Holotype: BraZil: RONDÔNIA: Porto Velho, Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, [no date], [no collector] (♂, MNRJ 04414). Paratypes: BRAZIL: RONDÔNIA: Guajará-Mirim, 18.i.2001, Eq. Butantan (♀, IBSP 12336); Porto Velho: Mutum, transecto 5, parcela 400m, 18.xi.2011, Candiani, D. (juvenile, MZSP 44043); Mutum, transecto 7, parcela 650m, 18.iv.2012, Indicatti, R. (juvenile, MZSP 47085); UHE Samuel, Reserva, 17–21.viii.1992, Pontes, G. (juvenile, MCTP 02217).

Etymology: The specific name is taken from the folklore of Amazonian Indian tribes. “Mapinguari” is a magical creature, a huge long-haired animal, with long arms and large claws.

Diplura mapinguari sp. n. shares the same oblique continuous light stripes on the dorsum of the abdomen with other species (D. lineata, D. sanguinea, and D. rodrigoi sp. n.), but differs by having the stripes unequally spaced. The three median stripes of D. mapinguari sp. n are wider, almost touching each other near the middle and merging with the ventral light background (Fig. 1). The male of D. mapinguari sp. n. has the longest embolus in Diplura, 2.5× longer than the bulb (Fig. 5). Females also have an elongated receptaculum seminis, with a thin stalk, and only three lobes: the internal lobe is lateral and larger; the other two are a pair at the apex (Fig. 10).

Figures 1–10. 

Diplura mapinguari sp. n. Juvenile: 1 habitus dorsal (Porto Velho-RO, photo R. Indicatti). Male: left leg I 2 tibial spur, retrolateral 3 tibial spur and metatarsal clasper, ventral 4 left palp, retrolateral; left bulb 5 retrolateral 6 prolateral 7 ventral 8 dorsal 9 maxilla with lyra. Female: 10 receptaculum seminis (dorsal).

Male (holotype, MNRJ 04414): Measurements: Body length 18.2; carapace length 8.8, carapace width 7.6; abdomen length 7.5, abdomen width 3.7. Leg formula 4123, total length: I 36.2, II 31.0, III 30.2, IV 38.7. Carapace: Clypeus tiny, with anterior margin bearing five thick setae, elongated and turned forward. Eye tubercle without thick setae at anterior margin, but with two thick setal insertions and many thin, common setae between the posterior eyes. AME separated from each other by 1/2 their diameter and almost as large as ALE. ALE much longer than wide, just a bit longer than AME. PME oval, around 1/2 the diameter of the AME. PLE longer than wide, a bit smaller than AME. PME and PLE contiguous. Anterior and posterior eye rows slightly recurved and with similar width. Chelicera with eleven promarginal teeth. Plectrum with seven thick and elongated setae. Sigillae ellyptical. Maxillae with 17–25 digitiform cuspules. Lyra (Fig. 9) formed by eleven elongated setae, clearly curved at their middle and slightly spatulated, the basalmost seta thinner and shorter than the others, which increase regularly in length up to the distal seta. Legs: Leg I (Figs 2, 3). Tibia I with a retrolateral distal spur, slightly curved, with thick end which bears a megaseta. In ventral view, spur placed transversally to the long axis of tibia, with its apex directed retrolaterally (Fig. 3). Megaseta (or megaspine) elongated, regularly curved and acute, directed retrolaterally. In ventral view, it is placed obliquely in relation to its base and is nearly as long as the spur. Metatarsus I relatively long and straight, with its basal third bearing a large retrolateral tubercle, elongated and pointed, slightly turned towards the distal portion of the article. There is a short cluster of many spiniform setae (clasper) between the two macrosetae at the mid-basal portion of the prolateral face of the article. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur d2-3-3-3 left, d2-2-1-2-3 right; patella d1 left; tibia p1-1-1, v1-1-1ap (apophysis) left; v1-2-1ap (apophysis) right; metatarsus p1-1-0, v1-1-1-2ap left, v1-1-2-2ap right; leg II: femur d1-2-3-3-2 left, d1-1-3-3-2 right, p0-1-1-1; patella p1-1; tibia p1-1, r1, v2-2-2ap; metatarsus p1-1-1, v1-1-2-1ap left, v1-1-2-2ap right; leg III: femur d3-3-2-2; patella p1-1, r1; tibia d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2ap; metatarsus d1-1-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-0; v2-2-1-2ap left, v2-1-1-1-2ap right; leg IV: femur d1-3-3-1-2 left, d1-3-2-3-1-2 right; patella p1-1, r1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1, r1-1-1, v2-1-1-2ap; metatarsus d1-1-1-1-2, p1-1-1-0, r1-1-1-0, v2-2-2-2ap left v2-2-2-3ap right. Genitalia: Palpus (Fig. 4) not as short and incrassate as usual, approx. 3.6× longer than wide and 2.6× longer than the cymbium. Bulb (Figs 5–8) globose, wider than long, with thin and elongated embolus, approx. 2.5× longer than the bulb. Embolus with relatively thin base, forming a 90^o angle with the dorsal face of bulb, in retrolateral and prolateral views, tapering regularly towards the apex, with its distal third much thinner, curved and slightly twisted. In ventral and dorsal views (Figs 7, 8), there is a clear oblique placement of the embolus axis in relation to the bulb axis. In ventral view, sperm duct is wide at the beginning, with strong diminution of diameter at the base of the embolus, and then regularly tapering toward the apex (Fig. 7).

Measurements: Body length 28.1; carapace length 11.3, carapace 9.2; abdomen length 12.3, abdomen width 8.7. Leg formula 4123, total length: I 37.3, II 34.7, III 35.2, IV 44.8. Females resemble males, except by the following characteristics. Carapace: Clypeus length around 1/2 the diameter of AME, with anterior margin bearing four thick setae, elongated, and turned forward. Eye tubercle with three elongated setae at anterior margin and five setae between the posterior eyes. Chelicerae with 12 promarginal teeth. Maxilae with 26 cuspules. Lyra with 13 elongated setae, slightly curved medially. Genitalia: Receptaculum seminis (Fig. 10) paired, elongated, separated by a little less than its height, with thin and elongated stalk, bearing one large and elongated internal lobe and two distal lobes that are not as large as the basal one.

Carapace reddish brown, with thoracic sulci a bit darker. Eye region black. In live juveniles, the carapace presents an almost black color and the colors of all body parts are more vivid (Fig. 1). Chelicerae, labium, sternum and coxae reddish brown. Legs mostly reddish brown, with darker femurs. Abdomen black, dorsum with five light transverse stripes, of different sizes and shapes (Fig. 1). First and last stripes shorter and thinner (disappearing in some specimens). Three median stripes wider and shorter, widest at their middle region, where they almost touch one another. Compared to the last median stripe, the two first median stripes are wider, longer and are connected to the venter. The carapace is covered with abundant light brown setae.

Known only from Porto Velho and Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia state, Amazon area, northern Brazil (Fig. 29).

Holotype: BRAZIL: RIO DE JANEIRO: Casimiro de Abreu: BR-101, xii.2010, Equipe Herpetologia(♂, MNRJ 7620, ex. UFRJ 0920). Paratypes: BRAZIL: RIO DE JANEIRO: Campos dos Goytacazes: Mata do Mergulhão, 10.iii-05.iv.2004, Teixeira, C. L. (8♂, MCN/FZBRS 43436); Mata do Mergulhão, 10.iii-05.iv.2004, Teixeira, C. L. (8♂, MCN/FZBRS 43437); Casimiro de Abreu: BR-101, xii.2010, Equipe Herpetologia (♂, UFRJ 0920); Barra de São João, Morro de São João, 21–24.iii.2003, Exp. Arachné (♂, MNRJ 4344); Macaé: Terminal Cabiúnas, 25–30.iii.2010, Baptista, R. et al. (♂, MNRJ 4539); 21–26.ii.2013, Pedroso, D. R. and Miranda, G. (♂, UFRJ MAC 3617); 19–24.ii.2016, Pedroso, D. R. and Villarreal, O. (♂, CAVAISC, ex. UFRJ); 19–24.ii.2016, Pedroso, D. R. and Villarreal, O. (♂, CAVAISC, ex. UFRJ); Mendes: Colégio Marista São João das Paineiras, v.2008, Baptista, R. (♀, UFRJ 0102); Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional da Tijuca, Bom Retiro, v.2016, Pedroso, D. R. and Baptista, R. L. C. (♂, UFRJ 1360); vi.2016, Pedroso, D. R. and Baptista, R. L. C. (♂, MNRJ 7620, ex. UFRJ 1361).

This species is named after the biologist, Rodrigo de Cerqueira da Costa, who first directed Denis Pedroso and Alessandro Giupponi in their studies of zoology.

Diplura rodrigoi sp. n. differs from other species displaying several oblique continuous light stripes on the dorsum of the abdomen (D. lineata, D. sanguinea, and Diplura mapinguari sp. n.) by its very characteristic stripe pattern. Its elongated oblique stripes are very thin near the median line of the dorsum but continuously widening and approaching each other towards the venter, where they merge in the light background (Fig. 25). The three median stripes are longer and not as wide and confluent at their middle portion as in Diplura mapinguari sp. n. In contrast to D. lineata and D. sanguinea, the light stripes are longer and clearly delimited, with well-defined borders. Males of D. rodrigoi sp. n. are the only Diplurinae with a prolateroventral swelling at the distal portion of metatarsus I, which is glabrous and lighter than the surrounding areas (Fig. 13). As in D. sanguinea, males of Diplura rodrigoi sp. n. bear a relatively wide sperm duct from the base of the embolus towards the apex (Fig. 17), in contrast to Diplura mapinguari sp. n. and D. lineata, where the sperm duct is strongly constricted and becomes almost filiform towards the apex. Diplura rodrigoi sp. n. males differ from D. sanguinea by having the megaseta of tibial spur of leg I a bit shorter than the basal portion of the spur (Fig. 12) and 10–11 setae in the lyra (Fig. 19), in contrast with megaseta longer than the spur and seven setae at the lyra in the latter species.

Figures 11–20. 

Diplura rodrigoi sp. n. Juvenile: 11 habitus dorsal (Porto Velho-RO, photo R. Indicatti). Male: left leg I 12 tibial spur, retrolateral 13 tibial spur and metatarsal clasper, ventral 14 left palp, retrolateral; left bulb 15 retrolateral 16 prolateral 17 ventral 18 dorsal 19 maxilla with lyra. Female: 20 receptaculum seminis (dorsal).

Male (Holotype, MNRJ 7620): Measurements: Body length 20.0; carapace length 8.7, width 7.2. Abdomen length 8.3, width 4.8. Leg formula 4123, length: I 33.3, II 30.6, III 27.4, IV 35.0. Carapace: Clypeus about 40% the diameter of AME, partially covered by eye tubercle; frontal margin bearing five thick setae, which are elongated and turned forward. Eye tubercle with four thick setae at anterior margin and two setae between posterior eyes. AME separated from each other by 1/3 their diameter, and a little larger than ALE. ALE longer than wide. PME almost spherical, with around 1/2 the AME diameter. PLE longer than wide, a little shorter than AME diameter. PME and PLE contiguous. Anterior eye row a little recurved, posterior row recurved. Anterior and posterior rows of similar width. Chelicera with 12 promarginal teeth. Plectrum with six thick and elongated setae. Sigillae ellyptical. Maxillae with 12–15 elongated cuspules. Lyra (Fig. 19) formed by eleven setae almost straight or just a bit curved, of similar size, with apex slightly spatulate, the basalmost seta much thinner than the others. Legs: Leg I (Figs 12–13). Tibia I with distal retrolateral spur slightly curved, not acutely pointed, bearing an apical megaseta, much longer than wide. Spur megaseta short and slightly curved, a little shorter than the spur. Metatarsus I relatively long and slightly sinuous in ventral view, bearing a retrolateral tubercle conical, pointed and turned in apical direction, placed at the basal third of the article. Cluster of spiniform setae (clasper) placed from the base to the level of the third megaseta at the mid-basal region of the prolateral face of the article. Swelling placed near the prolateral distal margin, glabrous and lighter than the surrounding areas. Megasetae: leg I: femur d1-2-1-3-3 left, d1-1-1-1-2 right; patella p1 left; tibia p1-1, v1-1-1ap (apophysis); metatarsus p0-1-1 left, p1-1-1 right, v0-1-1ap; leg II: femur d2-3-2-2-1 left, d2-3-3-2 right; patella p1; tibia p1-1, v1-2-2ap; metatarsus p1-1-1, v1-2-2ap; leg III: femur d2-3-2-2 left, d1-3-2-3-2 right; patella p1 left, p1-1 right, r1; tibia d1-1, p1-1, r1-1, v2-1-1-2ap; metatarsus d1-1-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1-1 left, r1-1-1-0 right; v1-1-1-1-3ap; leg IV: femur d1-1-2-3-2-2 left, d1-1-2-2-3-2 right; patella p1 left, p1-1 right, r1; tibia d1-1, p1-1, r1-1, v2-1-1-2ap; metatarsus d1-1-0-2 left, d1-1-1-2 right, p1-1-0 left, p1-1-1 right, r1-1-1, v1-1-1-2-3ap left v2-1-1-2-3ap right. Genitalia: Palpus (Fig. 14) short and incrassate, around 3× longer than wide and 2.6× longer than the cymbium. Bulb (Figs 15–18) almost piriform, a little wider than long, with embolus moderately long and thin, around 2× longer than bulb. Embolus with base relatively thick in relation to the bulb. In ventral view, sperm duct wide at the beginning, with a moderate diminution of diameter at the base of the embolus, and then tapering toward the apex, with distal third much thinner (Fig. 17). Embolus regularly and slightly curved, especially at the distal region.

Female (Paratype, UFRJ 0102): Measurements: Body length 26.4; carapace length 9.6, carapace width 8.2; abdomen length 12.3; abdomen width 7.6. Leg formula 4123, length: I 30.4, II 24.8, III 23.7, IV 30.6. Females resemble males, except by the following characteristics. Carapace: Clypeus length similar to AME diameter, with anterior margin bearing five thick setae, elongated and turned forward. Eye tubercle with three thick and long setae and ten smaller setae, of variable size, at anterior margin. Area between posterior eyes with single long and thick setae. AME separated from each other by 80% of their diameter. Chelicera with 12–13 promarginal teeth. Plectrum with five thick and elongated setae. Maxillae with 15–17 cuspules. Lyra (Fig. 19) formed by 11–12 subequal setae, except for the first one, which is shorter and thinner. Setae slightly spatulated, with a thin and pointed apex. Genitalia: Receptaculum seminis (Fig. 20) paired, separated by a distance similar to its own height. Stalk relatively wide, its diameter a little smaller at the distal third, near the five or six apical large lobes, with all of them being similar in size.

Carapace reddish, with thoracic sulci a little darker. Eye region darkened. Chelicerae reddish brown. Labium, sternum and coxae orange brown. Sigillae slightly darker than sternum. Legs light brown. Dorsum of abdomen dark brown with five elongated pale brown transverse stripes, with their width diminishing posteriorly. Stripes continuous, with well-defined borders, thin and far from each other near the midline of the dorsum, but growing wide and closer toward the venter, where they blend into the pale background. When alive, they bear a vivid red carapace and dark brown legs and abdomen.

The female paratype from Mendes (UFRJ 0102) was collected in a short tunnel, with a small silk lined opening, on the slope of an old road through second-growth Atlantic Forest. Other specimens have been collected under rocks and logs on forest floor. Most specimens were caught by pitfall traps in forested areas.

BRAZIL: DISTRITO FEDERAL: Brasília: Reserva Ecológica do IBGE/RECOR: alt. 1077m, -15.939653° -47.879984°, 14–16.v.2015, Kury, A., Pinto, A. and Carvalho, R. (♂, MNRJ 6859); IBGE, mata de galeria, 23.iv.2001, Diniz, D. (2♂, UNB 1142); 01.v.2000, Milhomem, M. (2♂, UNB 3998); ESPÍRITO SANTO: Santa Teresa: ESFA leg. (♂, MNRJ 4339); Sooretama: Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, Porteira Quirinão, 20.iv.2006, Exp. Arachné (♂, MNRJ 4341); GOIÁS: Morrinhos: Parque Ecológico Jatobá, XII.2006-VIII.2007, Santana, R. (♂, IBSP 140891); MINAS GERAIS: Belo Horizonte, Estação Ecológica da UFMG, iii.2001, Maria, M. et al. (♂, IBSP 10739); UFMG, campus Pampulha, 2000, Álvares, E. (♂, IBSP 13824); Itacarambi: Gruta Olhos d´água, 26.vi.2001, Giupponi, A. and Baptista, R. (♂, MNRJ 3518); Juiz de Fora: ix.2008-iv.2009, Gomide, S. (♂, ♀, IBSP 144024; ♂, IBSP 144025); Viçosa: Mata do Paraíso, 21–24.iii.2001, Azevedo, L. P. (♂, MNRJ 4320); RIO DE JANEIRO: Macaé: Ilha de Santana, 27.vi.2009, Baptista, R. L. C. (j, UFRJ MAC 2166; j, UFRJ MAC 2246); Parque Municipal do Atalaia, 26.vi.2009, Baptista, R. L. C. et al. (2 j, UFRJ MAC 2174); Terminal Cabiúnas, Mata da Odebei, 11–16.v.2015, Pedroso, D. R. and Castanheira, P., pitfall (♂, UFRJ MAC 10265); idem, 18–22.ii.2014, Pedroso, D. R. and Castanheira, P., pitfall (♂, UFRJ MAC 7191); SÃO PAULO: Peruíbe: Estação Ecologica Juréia-Itatins, III.1997, Brescovit, A. et al. (♂, IBSP 11577).

Distribution: Widespread and common in a wide area of southeastern and mid-western Brazil, from north Espírito Santo state and central-south Minas Gerais state, reaching west to the Distrito Federal and south, down to southeastern São Paulo state (Fig. 29). It is sympatric with D. lineata (Lucas, 1957), a similar species, in the municipalities of Casimiro de Abreu and Rio de Janeiro, both in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (see Pedroso et al. 2016).