Research Article |
Corresponding author: Simon van Noort ( svannoort@iziko.org.za ) Academic editor: Norman Johnson
© 2018 Simon van Noort, Serguei V. Triapitsyn.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
van Noort S, Triapitsyn SV (2018) Revision of the Polynema dikobraz species-group with description of a remarkable new species from South Africa (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae). ZooKeys 783: 67-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.26872
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A new Afrotropical species of Polynema Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Polynema (Polynema) sagittaria van Noort & Triapitsyn, sp. n., is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the Cape Floral region in south-western South Africa. This species is morphologically closely related to the recently described Polynema (Polynema) dikobraz Triapitsyn, 2017 from Madagascar, both species possessing enlarged spine-like microtrichia on the fore wing disc that are unique among all the known world fairyflies. This new species belongs to the informal dikobraz species-group of the nominate subgenus of Polynema, which previously was only known from Madagascar. In addition, P. sagittaria has the ovipositor extending ventrally under the mesosoma to well in front of the head, in a bow-like curve, and housed in a narrow, anterior elongation of the metasoma, the basal sac. Occurrence and possible significance of such a bizarre ovipositor in other Mymaridae is discussed. All images and online keys are available on www.waspweb.org
Africa, Afrotropical region, identification key, ovipositor, Polynema dikobraz species-group, taxonomy
The Afrotropical mymarid fauna is poorly known, with only 21 species of the extremely diverse and species-rich genus, Polynema Haliday, 1833, described from the region. Most of these are known from only two countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo, as a result of the Belgian taxonomist H. R.
As part of a comprehensive, ongoing 26 year inventory survey of Afrotropical Hymenoptera by the senior author, four females of a continental African species belonging to the P. dikobraz species-group were collected in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. A fifth female from the same region was located in the
Ethanol-preserved specimens were either dried using the HMDS procedure following
Images were acquired at
Morphological terminology follows
Codens of depositories of specimens follow
The Polynema dikobraz species-group is characterized by the possession of modified microtrichia on the fore wing disc (
This species-group belongs to the nominate subgenus of Polynema based on absence of pits near the toruli; an “open” prosternum; a characteristic short marginal vein on the fore wing; petiole attached posteriorly to the gastral tergum; and male genitalia with digital hooks (
Madagascar, South Africa.
Associated with montane rainforest and fynbos.
Holotype ♀ examined, dissected under 4 coverslips on slide and almost complete (lacking a radicle of one antenna): MADAGASCAR, Prov. D’Antanarivo 3 km 41°NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, el. 1300 m 5–3.xii.2000, 18°28'24"S, 47°57'36"E, Fisher, Griswold et al. California Academy of Sciences Montane rainforest, MT, coll code BLF2372, CAS LOT # 005501, Mounted at UCR/ERM by V.V. Berezovskiy 2011 in Canada balsam, Polynema (Polynema) dikobraz Triapitsyn HOLOTYPE ♀, Det. by S.V. Triapitsyn 2011 (
Morphologically similar to the newly described species, P. sagittaria sp. n., both species having enlarged spine-like microtrichia. Polynema dikobraz, however, has a normal ovipositor, and is closely related to an undescribed species, from which it can be separated by the length of the modified wing spine and relative length of the first antennal flagellar segment.
Based on the hypothesized morphological synapomorphy of modified (long, thick) microtrichia on the fore wing disc, P. dikobraz is related to P. sagittaria sp. n., but has far fewer, and longer modified wing disc microtrichia. This species also has a normal ovipositor as in other members of Polynema, as opposed to the highly modified ovipositor of P. sagittaria.
Madagascar.
Montane rainforest.
Holotype ♀ (deposited in
The species epithet “sagittaria” is Latin for armed with bow, with reference to the bowed ovipositor sheaths. Noun in apposition.
The highly modified ovipositor immediately distinguishes this species from all other described Polynema species in Africa. Morphologically similar to the recently described species, P. dikobraz from Madagascar, and the second undescribed Madagascan species, all three species having similar modified fore wing microtrichia.
Based on the putative morphological synapomorphy of modified microtrichia on the fore wing disc, P. sagittaria is clearly related to P. dikobraz, but has more numerous, shorter modified wing disc microtrichia than in P. dikobraz. The extensive external ovipositor housing is an obvious distinction within the P. dikobraz species-group, but this is likely to be a character state that has evolved independently in a number of mymarid genera (see discussion).
South Africa. Only known from the Western Cape Province.
Mountain fynbos, a vegetation type specific to the Cape Floral region.
Size and colour. Total length of body, with head in prognathous position, 1700 µm. Head 205; mesosoma 511; petiole 114; metasoma 1140; ovipositor 2110 folded, 3800 total length (unfolded). Antenna: radicle 18; rest of scape 96; pedicel 91; F1 92; F2 204; F3 173; F4 115; F5 97; F6 94; clava 204. Fore wing 1670: 340; longest marginal seta 517; longest discal (spine-like) seta 117. Hind wing 1260: 23; longest marginal seta 267. Habitus (Fig.
Head (Figs
Mesosoma (Figs
Metasoma (Figs
Body length 1.45–1.68 mm; ovipositor (folded) length 1.93–2.00 mm in the paratype specimens.
Unknown.
Material. MADAGASCAR, Diana Region, Amber Mountain National Park, 12°31'13"S, 49°10'45"E, 1125 m, 29.i–11.ii.2001, R. Harin’Hala [1 ♀,
Notes. An additional species that is morphologically similar to P. dikobraz is known from Madagascar (
For female wasps to successfully access and oviposit into hosts living within substrates, this either requires an elongate ovipositor, or an ability on the part of the female wasp to navigate through the substrate to reach the host for direct oviposition. The latter option appears to have driven evolution of various types of facial protrusions, which at least in the case of the ichneumonid genus Genaemirum Heinrich, 1936, has led to the hypothesis that the highly modified spade-like protrusions of the clypeus and genae are used in a shoveling manner to facilitate negotiation of the frass-filled tunnels created by the wood-boring host moth caterpillar, in order to reach the pupae for oviposition (
Across the Hymenoptera a number of different morphological metasomal configurations have evolved in response to this evolutionary driver of host reaching ability, with the elongate ovipositor being either housed within the metasoma in various configurations, or encased in elongated external ovipositor sheaths. Basal Hymenoptera have the ovipositor contained within the metasoma (
A number of parasitoid wasp taxa, particularly in the Platygastridaesensu lato (Platygastroidea), have evolved modifications of various parts of the metasoma to accommodate internal housing of the elongate ovipositor valves, in lieu of long external ovipositor sheaths (
Among other world Polynema species, the ovipositor of P. sagittaria is unique in the extreme degree of its protrusion forward beyond its head, but a few undescribed species of Polynema, such as a Polynema species from Tanzania (one female in
Gastrogonatocerus membraciphagus. The photographs (courtesy of Paul Bertner) were taken at the Sani Lodge Prinicipal, Río Napo, Yasuní, Orellana, Ecuador, in January 2018. A Female (in lateral vew) on an egg mass of a treehopper (Membracidae), similar in appearance to a Bolbonota sp. B Same female (in close-up) C Same female (in rear view) ovipositing in that egg mass.
In all likelihood the long ovipositor of P. sagittaria is a similar adaptation to reach host eggs concealed within a secondary substrate. Based on the presence of annuli at the tip of the ovipositor, which are an adaption to drill through hard surfaces (
Cape Nature is thanked for providing collecting permits to SvN. We are indebted to Paul Bertner (Winfield, British Columbia, Canada) for letting us use his wonderful photographs of Gastrogonatocerus membraciphagus, received via Doug Yanega (