leigongshan, Fangxiang, 900m, 2005.5.31, Xu Fangling and Cao Lingzhen collectors”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Guizhou, Leigongshan, Xiaodanjiang, 920–970m, 2005.6.3, Yang Zaihua collector”; 1 female (HBUM), "Guizhou, Daozhen, Xiannvdong, 2004.8.24–26, Yang Xiujuan and Hua Huiran collector”; 1 female (HBUM), "Guangxi, Yuanbaoshan, Xiangfen, 2004.7.19, Yu Yang and Gao Chao collector”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Guangxi, Longsheng”/ "1980.VI.11 Song Shimei coll.”; 1 male and 2 females (IZCAS), "Guangxi, Yangshuo, 1980.10”; 1 male and 2 females (IZCAS), "China, Hubei Prov. Shennongjia, Honghua Riverside, light trap, 31°24'20”, 110°28'40””/ "835m, 2003.8.10, night, Liang Hongbin coll.”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Beibei” [Chongqing] / ""1940.VIII.10”.

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 57); color of antennomere 1 lighter than other antennomeres; basal half of intervals 1–5 glabrous medially, with pubescence laterally (Figs 26, 85); lamella of aedeagus rounded at apex (Fig. 127), thickened and bent ventrally (Fig. 128).

Description.

Total length = 15.00–18.00 mm (mean = 16.50), width = 5.33–6.13 mm (mean = 5.78); HW = 2.55–3.00 mm (mean = 2.79), EYL = 0.95–1.10 mm (mean = 1.04), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.53–1.73 (mean = 1.62), PL/PW= 0.80–0.89 (mean = 0.86), EL/EW = 1.64–1.89 (mean = 1.76), EL/ PL = 1.26–1.46 (mean = 1.35).

Head and pronotum black, with green or coppery metallic luster; elytra black; ventral surface black; antennomeres 2–11, palpomeres, trochanters, tibiae, and tarsomeres dark brown to black; antennae and femora yellow to light brown.

Head with vertex coarsely punctate and pubescent behind eyes; antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 57); clypeus and labrum slightly emarginate at apex. Pronotum with disk smooth in most specimens, but sparsely punctate along middle line in a few specimens; basal foveae small, deep, pubescent, very sparsely punctate. Elytra with basal half of intervals 1–5 smooth and glabrous medially, pubescent laterally (Figs 26, 85), intervals 6–9 and apical portion of intervals 1–5 densely pubescent; striae deep, punctate; humeral angle rounded (Fig. 71). Abdominal sterna IV-VI sparsely pubescent medially, densely pubescent laterally, apex of sternum VII rounded in male (Fig. 103), nearly truncate in female (Fig. 104). Aedeagus stout, lamella rounded at apex (Fig. 127), thickened and bent laterally (Fig. 128).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known from Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing and Hubei Provinces, China.

Figures 146–151.

Photographs of habitats for Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp. 146 Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n., Dabaitang, Xishui county, North Guizhou, China147 Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates, Goorais valley, Pakistan (Provided by Dr. Muhammad Abbas in Pakistan Museum of Natural History)148 Chlaenius propeagilis sp. n., Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China149 Chlaenius leishanensis Kirschenhofer, Xiaodanjiang, Leigongshan, Leishan county, Southeast Guizhou, China150Chlaenius chuanqianensis sp. n. and Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, Jinshajiang, Sichuan151 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, Ussri river, Heilongjiang, China.

Figures 152–157.

Photographs of habitats for Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp. 152 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, Baisha county, Hainan Island, China153 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, Yuanbaoshan, Guangxi, China154 Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik adult walking on concrete wharf of Ussri river at night155 Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička adults mating at night156 Assorted molluscs, show one food of Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Hainan Island157 Adults of Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička preying on dragonfly nymph at night.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were obtained from all cited specimens.

Males of this species (Fig. 128) are similar to those of Chlaenius formosensis(Fig. 126) in form of the aedeagus in lateral view, but differ from the latter in having the lamellar apex rounded (Fig. 127; nearly truncate in Chlaenius formosensis, Fig. 125). Both males and females of Chlaenius leishanensis have elytral intervals 6–7 densely pubescent throughout, whereas Chlaenius formosensis adults have those intervals glabrous medially.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) noguchii Bates

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_noguchii

Figs 28–29, 58, 72, 86, 105–106, 129–130, 158
Chlaenius noguchii Bates, 1873:251; Chaudoir, 1876:192; Kryzhanovskij, 1976:12; Kirschenhofer, 1997:116; Kirschenhofer, 2005:491
Specimens examined.

Total 47 specimens: Japan: 10 males and 11 females (IZCAS), "Shiga, Takashima, Biwa Lake, 2008.3.30, Liang H.B. coll.”; 1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), "Yadorigi-zawa, Tanzawa, Kanagawa”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Sado-shima Island”/ "1968.VIII.20”; 2 males and 2 females (CASC), "Harima Japan May 1916”; 1 female (CASC), "Hozukyo Kyoto 1951.9.21”; 4 males and 2 females (CASC); "Kobe V-1912”/ "L. Gressitt Collector”; 1 female (CASC), "Kyoto, Yase, Oct. 21, 1951, Col. T. Horio”; 2 females (CASC), "Mimasaka Japan VII. J. E. Lewis”; 2 males and 2 females (CASC), "Mimasaka Japan VII-1912”/ "Coll. by J. C. Thompson”; 1 male and 1 female (CASC), " Nikko Japan VII.30.23”/ "ECVan Dyke collector”; 2 females (CASC), "Nikko Hondo Japan VII-1912”/ "Coll. by J. C. Thompson”; 1 female (CAS), Tokyo, Japan VI-6-31.”/ "L. Gressitt Collector”.

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 58); intervals 1–7 strongly convex, carinate, glabrous medially (Fig. 86).

Description.

Total length = 14.50–16.00 mm (mean = 15.33), width = 5.07–5.60 mm (mean = 5.33); HW = 2.50–2.90 mm (mean = 2.67), EYL = 1.00–1.10 mm (mean = 1.02), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.56–1.88 (mean = 1.72), PL/PW = 0.83–0.90 (mean = 0.86), EL/EW = 1.75–1.91 (mean = 1.80), EL/ PL = 1.29–1.40 (mean = 1.35).

Head and pronotum black with strong green or bluish green metallic luster; elytra black with very weak blue luster; ventral surface black; legs, antennae, mandibles and palpomere dark brown.

Head with vertex coarsely punctate behind eyes; antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 58); clypeus and labrum nearly truncate at apex; mentum tooth emarginate. Pronotum with disk finely punctate, nearly glabrous; basal foveae deep, finely pubescent and punctate (punctations much smaller than those on vertex). Elytra with intervals strongly convex, intervals 1–7 carinate, smooth and glabrous medially, with a row of punctation laterally (Fig. 86), intervals 8–9 flat, densely pubescent and punctate; striae deep, punctate; humeral angle obtuse (Fig. 72). Abdominal sterna IV-VI sparsely pubescent medially; apex of sternum VII more distinctly truncate in female than in male (Figs 105–106). Aedeagus slender, flattened (Fig. 130), lamella broadened to the left side, asymmetric (Fig. 129), thin and bent ventrally (Fig. 130).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Confirmed only from Japan.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were based on measurements obtained from 5 males and 5 females selected for maximum variation.

This species may well be endemic to Japan, and its reported occurrence in Korea (Kwon and Lee 1986) and Vietnam (Paik et al. 2006) requires further clarification. The slender aedeagus of males of this species is very different from the stout aedeagi of other species of the agilis group.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) wrasei Kirschenhofer

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_wrasei

Figs 30–31, 59, 73, 87, 107–108, 131–132, 158
Chlaenius noguchii wrasei Kirschenhofer, 1997:116, 118
Chlaenius wrasei Kirschenhofer, 2005:491
Specimens examined.

Total 41 specimens. China: 15 males and 6 females (IZCAS), "China, Shaanxi Prov., Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi, Shaliangzi, 33.88923˚N, 108.01553˚E”/ "907m, 2007.5.24, Shi Hongliang coll.”; 1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), "Shaanxi, Liuba, 1981.4”; 1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), "Shaanxi, Zhenba, 1981.4”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Shaanxi, Zhenba, 1985.7.19, Wang Shufang collector”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Shaanxi, Huaxian, 1980.5.4”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Shaanxi, Pingli, 1980.6.27”; 1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), "Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Louguantai, light trap, 34.05378˚N, 108.29294˚E”/ "680m, 2008.6.22–26, Jiang Jianguo coll.”; 3 males and 5 females (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Gaolan County, Minzhu Township, 2003.7.4–5, Liu Yushuangand Yuan Caixia collectors; 1 male (IZCAS), "Hubei Prov. Xinshan, Xiakou, 140m”/ "1994.V.2, Li Wenzhu coll.”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Hubei Prov., Enshi, 437m”/ "light trap, 1980.V.26”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Ganshu Prov., Kangxian, Yangbalingchang, 1020m 1999.VII.10, Wang Hongjian coll.”

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 59); antennomeres 1–3 brown; intervals 1–5 glabrous medially with one row of pubescence laterally near striae (Fig. 87); apical lamella of aedeagus moderately rounded (Fig. 131), thin and moderately reflexed in lateral view (Fig. 132).

Description.

Total length = 16.00–17.00 mm (mean = 16.4), width = 5.33–6.13 mm (mean = 5.68); HW = 2.70–2.95 mm (mean = 2.80), EYL = 1.00–1.05 mm (mean =1.01), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.42–1.65 (mean = 1.52), PL/PW = 0.78–0.80 (mean = 0.79), EL/EW = 1.74–1.90 (mean = 1.80), EL/ PL= 1.37–1.47 (mean = 1.41).

Head and pronotum black with green and coppery metallic luster; elytra black; ventral surface black; antennomeres 4–11, trochanters, palpomeres, and tarsomeres dark brown; antennomeres 1–3, femora, tibiae yellow to brown.

Head with vertex sparsely pubescent and coarsely punctate behind eyes; antennomere 1 coniform (Fig. 59); labrum nearly truncate at apex. Pronotum with disk nearly smooth, very sparsely punctate near midline in a few specimens; basal foveae narrow, deep, sparsely punctate, pubescent. Elytra with intervals convex, glabrous medially, pubescent laterally (Fig. 87), intervals 6–9 densely pubescent; striae deep, punctate; humeral angle obtuse (Fig. 73). Abdominal sterna IV-VI nearly glabrous medially, sternum VII narrowly rounded at apex (107–108). Aedeagus stout (Fig. 132), lamella rounded at apex (Fig. 131), thin and slightly bent ventrally (Fig. 132).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known from Shaanxi, Gansu, and Hubei Provinces, China.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were based on measurements obtained from 5 males and 5 females selected for maximum variation.

Chlaenius wrasei was first described as a subspecies of Chlaenius noguchii by Kirschenhofer. Later (Kirschenhofer 2005), he upgraded this taxon to status as a distinct species. We agree with this decision, given that the pubescent elytral intervals 6–7 of adults and stout aedeagus of males are very different from those of Chlaenius noguchii.

Members of Chlaenius wrasei are similar to those of Chlaenius leishanensis in having antennomere 1 coniform and pronotum nearly impunctate, but differ from the latter in having intervals 1–5 wholly glabrous medially (only the basal portions of these intervals are glabrous medially in Chlaenius leishanensis), tibiae concolorous with femora (tibiae much darker than femora in Chlaenius leishanensis), and lamella of aedeagus thin and less bent ventrally (thickened and more markedly bent in Chlaenius leishanensis).


The rambouseki group
Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) agiloides Jedlička

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_agiloides

Figs 32–33, 42, 50, 60, 74, 88, 109–110, 133–135, 150, 155, 157–158
Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička, 1935:5; Kirschenhofer, 1997:116; Kirschenhofer, 2005:490
Specimens examined.

Total 603 specimens. China: 2 males (CCCC), "Yunnan, Weixi, Tacheng, light trap, 2006.8.22, Chen Jianren collector”; 2 females (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Wolong, 1900m, 1980.VIII.25, Liu Youjiao collector”; 1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Wolong, 1980.6.29, Bai Jiuwei collector”; 2 females (IZCAS), "Sichuan, Baoxing, 1400m”/ "1995.VIII.14, Yu Peiyu collector”; 4 males and 5 females (SIECAS), "Sichuan, Shimian, 2007.VII.20, alt. 900m, Liu, Zhang, Zhou & Bi”; 213 males and 204 females (IZCAS), "China, Sichuan Prov., Batang, Zhubalong, Sanjiacun, Jinshajiang, N29.84109, E99.02390”/2480m, 2009.6.1, Yuan Feng, Zhai Hui and Yang Ganyan collectors”; 71 males and 98 females (IZCAS), "China, Sichuan Prov., , Yajiang, Hekou Town, Shanbeihou, Yalongjiang, N30.00020, E101.01526”/ "2583m, 2009.5.27, Liang Hongbin collector”.

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 cylindrical (Fig. 60); antennomeres 1–3 yellow; intervals punctate, pubescent (Fig. 88); lamella of aedeagus rounded at apex (Fig. 133), thick in lateral view (Figs 134–135).

Description.

Total length = 14.00–17.00 mm (mean = 15.10), width = 5.33–5.87 mm (mean = 5.60); HW = 2.40–2.85 mm (mean = 2.59), EYL = 0.95–1.00 mm (mean = 0.97), ratio Ant3/Ant1= 1.94–2.21 (mean = 2.08), PL/PW = 0.86–0.90 (mean = 0.88), EL/EW = 1.62–1.74 (mean = 1.68), EL/ PL = 1.30–1.39 (mean = 1.34).

Head, pronotum and elytra black, with blue or greenish blue metallic luster; ventral surface black; antennomeres 4–11, mandibles, palpomeres, trochanters, and tarsomeres brown; antennomeres 1–3, femora, and tibiae yellow.

Head convex, vertex punctate and pubescent behind eyes; antennomere 1 cylindrical (Fig. 60); labrum slightly emarginate or truncate at apex; mentum tooth emarginate apically. Pronotum with disk convex, sparsely punctate and pubescent medially, more densely punctate along midline, near lateral margins, and near base; basal foveae deep, punctate and pubescent. Elytra with intervals convex, wholly punctate and pubescent (Fig. 88), punctation and pubescence less dense in the basal half of intervals 1–4 than in other areas; striae moderately deep, punctate; humeral angle rounded or obtuse (Fig. 74). Abdominal sterna IV-VI sparsely pubescent medially; apex of sternum VII narrowly rounded in male (Fig. 109), slightly truncate in female (Fig. 110). Apical lamella of aedeagus moderately rounded (Fig. 133), thick in lateral view (Figs 134–135).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Known only from Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, China.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were based on measurements obtained from 5 males and 5 females selected for maximum variation.

Members of this species are very similar to Chlaenius rambouseki in having the elytra wholly pubescent, but differ from the latter in having shiny elytral intervals (dull in Chlaenius rambouseki), regular and uniform punctation on intervals (mixed large and small interval punctuation inChlaenius rambouseki), and thick apical lamella of aedeagus in males (thin in Chlaenius rambouseki males). In many Chlaenius agiloides members, the dorsal surface has a blue metallic luster rather than the green luster of Chlaenius rambouseki members.

Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) rambouseki Lutshnik

http://species-id.net/wiki/Chlaenius_(Lithochlaenius)_rambouseki

Figs 1–13, 34–35, 43–45, 51, 61, 65, 75, 79, 89, 93, 111–112, 116, 136–137, 144–145, 151, 152–154, 156, 158
Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik, 1933:172; Kirschenhofer, 2005:491
Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička, 1935:5. New synonymy; Kirschenhofer, 1997:116; Kirschenhofer, 2005:490
Specimens examined.

Total 66 specimens. China: 4 males and 5 females (IZCAS), "Heilongjiang, Hulin, Bank of Ussri River, 45.976578˚N, 133.669942˚E”/ "55m, 2009.5.20–24, night, Liu Ye collector”; 3 males and 8 females (OMNH), "Manchuria Fengtian (=Liaoning, Shenyang), 1942.V”/ "N. Tosawa collection, June 1978”; 1 female (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Langao County, Minzhu, 2003.7.4, Yuan Caixia and Liu Yushuang collectors”; 1 male (HBUM), "Henan, Songxian, Baiyunshan, 2008.7.14–17, Ren Guodong and Wu Qiqi collectors”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Fujian, Jiangyang, Huangkeng, Guilin, 270–340m”/ "1960.4.8, Ma Chenlin collector”; 1 male (CCCC), "China, Taiwan Prov., Hsinchu, Wufong, 1996.08.03, Chen C.C. coll.”; "1 male and 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan Prov., Hsinchu, Wufong, 1998.4.11”; 3 males and 1 female (CCCC), "China, Taiwan Prov., Pingtung, Yitun, 2009.4.23”; 1 males and 1 female, "China, Taiwan, Pingtung, Yitun, 2008.6.29”, Chen C.C.”; 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Pingtung, Manchou Harbor, 2008.10.30”; 1 female (CCCC), „China, Taiwan Prov., Yilan, 2007.6.10, Chen C.C.”; 1 male (CCCC), "China, Taiwan Privin., Chen C.C. collector”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Jiangxi, Liantang, light trap, 1956.8.8”; 1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), "Jiangxi, Liantang, 1956.6.10”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Jiangxi, Dayu, Lannijing, 550m, 1985.8.22, Liao Subai collector”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Jiangxi, Shangrao, 1980.8.7”; 1 male (IZCAS), "Hunan, Chansha, Yuelushan, 1955.7.15, Wang Linyao collector”; 2 males and 1 female (IZCAS), "Guangxi, Rongshui County, Yuanbaoshan, Tiantou village, 2009.10.26, Liu Ye and Shi Hongliang collectors”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Guangxi, Nanning, 1987.10.30, Zhou Zhihong collector”; 2 females (IZCAS), "Guangxi, Longsheng, Sanmen, 1983.4.8”; 1 male (HBUM), "Guangxi, Tian-e County, 2002.9.14–19, Bai Ming collector” 1 female (IZCAS), "Chongqing, Beibei, 1940.8.10”; 1 female (IZCAS), "China, Guizhou, Xishui County, Dabaitang, 600m”/ "2000.9.28, Liang H.B”; 1 male (HBUM), "Guizhou, Daozhen, Xiannvdong, Yang Xiujuan and Hua Huiran collectors”; 1 female (IZCAS), "Yunnan, Kunming, 1980.5”; 3 males and 3 females (IZCAS), "China, Hainan Prov., Baisha, Nankai, 19.08001˚N, 109.41058˚E”/ "259m, 2008.11.20 N, Shi H.L. collector”; 1 male and 4 females (IZCAS), "China, Hainan Prov., Baisha, Nankai River, bank, 19.08040˚N, 109.41267˚E”/ "255m, 2009.11.20 N, Liang Hongbin collector”. Russia:1 male and 1 female (ZRAS), "Ussuri River, S of Bikin, Zvenjevaja [in Russian], 1982.7.28, Kabakov leg.”/ "Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshn. det. B. Kataev 2005”.North Korea:1 male and 1 female (IZCAS), Mt. Maedok Ridge, alt. 1538m Punso, Ryanggang province, North Korea”/ "NL40˚100, EL128˚20, 2007.7.1–20”.

Diagnosis.

Antennomere 1 elongate-ovoid (Figs 61, 65); antennomeres 1–3 more yellow; all intervals pubescent (Figs 89, 93); apical lamella of aedeagus moderately rounded (Figs 136, 144), thin in lateral view (Figs 137, 145).

Description.

Total length = 14.00–17.50 mm (mean = 15.60), width = 4.80–6.00 mm (mean = 5.60); HW = 2.40–2.95 mm (mean = 2.63), EYL = 0.95–1.00 mm (mean = 0.96), ratio Ant3/Ant1 = 1.96–2.10 (mean = 2.04), PL/PW = 0.86–0.90 (mean =0.87), EL/EW = 1.65–1.73 (mean = 1.68), EYL/ PL = 1.29–1.40 (mean = 1.35).

Head and pronotum black, with green or coppery metallic luster; elytra black in general, but with slight coppery luster in a few specimens; ventral surface black; antennomeres 4–11, mandibles, palpomeres, trochanters, and tarsomeres brown; antennomeres 1–3, femora and tibiae yellow.

Head convex, vertex punctate and pubescent behind eyes; antennomere 1 elongate–ovoid (Figs 61, 65); labrum slightly emarginate at apex; mentum with tooth emarginate apically. Pronotum with disk convex, sparsely punctate and pubescent along midline; basal foveae deep, coarsely punctate, pubescent. Elytra with intervals slightly convex, regularly punctate and pubescent (Figs 89, 93); striae shallow, punctate; humeral angle obtusely angulate (Figs 75, 79). Abdominal sterna densely pubescent; apex of sternum VII broadly rounded in both sexes (Figs 111–112, 116). Apical lamella of aedeagus rounded (Figs 136, 144), thickened in lateral view (Figs 154, 137, 145).

Geographical distribution.

Fig. 158. Broadly distributed across southern and central China, from Yunnan in the west to Hainan Island and Taiwan in the south, and northwest to North Korea and Primorski Krai in the Russian Far East.

Figures 158.

Map showing the known geographical distributions of Chlaenius (Lithochlaenius) spp.

Remarks.

Mensural data cited in the description were based on measurements obtained from 5 males and 5 females selected for maximum variation.

We compared a photograph of the holotype (type lost according Kryzhanovskij 1976) and specimens of Chlaenius formosanus from Taiwan with identified specimens of Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik from Ussuri River, and no significant difference was found between them.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Changchin Chen, Mr. Wensin Lin, Dr. Shigehiko Shiyaki and Dr. Seiji Morita for the loan of specimens in their collections, and Dr. Christine Taylor (BMNH) for loan of the type specimens of Chlaenius anchomenoides Bates. Dr. German Lafer provided photographs of Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik. Dr. Boris Kataev provided specimens of Chlaenius rambouseki Lutshnik and translations of important papers published in Russian. Dr. Jirí Hájek took photographs of the type specimens of Chlaenius agiloides Jedlička and Chlaenius formosanus Jedlička. Dr. Robert Davidson generously shared with us his knowledge of the New World chlaeniines and his thoughts on possible relationships between Asian Lithochlaeniusspecies and members of the New World solitarius species group of Chlaenius. The corresponding author (Liang) also thanks Dr. Yves Bousquet and Dr. Thierry Deuve for discussion and good suggestions for treating Chlaenius latro LaFerté–Sénectère. This work was supported by grants from the Knowledge Innovation Program (Grant No. KSCX2–YW–Z–0907) and National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570213) to the Institute of Zoology (Beijing), and by grants from the U. S. National Science Foundation (Grant No. DEB–0103795) and the National Geographic Society (Grant No. 6403–99) to the California Academy of Sciences.

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