Research Article |
Corresponding author: Blanca Ríos-Touma ( briostouma@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ana Previšić
© 2018 Ernesto Rázuri-Gonzales, Ralph W. Holzenthal, Blanca Ríos-Touma.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Rázuri-Gonzales E, Holzenthal RW, Ríos-Touma B (2018) New Atanatolica species from Ecuador (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). ZooKeys 793: 97-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.793.26712
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Four new species of Atanatolica Mosely are described from Ecuador: A. andina sp. n., A. angulata sp. n., A. curvata sp. n., and A. decouxi sp. n. These species belong to the A. dominicana group and constitute new records of the genus from Chimborazo, Imbabura, and Napo Provinces. Additionally, A. andina sp. n. represents the highest elevation recorded for any species in the genus at 3900 m. Size class data are also presented suggesting continuous larval growth for the probable larva of A. decouxi sp. n., described and illustrated here. A new distribution record is provided for A. manabi from Carchi Province.
Andes, aquatic insects, Grumichellinae , long-horned caddisflies, taxonomy
Atanatolica Mosely, 1936 is a Neotropical genus in the long-horned caddisfly family Leptoceridae. Originally, the genus was established to include a single species, Mystacides brasilianus (Brauer, 1865), based on characters of the wing venation and male genitalia (
Fourteen species of Atanatolica are known from the northern and central Andean countries (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia); no species are known from the southern Andes (Chile, Argentina) (
Larvae are associated with small and medium-sized Neotropical mountain streams, waterfalls, their splash zones, and even outside the water in moist, semiterrestrial habitats (
Here we describe four new species of Atanatolica from Ecuador. These new species come from several localities along the Andes: A. andina sp. n. from the highlands of the Amazon drainage, A. decouxi sp. n. from the cloud forests of the Pacific drainage of the Andes, and A. angulata sp. n. and A. curvata sp. n. from the Amazon piedmont. For A. decouxi sp. n. we also describe the probable larva and provide size class information and some biological observations.
Atanatolica andina sp. n. was collected at high-altitude waterfalls surrounded by páramo vegetation in Parque Nacional Cayambe-Coca (Napo Province) and Parque Nacional Sangay (Chimborazo Province) using aerial nets. Additional specimens were collected by B. Gill, also at Parque Nacional Cayambe-Coca. Specimens of Atanatolica decouxi sp. n. were collected at Río de la Plata, a pristine stream in the Bosque Protector los Cedros (Imbabura Province) using UV lights and Malaise traps for adults and Surber nets and hand collecting for immatures. Bosque Protector los Cedros is part of the Choco-Darien floristic region, which is considered a biogeographic hotspot and priority conservation area due to its high species richness and endemism (
Locality data were formatted using the web application AUTOMATEX (
Adult specimens were prepared and examined following standard methods for pinned and alcohol preserved material (
Male genitalia were soaked in 85% lactic acid and heated to 125 °C for 20 min to dissolve internal soft tissues. Olympus BX41 and SZX12 compound and stereomicroscopes outfitted with drawing tubes were used to examine specimens and to aid the rendering of detailed pencil drawings of genital structures and larvae, respectively. Pencil sketches were scanned and placed in Adobe Illustrator (Creative Cloud version) to serve as a template for vector illustrations. The plugin “Stipplism” (Astute Graphics) was used to apply stipple effects to illustrations. Morphological terminology follows that of
Types of the new species and other material examined are deposited in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (
This new species is most similar to A. acuminata and A. dominicana from Ecuador and Dominica, respectively, based on the general structure of tergum X (i.e., subtriangular in shape, with digitate apicomesal processes). It differs from A. acuminata by the shorter, thicker apicomesal processes on tergum X, and the shorter and rounder apicolateral processes on tergum X; in lateral view, the apicolateral processes in A. andina sp. n. are much shorter than the apicomesal processes, whereas in A. acuminata, both processes are roughly equal in length and the apicolateral processes are accuminate. Additionally, the inferior appendages in A. andina sp. n. are inflated mesally in lateral view, but not in A. acuminata. From A. dominicana, it differs by having a much narrower and shallower mesal cleft on tergum X between the apicomesal processes. Additionally, the posteromesal margin of the inferior appendages in ventral view is rounder and more pronounced in A. andina sp. n., whereas in A. dominicana, this margin is straight.
Adult male. Forewing length 9.8 ± 0.5 mm (n = 3). General color black, forewing membrane brown, covered in brown and white setae. Head with long, brown setae. Antennae with long, brown setae on scape and pedicel, flagellomeres with dark brown setae and ring of white setae basally. Maxillary palps brown, with long, brown hairs. Thorax black, with dark brown hairs. Forelegs brown, tarsomeres with white ring basally; mid legs dark brown with white setae; hind legs dark brown with white setae, interspersed with brown spines, increasing in thickness towards the tarsal segments. Tibial spur formula 0, 2, 2.
Segment IX annular, short, with anterior margin sinuous, posterior margin slightly produced mesally (Figure
ECUADOR: Napo: Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca waterfall, rd. to Oyacachi, 0.32621S, 78.1505W, 3690 m, 26.ii.2012, B Ríos-Touma, L Pita (
ECUADOR: Chimborazo: small roadside waterfall on Highway E-46 (via Riobamba - Macas), 2.17572S, 78.5047W, 3527 m, 2♂, 25.i.2015, R Holzenthal, B Ríos-Touma (
Named after the Andean ranges where the specimens were collected.
Napo and Chimborazo Provinces (Ecuador) (Figure
This species is related to A. aurea Holzenthal, 1988 from Colombia, and A. penai Holzenthal, 1988 from Bolivia, especially in the broad apicomesal processes of tergum X. The new species differs from A. aurea by the much shorter, acute, angulate apicomesal processes, and the rounded apicolateral processes on tergum X as well as the shape of the inferior appendages, especially the posteromesal margin of the first segment of this structure in ventral view. From A. penai, it differs by the shape of the apicomesal processes of tergum X, which in A. angulata sp. n. are strongly angulate. They also differ by the shape of the inferior appendages, which have a mesal bump on the inner surface in A. penai, but not in A. angulata sp. n.
Adult male. Forewing length 9 mm (n = 1). General color light brown, forewing membrane brown, covered in golden and brown setae. Head with long, white setae. Antennae with long, white setae on scape and pedicel, flagellomeres with dark brown setae and ring of white setae basally. Maxillary palps light brown, with long, white and short brown hairs. Thorax light brown with brown hairs. Forelegs with coxae, trochanter, and femur light brown with long, white setae; tibia and tarsomeres with white and brown setae; mid and hind legs light brown with white and brown setae, tibia and tarsomeres with two rows of dark spines ventrally. Tibial spur formula 0, 2, 2.
Segment IX annular, short, with anterior and posterior margins sinuous, setae on ventral and lateral surfaces not associated with warts (Figure
ECUADOR: Napo: Río Jondachi, 30 km N Tena, 950 m, 10.ix.1990, OS Flint (
The specific name angulata is a Latin adjective referring to the angulate apicomesal processes on tergum X.
Napo Province (Ecuador) (Figure
This new species resembles A. homora Oláh, 2016 from Peru in that both possess paired, basodorsal membranous lobes on tergum X, but in A. homora these lobes bear peg-like setae and are narrower than in A. curvata sp. n. Also, the apicomesal processes of tergum X are long and capitate in A. homora (
Adult male. Forewing length 10.5 mm (n = 1). General color light brown, forewing membrane light brown, covered in golden setae throughout wing membrane and brown setae on costal margin. Head with long, yellow setae dorsally, brown setae ventrally. Antennae broken at second flagellomere, scape and pedicel with long, light brown setae. Maxillary palps light brown, with long, brown hairs. Thorax light brown with long, yellow setae. Forelegs light brown, tibia with brown setae, tarsomeres with white ring basally; mid and hind legs with yellow setae, and two rows of dark spines on tibia and tarsomeres. Tibial spur formula 0, 2, 2.
Segment IX annular, short, with anterior and posterior margins sinuous, with setae on ventral and lateral surfaces (ventral setae arising from a wart) (Fig.
ECUADOR: Napo: 12 km W Baeza, 2380 m, 09.ix.1990, OS Flint (
The specific name curvata is a Latin adjective that means curved and refers to the strongly curved inferior appendages in ventral view.
Napo Province (Ecuador) (Figure
Morphology of the male genitalia of A. decouxi sp. n. is similar to A. cotopaxi Holzenthal, 1988 and A. muyupampa Holzenthal, 1988 from Ecuador and Bolivia, respectively. From A. cotopaxi, it differs by the slightly posteromesally produced segment IX, the longer preanal appendages reaching the apex of tergum X, and the shape and length of the apicolateral processes on tergum X, which are much shorter in A. cotopaxi. The putative larvae of A. decouxi sp. n. has spines on the anterior margin of the legs, similar to those found in A. cotopaxi, as illustrated by
Adult male. Forewing length 11 ± 0.5 mm (n = 3). General color light brown, forewing membrane light brown, covered in brown setae along the costal margin and yellow setae through the remainder of the forewing. Head with yellow and light brown hairs. Antennae with light brown hairs on the scape and pedicel, flagellomeres with dark brown setae and ring of white setae basally. Maxillary palps light brown, with long, brown hairs. Thorax brown with yellow and brown hairs. Fore and midlegs with coxae and trochanter with light brown hairs, remaining segments with dark brown setae and ring of yellow hairs basally. Hind legs with yellow hairs and interspersed brown spines, increasing in thickness towards the tarsal segments. Tibial spur formula 0, 2, 2.
Segment IX annular, short, with anterior margin sinuous, posterior margin slightly produced mesally (Figure
Largest instars, assumed to be the 5th, up to 13.8 mm in length (n = 89).
Head (Figure
Atanatolica decouxi sp. n., larva (tentative association). A Head, thorax, and abdominal; segment I, dorsal B Right mandible (enlarged), dorsal C Abdominal segment I, left lateral D Metasternum and abdominal segment I (partial), ventral E Abdominal segments IX and X, left lateral; upper inset: segment IX dorsal sclerite (enlarged), lower inset: anal claw (enlarged).
Atanatolica decouxi sp. n., larva (tentative association). A Right foreleg (inset: fore tibia and tarsus, anterior surface) B Right midleg (inset: tibia, anterior surface) C Right hind leg (inset: tibia, anterior surface) D Larval case, lateral (inset: posterior opening) E Pupal peduncle F Pupal anterior silken cap.
Elongate, narrow, gently curved and tapering, up to 20 mm long (Figure
Larvae described here are tentatively assigned to A. decouxi sp. n. Unfortunately, no adult male metamorphotype pupae were collected to confirm the association. Larvae and adults were collected at the same site, but on different dates, and adults of only the single species were collected. In our previous collections of species in the genus and from museum material, it appears that species of Atanotolica do not co-occur at a site, lending support to this tentative association. The probable larva of A. decouxi is very similar to those described previously by
ECUADOR: Imbabura: Reserva Los Cedros, Río de la Plata, 0.32495N, 78.7808W, 1587 m, 15.iii.2012, B Ríos-Touma, G Bragado, T Policha (
ECUADOR: Imbabura: Reserva Los Cedros, Río de la Plata, 0.32495N, 78.7808W, 1587 m, 1♂, 1♀, 15.iii.2012, B Ríos-Touma, G Bragado, T Policha (
ECUADOR: Imbabura: Reserva Los Cedros, Río de la Plata, 0.32495N, 78.7808W, 1587 m, 84 larvae, 18.x.2011, R Holzenthal, B Ríos-Touma, A Encalada (
We dedicate this species to José DeCoux, an exceptional person who has been protecting Bosque Protector Los Cedros for more than three decades.
Imbabura Province (Ecuador) (Figure
Larvae were found in high densities in the Río de la Plata on rocks adjacent to a large pool and in the riffle below the pool, forming groups of individuals (Figure
Atanatolica manabi Holzenthal, 1988:83 [Type locality: Ecuador, Manabi, Santo Domingo de los Colorados (79 km W);
ECUADOR: Carchi: Río Hualchancito near Hacienda Primavera, 0.80279N, 78.21816W, 1200 m, 1♂, 1♀, 11.ix.2017, B Ríos-Touma (
The species was previously recorded from three males and several series of larvae collected from “Santo Domingo de los Colorados” and vicinity by workers from the Smithsonian Institution in the mid-1970s. The specimens from Carchi represent the only additonal records of the species since those collections. The male genitalia are identical to those illustrated for the holotype by
The four species described here belong to the Atanatolica dominicana species group established by
This research was supported by Universidad de Las Americas project AMB.BRT.17.005 “Diversidad y Distribución de Trichoptera de Ecuador” in collaboration with INABIO (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, ECUADOR) and University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station projects MIN17-017 and 17-094. We are grateful to José DeCoux (Los Cedros) for the facilities during our field trips. Andrea C. Encalada, Raúl Acosta, Gisella Bragado, Tobias Policha, Lina Pita, Jolanda Huisman, and Xavier Amigo (Nature Experience) kindly provided field assistance. We are grateful to Rafael Souza for his very useful suggestions to improve the manuscript and to Ana Previšić for her editorial assistance. ERG was funded by a FONDECYT-CONCYTEC doctoral fellowship (contract number 277-2015- FONDECYT). This support is gratefully acknowledged.