Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yonas Terefe ( yonasterefe56@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ralph Holzenthal
© 2018 Yonas Terefe, Simon Vitecek, Wolfram Graf.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Terefe Y, Vitecek S, Graf W (2018) Description of the larva of Oecetis mizrain Malicky & Graf, 2012 (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) and Lepidostoma scotti (Ulmer, 1930) (Trichoptera, Lepidostomatidae) from Chilimo Forest, Central Ethiopia. ZooKeys 766: 63-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24544
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The Ethiopian caddisfly fauna comprises 85 species, including 10 Oecetis species and three Lepidostoma species. In this context we provide the first species-level descriptions of Ethiopian caddisfly larvae. We describe and illustrate the larvae of O. mizrain and L. scotti, with additional notes on their habitats and distribution.
caddisfly larvae, distribution, ecology, Afrotropical Region, diversity, ecological management
Caddisflies are one of the most diverse aquatic insect groups, distributed all over the world. The order Trichoptera comprises approximately 15,000 species (including 685 fossils) in 616 genera and 49 families (
As in many Afrotropical countries, the Ethiopian caddisfly fauna is poorly studied. In a first effort to characterize the almost unknown African caddisfly fauna,
Caddisflies of the widely distributed genera Lepidostoma Rambur, 1842 and Oecetis Mclachlan, 1877 comprise 453 and 539 extant species worldwide, respectively (
Species of Lepidostoma and Oecetis occurring in Ethiopia following
Taxa | Biogeographic region, Ecoregions (areas) | Distribution in Africa |
---|---|---|
Genus Lepidostoma Rambur, 1842 | ||
L. missa Malicky & Graf, 2012 | AT, EH (Semien Mts., Chenek pass) | ** |
L. scotti (Ulmer, 1930) | AT, EH (Leliso River, Small stream north of Addis Ababa), LT (Gughe Mt.) | ** |
L. zepho Malicky & Graf, 2012 | AT, EH (Leliso River) | ** |
Genus Oecetis Mclachlan, 1877 | ||
O. armaros Malicky & Graf, 2015 | AT, EH (Small stream N from Addis Ababa) | ** |
O. brevis Kimmins, 1963 | AT, LT (Gibe River) | Ghana |
O. brunnescens (Ulmer, 1923) | AT, NER (Lake Awassa) | Sudan |
O. ghibensis Kimmins, 1963 | AT, LT (Gibe River), NER (Koka Dam, Sodere) | ** |
O. mizrain Malicky & Graf, 2012 | AT, EH (Leliso River & Meribo River) | ** |
O. montana Ulmer, 1930 | AT, EH (Central Highlands) | ** |
O. pangana Navás, 1930 | AT, NER (Koka Dam, Gibe River) | Senegal, Ghana, D.R. Congo |
O. portalensis Mosely, 1939 | AT, EH (Leliso River, Meribo River) | Uganda |
O. setifera Ulmer, 1922 | AT, LT (Lake Awassa, Lake Abaya) | Sudan, D.R. Congo, Malawi, Namibia |
O. tjonnelandi Kimmins, 1963 | AT, LT (Gibe River) | Namibia |
Within the genus Lepidostoma, the first species described from Ethiopia was L. scotti (Ulmer, 1930).
Caddisflies are frequently used along with other aquatic fauna as bioindicators in ecological assessment systems as they are sensitive to organic pollution and stream degradation (
Larval and adult material was collected at small highland streams (9°4'N, 38°8'E) within Chilimo Forest, in the upper catchment of the Awash River. Association of larvae and adults was enabled by the exclusive occurrence of these Lepidostoma and Oecetis species at this site and the presence of mature pupae in the case of O. mizrain. Chilimo Forest is a dry afromontane forest, located about 97 km west of Addis Ababa and 7 km north of Ginchi town. It covers an area of more than 2500 hectares within an altitudinal range from 2170 m a.s.l. to 3054 m a.s.l. (
The collected larval specimens were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Morphological characteristics of specimens were examined and photographed using a Zeiss StereoLumar V.12 equipped with an AxioCamErc5s camera and the Zeiss-native image processing software ZEN. Image series at different focus levels were obtained and stacked via CombineZP (
8 larvae: Ethiopia, Oromia Region, Chilimo forest N of Ginchi, 2451m a.s.l., 9.059719°N, 38.14332°E; 20.ii.2016; leg. & det. W. Graf; specimens deposited in the research collection of W. Graf at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna [contact: wolfram.graf@boku.ac.at] and the Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Trichoptera collection [collection number SMFTRI00018576; contact: Steffen U. Pauls – steffen.pauls@senckenberg.de].
Biometry. Larva eruciform, body length 4.5–5.0 mm, head width 0.69–0.78 mm (n=4).
Head. Head capsule hypognathous, elongated, with smooth surface; head capsule distally slightly narrower. As in all final instar larvae of Leptoceridae, subocular ecdysial line present on parietalia, running from foramen occipitale to lateral section of parietalia, ventrally to eyes, at anterior region of eyes bending dorsally, meeting frontoclypeal suture (Fig.
Oecetis mizrain, 5th instar larva. 1 Larva with the case, 14× 2 Head, dorsal view (arrow indicates subocular ecdysial line), 50× 3 Head, ventral view, 65× 4 Thorax (Pro-, Meso- and Metanotum) and abdominal segment I, dorsal view (dashed oval indicates mesonotal sa3, dashed square indicates adominal segment I sa2, arrow indicates abdominal segment I dorsal protuberance), 45× 5 Thorax and abdominal segment I, lateral view (arrows indicate abdominal segment I dorsal and lateral protuberances, dashed outline indicates abdominal segment I lateral sclerite), 45× 6 Left front leg, anterior face, 80×.
Thorax. Prothorax fully covered by 2 large sclerites, light brown to brown; small fragments of sclerites present posterior to each pronotal half (Fig.
Oecetis mizrain, 5th instar larva. 7 Left middle leg, anterior face, 50× 8 Left hind leg, anterior face, 60× 9 Abdominal segment I–X, lateral view, 25× 10 Abdominal segment IX, dorsal view (dashed oval indicates abdominal segment IX tergite), 50× 11 Anal proleg, lateral view, 50× (arrow indicates section of anal proleg where prominent spines or tines may be present in other Leptoceridae).
Abdomen. Abdomen white, cylindrical (Fig.
Case. Length 4.9–5.3 mm. Case of final instar larvae constructed of small sand grains, tusk-shaped; anterior opening with overhanging dorsal portion, posterior opening closed with silk (Fig.
12 larvae: Ethiopia, Oromia Region, Chilimo forest N of Ginchi, 2451m a.s.l., 9.059719°N, 38.14332°E; 20.ii.2016; leg. & det. W. Graf; specimens deposited in the research collection of W. Graf at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna [contact: wolfram.graf@boku.ac.at] and the Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Trichoptera collection [collection number SMFTRI00018577; contact: Steffen U. Pauls – steffen.pauls@senckenberg.de].
Biometry. Larva eruciform, body length 8–9.5 mm, head width 0.87–0.94 mm (n=8).
Head. Head capsule hypognathous, round; surface granulated, covered in spicules. Color pale to dark brown, with scattered black markings (Fig.
Lepidostoma scotti, 5th instar larva. 13 Head, dorsal view, 40× 14 Head, ventral view, 50× 15 Pro-, Meso- & Metanotum and abdominal segment I, dorsal view (arrows indicate abdominal segment I lateral protuberances, dashed circle indicate abdominal segment I sa2), 25× 16 Thorax and abdominal segment I, lateral view (arrow indicates abdominal segment I lateral protuberance), 23× 17 Left front leg, anterior face, 50× 18 Left middle leg, anterior face, 40× 19 Left hind leg, anterior face, 40×.
Thorax. Pronotum fully covered by 2 sclerites (Fig.
Abdomen. Color whitish (Figs
Lepidostoma scotti, 5th instar larva. 20 Abdomen, segments I-X, lateral view (dashed ovals indicate position of forked lamellae), 13× 21 Abdomen, segment I-X, dorsal, 13× 22 Abdominal segment VII-X, dorsal, 25× 23 Abdomen, segment VII-X, lateral, 25×; 24 Larval case, left lateral view, 10×.
Case. Larval case 9.0–10.5 mm long, constructed from rectangular pieces of plant material; pieces subrectangular to quadratic, parts of barks or leaves; cross-section subrectangular to subquadrangular, tapering towards the posterior end (Fig.
Historically, the most comprehensive faunistic African studies were done in South Africa, Madagascar and West Africa. These studies yielded hundreds of Trichoptera species to the Afrotropical region, of which 253 species are known from South Africa (
However, most of the data available on diversity of the African Trichoptera fauna were compiled based on adult specimens, and most species are not known in the larval stage. According to
In general, larvae of the genus Lepidostoma inhabit springs and cool streams that usually have slow water flow and substantial input of allochthonous organic material (
Larvae of the genus Oecetis are found in a wide range of freshwater habitats and are either carnivorous, or behave as detritivores or shredders (e.g.,
In addition to information on feeding ecology, stream zonation preference, sensitivity to organic pollution, or sediment load, knowledge on the flight periodicity of potential bioindicators is crucial to determine sampling seasons for biomonitoring approaches. According to
Caddisfly larvae are widely used as indicator taxa in freshwater assessments as they exploit a wide range of ecological niches, often are found in abundance and cover a wide sensitivity range (
To achieve a better understanding of Ethiopian freshwater biodiversity and the biogeography of African freshwater fauna in general, description of species and preparation of species-level keys is imperative. Here we provide some data that might be useful for future studies to characterize the Ethiopian caddisfly fauna.
We are most grateful to Hans Malicky for confirming identification results. Fieldwork was conducted under the auspices of the LARIMA – Sustainable HighLAnd RIvers MAnagement in Ethiopia – project (Project Number 106) funded by the Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research for Development (APPEAR) of the Austrian Development Cooperation (ADC) and the Austrian Agency for International Cooperation in Education and Research (OeAD).