Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hernán Mario Beccacece ( hernanbeccacece@unc.edu.ar ) Academic editor: Christian Schmidt
© 2018 Daniel Herbin, Hernán Mario Beccacece.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Herbin D, Beccacece HM (2018) Description of three new species of Apatelodidae from the southern neotropical region (Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea). In: Schmidt BC, Lafontaine JD (Eds) Contributions to the systematics of New World macro-moths VII. ZooKeys 788: 3-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.25323
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Three new species of Apatelodidae are described from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay: Apatelodes navarroi sp. n., Apatelodes chalupae sp. n., and Apatelodes ulfi sp. n., and are figured with their genitalia. Detailed examination of primary types leads to the establishment of a new synonymy: A. florisa Schaus, 1929 = A. schreiteri Schaus, 1924, syn. n., and a revised status for another Apatelodidae species previously misplaced in the Bombycidae: Apatelodes brunnea (Dognin, 1916), comb. n.
Apatelodes , Neotropical fauna, Quentalia , taxonomy
The adults of the American silkworm moths (Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea, Apatelodidae) are small to medium size with earthen tones. The larvae are exposed feeders on trees and shrubs and several species are polyphagous (
An extensive revision of Apatelodidae was published by
Recent taxonomic studies of Apatelodidae suggested that this family contains more species than previously thought:
Within the Apatelodidae, the most diverse genus is Apatelodes Packard, 1864, which contains 115 species of the total of 214 species in the family, as per the most recent report by
In this study, three new species of Apatelodidae from Argentina and neighboring countries (Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay) are described in Apatelodes based on their habitus, genitalia, and DNA barcoding.
Materials and methods are as per
Figures were manipulated with Adobe Photoshop CS4. Green labels in figures relate to a voucher number in CDH (see below for collection abbreviations). White labels with the format “BC-Her####” relate to barcode reference numbers from specimens in CDH. All other labels shown belong to the holotype.
All species treated here were subjected to DNA analysis using the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial COI gene in BOLD (Barcode of Life Data System: http://www.boldsystems.org, see also
Description of colors in the descriptions refers to the RAL color standard, see https://www.ral-farben.de/en/home/.
CDH Collection Daniel Herbin, Garidech, France
Holotype male. ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Parc National Calilegua Km 22, 1.1 km après El Monolito, 23°40'32.7"S; 64°53'56.4"W, Alt. 1693m, 27/XI/2013, leg. B. Vincent / genitalia prep. D. Herbin ref. H1381 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Apatelodes navarroi Herbin & Beccacece. des. / CDH 3.311 / BC-Her4953. (Figs
Paratypes. 1 female. ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Parc National Calilegua Km 21, El Monolito, 23°40'56.1"S; 64°54'06"W, Alt. 1723m, 01/XII/2013, leg. B. Vincent / genitalia prep. D. Herbin ref. H1386 / CDH 3.322. (Fig.
Apatelodes navarroi sp. n. is named after the late Dr. Fernando Navarro (
Apatelodes navarroi sp. n. belongs to a small group of Apatelodidae showing very developed socii. This group includes A. hierax Dognin, 1924, A. schreiteri Schaus, 1924, A. florisa Schaus, 1939, A. zikani Draudt, 1929, and A. combi Herbin, 2015. Apatelodes navarroi sp. n. is similar to A. florisa and A. schreiteri, both described from Argentina, Tucumán (see taxonomical notes hereafter). Apatelodes navarroi sp. n. is easily distinguished by its very dark brown color, its greater size, the elongated shape of the forewings, and the slightly concave termen of the forewing below apex. The male genitalia exhibit large socii with well-developed teeth.
Male.Antennae: antennae bipectinate to the tip. Scape, pedicel, and antennomeres beige, rami brown. Head: brown, labial palpi thick, brown, slightly ascending and reaching beyond the front. Eyes naked, dark brown. Thorax: coloration terra brown (RAL8028) with a median longitudinal black line. Legs: coloration as for thorax, with tibia appearing very thick as covered by long light brown hair like scales. Femora densely pilose beige with dark brown scales; Abdomen: sepia brown (RAL8014). Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 17 mm, wingspan: 34 mm. Triangular, apex acute, outer margin slightly concave below apex. Coloration terra brown (RAL8028), antemedial line black, a basal rectangular black mark in antemedial area, postmedial line wavy, black. Two small hyaline spots near apex and costa: one tiny spot near costa, bordered proximally with small black triangular mark, second spot posterior to first slightly larger, triangular, and bordered proximally with black scales. Between costa and first tiny hyaline spot, a black comma marking present. Forewing ventrum: Similar to dorsum, but lighter in color: pale brown (RAL8025), with postmedial line lighter in color, darker terra brown patch at apex. Hindwing dorsum: homogenous terra brown coloration, slightly lighter than forewing. Medially, a curved transverse line lighter brown. Hindwing ventrum: Dark terra brown with a pale brown transverse line. Genitalia (Figure
Uncus strongly sclerotized, with wide base and single bent hook-like apex. Base of uncus with a pair of large socii made of a two folded sclerotized sheet bordered with numerous strong teeth. Valves elongated, not reaching the uncus, rather narrow, with apex rounded and a strong sclerotized spine at the dorsal base of the valve. Aedeagus short and cylindrical, with no teeth or cornuti. Caecum penis present. Vesica with a ventral diverticulum. No cornuti on vesica.
Female.Antennae: similar to male but rami shorter. Head: Similar to male but labial palpi thinner and shorter, not reaching front. Thorax, Legs: As in male. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 22 mm, wingspan: 42 mm. Similar to male but broader, apex slightly more falcate, and termen below apex more concave. Forewing ventrum, hindwing dorsum, hindwing ventrum: As in male. Genitalia (Figure
Papillae anales hemispherical, slightly bulbous and covered with setae. Apophyses thin and cylindrical, slightly spatulate at tip, anteriores about the same length as posteriores. Ductus bursae as a very long (about 5 mm, twice the length of corpus bursae), narrow, sinuous ribbon, of equal diameter for entire length. Ductus bursae sclerotized at entry near ostium bursae. Bursa copulatrix smooth and ovoid with a horse-shoe shaped, semi circular, single signum at extremity of bursa, signum equipped with minute teeth, inward pointing.
Holotype male. ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Parc National Calilegua Km 22, 1.1 km après El Monolito, 23°40'32.7"S; 64°53'56.4"W, Alt. 1693m, 27/XI/2013, leg. B. Vincent / D. Herbin genitalia prep. H1380/ HOLOTYPE ♂ Apatelodes chalupae Herbin & Beccacece des. / CDH 3.310 / BC-Her4954. (Figs
Apatelodes chalupae is named after Dr. Adriana Chalup (
Apatelodes chalupae sp. n. is similar to A. navarroi sp. n., but is much lighter in color (see comparison in Figs
Male.Antennae: Bipectinate to the tip. Scape, pedicel and antennomeres beige, rami beige brown. Head: beige brown, labial palpi thick, beige brown, slightly ascending and reaching beyond the front. Eyes naked, dark brown. Thorax: ochre brown with longitudinal black central line. Legs: beige brown, tibia appearing thick due to long beige brown scales. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 16 mm, wingspan: 32 mm. Triangular, apex acute, outer margin slightly concave below apex. Ground color light ochre brown (RAL8001), maculation similar to previous species with two small hyaline spots near apex, bordered proximally by tiny black marking. A black comma-shaped mark exists between costa and the smaller hyaline spot. A dark brown diffuse marking present basally in antemedian area. Antemedial and postmedial lines faint. Forewing ventrum: Ground color beige (RAL1001). Outer margin copper brown (RAL8004). Postmedial line light brown. Hindwing dorsum: coloration uniform light ochre brown, a faint lighter beige longitudinal line present. Hindwing ventrum: coloration rather uniform copper brown with contrasting beige distal longitudinal line inwardly bent at CuA2 and diffuse brown proximal longitudinal line. Abdomen: a black collar at interface of thorax/abdomen. First two abdominal segments dorsally reddish brown, remaining segments ochre brown. Black spot present dorsally on each abdominal segment. Genitalia (Figure
Uncus heavily sclerotized, wide, bent mesally, with a simple hooked apex. Base of uncus with a pair of medium size socii made of a two folded sclerotized sheet bordered with few small teeth. Valves elongated, rather narrow, not reaching the uncus, with apex rounded and a strongly sclerotized spine at the dorsal base of the valve. Aedeagus short and cylindrical, with no teeth or cornuti. Caecum penis present. Vesica with a ventral finger like diverticulum and a smaller lateral diverticulum. No cornuti on vesica.
Female. Unknown.
A. chalupae sp. n. is only known from the type locality in Argentina.
Initially, we thought that the type specimen of A. chalupae sp. n. was a lighter colored representative of A. navarroi sp. n., however the COI barcodes showed a significant distance between the two species (4.3%), further confirmed by the differences found in the male genitalia.
Figure
In Figure
Holotype male. PARAGUAY: Dept Presidente Hayes: Estancia 4L, 28-30.III.2014, 22°42'S; 58°37'W, 94m, leg. U. Drechsel, Coll. D. Herbin / genitalia prep.D. Herbin H1379 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Apatelodes ulfi Herbin & Beccacece des. / CDH 3.309 / BC-Her4933. (Figs
Paratypes (14 males total): BOLIVIA: 1 male. Dept Tarija: Camatindi à Capirenda km 16, 493 m, 07.XI.2007, 21°01'07"S; 63°15'51"W, leg. Barbut, Vincent & Levêque/ genitalia prep.D. Herbin H830/ CDH 3.321/ BC-Her1918. InCDH; BRAZIL: 1 male. Mato Grosso do Sul: Environs de Rio Brilhante, Fazenda Senhor João Brandão, III.1966, leg. Cl. Moinier, Collection Jacques Plante. In
Apatelodes ulfi sp. n. is named after Ulf Drechsel in Paraguay, who collected the majority of the known specimens.
Apatelodes ulfi sp. n. is a rather small species, with the basal half of the forewing dorsum dark reddish brown very contrasting with the light colored (grey beige) postmedial and marginal area. A single hyaline preapical spot. The ventrum with inverted contrasting area compared to dorsum: darker on the marginal area, and lighter in median and basal area. The particular feature of the male genitalia lies in the socii, showing two ventral projections, one very short and truncated, another slightly longer.
Male.Antennae: Bipectinate to the tip. Scape, pedicel, antennomeres and rami beige. Head: brown red (RAL3011) with some beige-tipped scales, labial palpi thick, brown, projected forward, eyes dark brown. Thorax: prothoracic collar brown red, thorax vinaceous red (RAL3005). Legs: Tibia thick with long hair like scales, brown and whitish for prothoracic legs, brown red for mesothoracic and metathoracic legs. Abdomen: brown red. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length (n = 13): 13–17 mm, wingspan: 28–35 mm (holotype: length 16 mm and wingspan 34 mm). Ground coloration grey beige (RAL1019), with basal half oxide red (RAL3009) contrasting with two grey beige undulating antemedial lines. Single elliptic hyaline spot, bordered proximally with an oxide red small triangle, distally by a small oxide red spot present near apex. Termen bordered with narrow oxide red. Postmedial line crenulated, oxide red. Forewing ventrum: Ground color beige (RAL1001) with some oxide red scales near costa. Marginal area oxide red with beige triangle above hyaline spot. Hindwing dorsum: Ground color red brown (RAL8012) with beige median line. Termen bordered by nut brown (RAL8011). Hindwing ventrum: Marginal area oxide red with beige postmedial line, antemedial and medial areas of lighter color due to beige scales interlaced with oxide red scales. Genitalia (Figure
Uncus downcurved, strongly sclerotized, wide, with a single small spine at apex. At base of uncus, socii exhibit two finger-like extensions, one short and truncated and one longer (see Figure
Female. Unknown.
Specimens of A. ulfi sp. n. have been collected in various localities in northern Argentina, southern Bolivia, central western Brazil and north to south Paraguay. Possible extension of the range to Peru remains to be investigated.
DNA barcoding of specimens from various localities reveal that these populations are all perfectly aligned (i.e. 0% distance between specimens of northern Argentina, southern Bolivia and Paraguay. Specimens from Brazil in
A similar specimen in CDH, from northern Bolivia (Nor Yungas, Coroico area), shows a larger size and some differences in habitus, and has therefore not been included in paratype series. Similar specimens are likely to be found in southern or central Peru, this will then enable to verify identity or not with A. ulfi sp. n.
Note 1: A comparison of species similar to A. schreiteri.
As illustrated in Figures
Re-examination of the types in the
We therefore consider that A. florisa Schaus is a subjective junior synonym of A. schreiteri Schaus and propose: Apatelodes florisa Schaus, 1929 = Apatelodes schreiteri Schaus, 1924, syn. n.
Note: the genitalia of these holotypes have not been examined, but being the case of a male compared to a female this would not have actually helped in demonstration.
Note 2: The examination of various primary types enables the recognition of an anomaly in the present classification of Bombycoidea: Carthara brunnea Dognin, 1916 (holotype male examined in
Figure
The taxon brunnea is not addressed in the text nor in the color plates by
We notice a similarity of A. brunnea to the species newly described above, but no hyaline spot exists on the forewings in A. brunnea.
We would like to extend our sincerest thanks to the following individuals and their institutions for their assistance in accessing material for this study: The late Dr. Fernando Rubén Navarro for the organization of the expedition and authorizations that enabled discovery of these new species, Patricia Gentili-Poole (