Checklist |
Corresponding author: Jane Abigail Santiago ( janeabigailsantiago20@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
© 2018 Jane Abigail Santiago, Maria Carmen Lagman.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Santiago JA, Lagman MC (2018) Species check-list for Tintinnids of the Philippines Archipelago (Protozoa, Ciliophora). ZooKeys 771: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.771.24806
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Tintinnids are an essential link between nano- and macro- planktons in the food webs of the marine environment. It is also known that tintinnids are one of themajor components of marine planktonic ciliates and has a cosmopolitan character. In the Philippine archipelago, which is recognized as a center of marine biodiversity, tintinnids checklist has not been done or published. Therefore, a checklist is presented in this study based on a compilation of previous tintinnids studies conducted at the Philippines waters. As a result of the studies done since 1941 up to present, a total of 114 taxa belonging to 14 families and 37 genera were listed. The Philippines coastal waters record a total of 50 species while the open seas document 72 species to date.
Ciliates, list, Manila Bay, Philippine Sea, plankton, zooplankton
Microzooplankton (20–200µm) constitute amajor component of the marine plankton community. Previously, the significance of microzooplankton (MZP) was commonly linked with microbial loop and corresponding microbial web (
One of the best-known groups of marine microzooplanktonic ciliates is tintinnid (
The Philippines archipelago is bound by the Bashi Channel to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east and northeast, the Celebes Sea to the south, the Sulu Sea to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the west and northwest side.
In this study, all published literature from 1941 to 2017 was examined. Taxonomical species and author names were written according to
In related studies conducted in the Philippines, 114 tintinnid species belonging to 14 families and 37 genera have been recorded. The families Codonellidae (22 species, 19.30%) and Tintinnidae (21 species, 18.42%) have the highest recorded species (Table
The systematic list and biogeographical distribution of the species are presented below:
Kingdom: Chromista
Subkingdom: Harosa
Phylum: Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
Class: Oligotrichea Bütschli, 1887
Subclass: Oligotrichia Bütschli, 1887
Order: Choreotrichida Small & Lynn, 1985
Family: Ascampbelliellidae Corliss, 1960
Genus: Acanthostomella Jörgensen, 1927
Acanthostomella conicoides Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Acanthostomella minutissima Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Ascampbelliella Corliss, 1960
Ascampbelliella acuta (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929)
Ascampbelliella armilla (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929)
Ascampbelliella retusa (Hada, 1935)
Ascampbelliella urceolata (Ostenfeld, 1899)
Genus: Craterella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Craterella aperta Marshall
Family: Codonellidae Kent, 1881
Genus: Codonaria Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Codonaria oceanica (Brandt, 1906)
Genus: Codonella Haeckel, 1873
Codonella amphorella Biedermann, 1893
Genus: Poroecus Cleve, 1902
Poroecus annulatus Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Poroecus apicatus Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Tintinnopsis Stein, 1867
Tintinnopsis bacoornensis Roxas, 1941
Tintinnopsis beroidea Stein, 1867
Tintinnopsis buetschlii Daday, 1887
Tintinnopsis campanula Ehrenberg, 1840
Tintinnopsis chinglanensis Nie & Cheng, 1947
Tintinnopsis corniger Hada, 1964
Tintinnopsis cylindrica Daday, 1887
Tintinnopsis directa Hada, 1932
Tintinnopsis gracilis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Tintinnopsis loricata Brandt, 1906
Tintinnopsis major Meunier, 1910
Tintinnopsis manilensis Roxas, 1941
Tintinnopsis mortensenii Schmidt, 1902
Tintinnopsis radix (Imhof, 1886)
Tintinnopsis rotundata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Tintinnopsis tocantinensis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Tintinnopsis turgida Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Tintinnopsis uruguayensis Balech, 1948
Family: Codonellopsidae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Codonellopsis Jörgensen, 1924
Codonellopsis morchella (Cleve) Jörgensen, 1924
Codonellopsis orthoceras (Haeckel, 1873) Jörgensen, 1924
Codonellopsis ostenfeldi (Schmidt, 1902) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Codonellopsis pusilla (Cleve) Jörgensen, 1924
Codonellopsis schabi (Brandt, 1906) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Family: Cyttarocylididae Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Genus: Cyttarocylis Fol, 1881
Cyttarocylis cassis (Haeckel, 1837)
Family: Dictyocystidae Haeckel, 1873
Genus: Wangiella Nie, 1934
Wangiella dicollaria Nie, 1934
Genus: Dictyocysta Ehrenberg, 1854
Dictyocysta elegans Ehrenberg, 1854
Dictyocysta mitra Haeckel, 1873
Family: Epiplocylididae Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Genus: Epiplocylis Jörgensen, 1924
Epiplocylis calyx (Brandt, 1906)
Epiplocylis exquisita Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Epiplocylis undella (Ostenfeld & Schmidt) Jörgensen, 1927
Genus: Epiplocyloides Hada, 1938
Epiplocyloides acuta (Kofoid & Campbell,1929)
Epiplocyloides ralumensis (Brandt, 1906)
Epiplocyloides reticulata (Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901)
Family: Metacylididae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Coxliella Brandt
Coxliella longa Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Coxliella mariana Hada, 1938
Genus: Metacylis Jörgensen, 1924
Metacylis hemisphaerica Roxas, 1941
Metacylis jörgensenii (Cleve) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Metacylis kofoidi Roxas, 1941
Metacylis tropica Duran, 1957
Genus: Helicostomella Jörgensen, 1924
Helicostomella longa (Brandt, 1906)
Genus: Climacocylis Jörgensen, 1924
Climacocylis elongata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Climacocylis cf. leospiralis Kofoid & Campbell
Climacocylis scalaria Brandt, 1906
Climacocylis sipho (Brandt, 1906) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Family: Petalotrichidae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Petalotricha Kent, 1881
Petalotricha major Jörgensen, 1925
Family: Ptychocylididae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Favella Jörgensen, 1924
Favella ehrenbergii (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858) Jörgensen, 1924
Favella simplex Roxas, 1941
Favella philippinensis Roxas, 1941
Favella elongata Roxas, 1941
Favella azorica (Cleve, 1900) Jörgensen, 1924
Family: Rhabdonellidae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Rhabdonella Brandt, 1906
Rhabdonella amor (Cleve, 1900) Brandt, 1907
Rhabdonella apophysata Jörgensen, 1924
Rhabdonella brandti Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Rhabdonella conica Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Rhabdonella cornucopia Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Rhabdonella elegans Jörgensen, 1924
Rhabdonella exilis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Rhabdonella sanyahensis Nie & Cheng, 1947
Rhabdonella fenestrata Roxas, 1941
Rhabdonella valdestriata (Brandt) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Rhabdonella spiralis (Fol, 1881)
Genus: Protorhabdonella Jörgensen, 1924
Protorhabdonella curta Cleve, 1900
Protorhabdonella simplex (Cleve) Jörgensen, 1924
Protorhabdonella striatura Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Family: Tintinnidae Claparède & Lachmann, 1858
Genus: Amphorellopsis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Amphorellopsis acuta (Schmidt, 1902)
Genus: Amphorides Strand, 1928
Amphorides amphora (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858)
Amphorides quadrilineata (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858)
Amphorides minor Jörgensen, 1924
Genus: Brandtiella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Brandtiella palliata (Brandt, 1906) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Canthariella (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929)
Canthariella pyramidata (Jörgensen, 1924) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Dadayiella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Dadayiella ganymedes (Entz, 1884) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Dadayiella pachytoecus (Dendy, 1924)
Genus: Eutintinnus Kofoid & Campbell, 1939
Eutintinnus apertus Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Eutintinnus fraknoii (Daday, 1887)
Eutintinnus lusus-undae (Entz, 1885)
Eutintinnus stramentus (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929)
Genus Ormosella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Ormosella haeckeli Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Salpingella Jörgensen, 1924
Salpingella acuminata (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858) Jörgensen, 1924
Salpingella acuminatoides (Laackmann) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Salpingella attenuata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Salpingella decurtata Jörgensen, 1924
Salpingella subconica Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Steenstrupiella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Steenstrupiella intumescens (Jörgensen, 1924) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Steenstrupiella steenstrupii (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Tintinnus Schrank, 1803
Tintinnus perminutus Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Family: Tintinnidiidae Kofoid & Campbell
Genus: Tintinnidium Kent, 1881
Tintinnidium primitivum Busch, 1923
Tintinnidium cylindrica Daday, 1886
Tintinnidium ampullarium Roxas, 1941
Genus: Leprotintinnus Jörgensen, 1899
Leprotintinnus nordqvistii (Brandt, 1906) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Leprotintinnus tubulosus Roxas, 1941
Family: Undellidae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Undella Daday, 1887
Undella claparedei (Entz) Daday, 1887
Undella clevei Jörgensen, 1924
Undella hyalina Daday, 1887
Undella subcaudata Jörgensen, 1924
Family: Xystonellidae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Genus: Parundella Jörgensen, 1924
Parundella aculeata (Joergensen, 1924)
Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jörgensen, 1924
Parundella inflata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Parundella longa Joergensen, 1924
Genus: Xystonella Brandt, 1907
Xystonella treforti (Daday, 1887)
Genus: Xystonellopsis Jörgensen, 1924
Xystonellopsis brandti (Laackmann) Jörgensen, 1924
Xystonellopsis cymatica (Brandt, 1906) Jörgensen, 1924
Xystonellopsis dahli (Brandt, 1906) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929
Xystonellopsis paradoxa (Cleve, 1900) Jörgensen, 1924
The study of
Since 1941, only three other studies (
Tintinnopsis, Codonellopsis, Coxliella, Metacylis, Rhabdonella, Epiplocylis and Eutintinus were the genera that both appeared in coastal and open waters (Table
Summary of the tintinnid appearance between coastal and open seas by genus.
Total | Coastal | Open sea | Both |
Favella | Acanthostomella | Codonellopsis | |
Helicostomella | Amphorellopsis | Coxliella | |
Leprotintinnus | Amphorides | Epiplocylis | |
Petalotricha | Ascampbelliella | Eutintinnus | |
Tintinnidium | Brandtiella | Metacylis | |
Tintinnus | Canthariella | Rhabdonella | |
Wangiella | Climacocylis | Tintinnopsis | |
Codonaria | |||
Codonella | |||
Craterella | |||
Cyttarocylis | |||
Dadayiella | |||
Dictyocysta | |||
Epiplocylididae | |||
Epiplocyloides | |||
Ormosella | |||
Parundella | |||
Poroecus | |||
Protorhabdonella | |||
Salpingella | |||
Steenstrupiella | |||
Undella | |||
Xystonella | |||
Xystonellopsis | |||
7 | 24 | 7 |
Distribution of tintinnid species reported in the Philippines. The open sea has records from the southwest (SW) seas that include Sulu, Celebes and South China Sea (
Taxon | Open sea | Coastal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SW | NE | MB | PG | |
1. Acanthostomella conicoides | + | |||
2.Acanthostomella minutissima | + | |||
3. Amphorellopsis acuta | + | |||
4. Amphorides amphora | + | + | ||
5. Amphorides minor | + | |||
6. Amphorides quadrilineata | + | + | ||
7. Ascampbelliella acuta | + | |||
8. Ascampbelliella armilla | + | |||
9. Ascampbelliella retusa | + | |||
10. Ascampbelliella urceolata | + | |||
11. Brandtiella palliata | + | + | ||
12. Canthariella pyramidata | + | + | ||
13. Climacocylis cf. leospiralis | + | |||
14. Climacocylis elongata | + | |||
15. Climacocylis scalaria | + | + | ||
16. Climacocylis sipho | + | |||
17. Codonaria oceanica | + | |||
18. Codonella amphorella | + | |||
19. Codonellopsis morchella | + | |||
20. Codonellopsis orthoceras | + | + | ||
21. Codonellopsis ostenfeldi | + | |||
22. Codonellopsis pusilla | + | |||
23. Codonellopsis schabi | + | |||
24. Coxliella longa | + | |||
25. Coxliella mariana | + | |||
26. Craterella aperta | + | |||
27. Cyttarocylis cassis | + | |||
28. Dadayiella ganymedes | + | + | ||
29. Dadayiella pachytoecus | + | |||
30. Dictyocysta elegans | + | + | ||
31. Dictyocysta mitra | + | |||
32. Epiplocylis calyx | + | |||
33. Epiplocylis exquisita | + | |||
34. Epiplocylis undella | + | + | + | + |
35. Epiplocyloides acuta | + | |||
36. Epiplocyloides ralumensis | + | |||
37. Epiplocyloides reticulata | + | |||
38. Eutintinnus apertus | + | |||
39. Eutintinnus fraknoii | + | + | + | |
40. Eutintinnus lusus-undae | + | + | + | |
41. Eutintinnus stramentus | + | + | ||
42. Favella azorica | + | |||
43. Favella ehrenbergii | + | |||
44. Favella elongate* | + | |||
45. Favella philippinensis* | + | |||
46. Favella simplex* | + | |||
47. Helicostomella longa | + | |||
48. Leprotintinnus nordqvistii | + | |||
49. Leprotintinnus tubulosus* | + | |||
50. Metacylis hemisphaerica* | + | |||
51. Metacylis jörgensenii | + | + | ||
52. Metacylis kofoidi* | + | |||
53. Metacylis tropica | + | |||
54. Ormosella haeckeli | + | |||
55. Parundella aculeata | + | |||
56. Parundella caudata | + | |||
57. Parundella inflata | + | |||
58. Parundella longa | + | |||
59. Petalotricha major | + | |||
60. Poroecus annulatus | + | |||
61. Poroecus apicatus | + | |||
62. Protorhabdonella curta | + | + | ||
63. Protorhabdonella simplex | + | + | ||
64. Protorhabdonella striatura | + | |||
65. Rhabdonella amor | + | + | + | |
66. Rhabdonella apophysata | + | + | ||
67. Rhabdonella brandti | + | |||
68. Rhabdonella conica | + | |||
69. Rhabdonella cornucopia | + | |||
70. Rhabdonella elegans | + | |||
71. Rhabdonella exilis | + | |||
72. Rhabdonella fenestrata* | + | |||
73. Rhabdonella sanyahensis | ||||
74. Rhabdonella spiralis | + | + | + | + |
75. Rhabdonella valdestriata | + | |||
76. Salpingella acuminata | + | + | ||
77. Salpingella acuminatoides | + | |||
78. Salpingella attenuata | + | |||
79. Salpingella decurtata | + | |||
80. Salpingella subconica | + | |||
81. Steenstrupiella intumescens | + | |||
82. Steenstrupiella steenstrupii | + | + | ||
83. Tintinnidium ampullarium* | + | |||
84. Tintinnidium cylindrica | + | |||
85. Tintinnidium primitivum | + | |||
86. Tintinnopsis bacoornensis* | + | |||
87. Tintinnopsis beroidea | + | |||
88. Tintinnopsis buetschlii | + | |||
89. Tintinnopsis campanula | + | |||
90. Tintinnopsis chinglanensis | + | |||
91. Tintinnopsis corniger | + | |||
92. Tintinnopsis cylindrica | + | |||
93. Tintinnopsis directa | + | |||
94. Tintinnopsis gracilis | + | |||
95. Tintinnopsis loricata | + | |||
96. Tintinnopsis major | + | |||
97. Tintinnopsis manilensis* | + | |||
98. Tintinnopsis mortensenii | + | |||
99. Tintinnopsis radix | + | |||
100. Tintinnopsis rotundata | + | |||
101. Tintinnopsis tocantinensis | + | |||
102. Tintinnopsis turgida | + | |||
103. Tintinnopsis uruguayensis | + | |||
104. Tintinnus perminutus | + | |||
105. Undella claparedei | + | + | + | |
106. Undella clevei | + | |||
107. Undella hyalina | + | |||
108. Undella subcaudata | + | |||
109. Wangiella dicollaria | + | |||
110. Xystonella treforti | + | + | ||
111. Xystonellopsis brandti | + | |||
112. Xystonellopsis cymatica | + | + | ||
113. Xystonellopsis dahli | + | |||
114. Xystonellopsis paradoxa | + | |||
108. Undella subcaudata | + | |||
109. Wangiella dicollaria | + | |||
110. Xystonella treforti | + | + | ||
111. Xystonellopsis brandti | + | |||
112. Xystonellopsis cymatica | + | + | ||
113. Xystonellopsis dahli | + | |||
114. Xystonellopsis paradoxa | + | |||
108. Undella subcaudata | + | |||
109. Wangiella dicollaria | + | |||
110. Xystonella treforti | + | + | ||
111. Xystonellopsis brandti | + | |||
112. Xystonellopsis cymatica | + | + | ||
113. Xystonellopsis dahli | + | |||
114. Xystonellopsis paradoxa | + |
Percentage (%) Distribution of Tintinnids families from the Philippines.
Family | Genus | Species | % |
---|---|---|---|
Ascampbelliellidae | 3 | 7 | 6.14 |
Codonellidae | 4 | 22 | 19.30 |
Codonellopsidae | 1 | 5 | 4.39 |
Cyttarocylididae | 1 | 1 | 0.88 |
Dictyocystidae | 2 | 3 | 2.63 |
Epiplocylididae | 2 | 6 | 5.26 |
Metacylididae | 4 | 11 | 9.65 |
Petalotrichidae | 1 | 1 | 0.88 |
Ptychocylididae | 1 | 5 | 4.39 |
Rhabdonellidae | 2 | 14 | 12.28 |
Tintinnidae | 10 | 21 | 18.42 |
Tintinnidiidae | 2 | 5 | 4.39 |
Undellidae | 1 | 4 | 3.51 |
Xystonellidae | 3 | 9 | 7.89 |
Presently, there are only four related studies (
It should also be noted that each of the said four studies had a different sampling technique and effort.
In the studies conducted in Philippines open seas,