Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li ( lisq@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Abel Pérez-González
© 2018 Fengyuan Li, Chang Liu, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Li F, Liu C, Li S (2018) Ten new species of the spider genus Althepus Thorell, 1898 from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae). ZooKeys 776: 27-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.776.24432
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Spiders of the genus Althepus Thorell, 1898 are found throughout Southeast Asia, notable for their long walking legs. Ten new species are reported in this paper from China, Indonesia, Laos and Myanmar: A. chengmenensis Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), A. cheni Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), A. gouci Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), A. hongguangi Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), A. phousalao Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), A. qianhuang Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), A. qingyuani Li & Li, sp. n. (♀), A. sepakuensis Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), A. xuae Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀) and A. yizhuang Li & Li, sp. n. (♂♀). These species were found in cave entrances and among tree-buttresses, indicating the spiders have a preference for dark and moist environments. All types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China (IZCAS).
Biodiversity, endemism, Psilodercinae , taxonomy, tropical spiders
The spider family Ochyroceratidae Fage, 1912, contains 20 genera and 216 species (
In this paper, descriptions of ten new Althepus species are provided, based on specimens collected from China, Indonesia, Laos, and Myanmar. The genital organs of the males and females are described and images are provided.
All spiders are preserved in a 95% ethanol solution. All types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS). Specimens were examined and measured using a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope. Further details were studied with an Olympus BX41 compound microscope. Photos were taken with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope. The images were prepared using Helicon Focus 3.0 image stacking software and further processed with Adobe Photoshop. The map was generated in Arcview 3.3. Leg measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Leg segments were measured from their retrolateral side. All measurements are given in millimetres (mm). Spider terminology follows that of
Althepus
:
The genus Althepus belongs to the subfamily Psilodercinae and can be distinguished from other genera of Psilodercinae by the following combination of characters: cheliceral promargin with lamina and 1–2 teeth, retromargin with 1–2 small teeth; tarsus of male palp with lateral protrusion bearing a hook-shaped spine; short bulb with embolus; and female internal genitalia often with paired spermathecae (
According to our observations, we use hook-shaped spine instead the “lanceolate apophysis” used by
Holotype: ♂, China, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, Longyang District, Chengmen Cave, 24°55.691'N, 98°45.112'E, 2393 m a.s.l., 14.VII.2016, Y. Li and M. Xu. Paratypes: 1♂3♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Althepus chengmenensis Li & Li, sp. n. resembles A. xuae Li & Li, sp. n. in having a sigmoid conductor in males and curved, elongate spermathecae in females. Males can be distinguished from the latter species by the pleated margin of the conductor and by the three acuminate projections on the distal end of the conductor (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 3.44; carapace 1.14 length, 1.28 width; abdomen 1.95 length, 1.13 width. Carapace round, light yellow, with brown lateral margins and one wide, brown median band, the middle one wider than others (Figure
Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.25; carapace 1.06 length, 1.28 width; abdomen 1.95 length, 1.13 width. Similar to male in colour and general features (Figure
Males: carapace 1.14–1.38 length, 1.28–1.50 width, femur I 5.26–6.73 (the number of specimens = 2). Females: carapace 1.06–1.20 length, 1.13–1.28 width, femur I 2.88–3.91 (the number of specimens = 3).
China. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected on rocks outside a cave at an altitude of 2393 m.
Holotype: ♂, Myanmar, Kadan Island, 12°29.113'N, 98°27.786'E, 3 m a.s.l., 27.X.2017, Z. Chen. Paratypes: 1♂3♀, same data as holotype.
The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of Zhigang Chen who collected the types; noun (name) in genitive case.
Althepus cheni Li & Li, sp. n. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the large, curved, spine with tip directed distally of the palpal tarsus (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 4.50; carapace 1.36 length, 1.52 width; abdomen 2.75 length, 1.40 width. Carapace round, light yellow, with brown margins and a narrow, brown median line behind ocular area (Figure
Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 4.35; carapace 1.25 length, 1.32 width; abdomen 2.50 length, 1.25 width. Similar to male in colour and general features (Figure
Males: carapace 1.36–1.45 length, 1.50–1.52 width; femur I 11.22 (the number of specimens = 2; leg I lost in one specimen). Females: carapace 1.17–1.25 length, 1.26–1.38 width; femur I 7.37 (the number of specimens = 3).
Myanmar. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected in a lowland evergreen broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 3 m.
Holotype: ♂, Myanmar, Taninthayi Nature Reserve, 14°44.117'N, 98°11.554'E, 307 m a.s.l., 24.X.2017, Z. Chen. Paratypes: 2♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin ‘gou ci’, which means ‘hooked spine’, referring to the medially positioned hook-like projection on conductor (Figure
A. gouci Li & Li, sp. n. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the short embolus and by the hook-like projection on the widened conductor in males (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 3.44; carapace 1.10 length, 1.15 width; abdomen 1.90 length, 0.88 width. Carapace round, yellow, with brown lateral margins and one wide, brown median band, the middle one wider than the others (Figure
Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.80; carapace 1.10 length, 1.11 width; abdomen 2.30 length, 1.50 width. Similar to male in colour and general features (Figure
Females: carapace 0.90–1.10 length, 1.02–1.11 width, femur I 5.83 (the number of specimens = 2; leg I lost in the other specimen).
Myanmar. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected in a tropical evergreen forest at an altitude of 307 m.
Holotype: ♂, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mountains in Palopo, 02°59.921'S, 120°08.565'E, 465 m a.s.l., 02.IX.2017, H. Liu and Z. Chen. Paratypes: 1♂2♀, same data as holotype.
The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of Hongguang Liu who collected the types; noun (name) in genitive case.
Althepus hongguangi Li & Li, sp. n. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the wider basal area of the embolus in males (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 4.20; carapace 1.27 length, 1.27 width; abdomen 2.38 length, 1.15 width. Carapace round, yellow, with narrow, brown lateral margins and one wide, brown median band, the middle one wider than the others (Figure
Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.90; carapace 1.16 length, 1.20 width; abdomen 2.25 length, 1.17 width. Similar to male in colour and general features (Figure
Males: carapace 1.25–1.27 length, 1.27–1.30 width, femur I 11.47–12.18 (the number of specimens = 2). Females: carapace 1.16–1.25 length, 1.20–1.41 width, femur I 9.36 (the number of specimens = 2; leg I lost in the other specimen).
Indonesia. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected among tree buttresses at an altitude of 465 m.
Holotype: ♂, Laos, Champasak Province, Pakse City, Phou Salao, 15°05.284'N, 105°48.671'E, 242 m a.s.l., 15.XI.2012, Z. Yao. Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype.
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality Phou Salao, Laos.
Althepus phousalao Li & Li, sp. n. resembles A. leucosternum Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995, in having a triangular distal end of the conductor and one retrolateral spine of cymbium in males, and one spermatheca on each side in females. Males can be distinguished by the longer conductor (versus shorter in A. leucosternum) (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length -; carapace 1.09 length, 1.17 width; abdomen missing. Carapace round, yellow, with brown lateral margins and one wide, brown median band, the middle one wider than others (Figure
Female (paratype). Total length 3.20; carapace 0.94 length, 1.13 width; abdomen 1.72 length, 1.00 width. Similar to male in colour and general features of carapace (Figure
Laos. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected in a pit of Phou Salao at an altitude of 242 m.
Althepus phousalao Li & Li, sp. n., was labelled as “sp. 23” in
Holotype: ♂, Indonesia, Jawa, Special District of Yogyakarta, Kulon Progo Town, Girimulyo, Jatimulyo Village, Gua (Cave) Kiskendo, 7°44.86'S, 110°07.87'E, 662 m a.s.l., 28.VIII.2014, Z. Yao and H. Zhao. Paratypes: 2♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin ‘qian huang’, which means ‘pale yellow’, referring to the pale yellow colour of ocular area (Figure
Althepus qianhuang Li & Li, sp. n. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the nearly parallel conductor and embolus in males (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 4.49; carapace 1.55 length, 1.48 width; abdomen 2.80 length, 1.31 width. Carapace round, pale yellow, with brown lateral margins and one wide, brown median band, the middle one wider than the others (Figure
Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 4.87; carapace 1.39 length, 1.44 width; abdomen 2.96 length, 1.70 width. Similar to male in colour and general features (Figure
Females: carapace 1.17–1.39 length, 1.27–1.44 width; leg I lost (the number of specimens = 2).
Indonesia. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected at a cave entrance at an altitude of 662 m.
Althepus qianhuang Li & Li, sp. n., was labelled as “sp. 119” in the analysis of
Holotype: ♀, China, Yunnan Province, Lincang City, Yongde County, Xiaomengtong Village, Xiangquan Dam, Xianren Cave, 24°12.099'N, 99°18.607'E, 1499 m a.s.l., 02.VIII.2010, C. Wang, L. Lin and Q. Zhao. Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name is a patronym in honour of Dr. Qingyuan Zhao who collected the types; noun (name) in genitive case.
Althepus qingyuani Li & Li, sp. n. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by 16 round spermathecae on curved stalks in the females (Figure
Female (holotype). Total length 3.95; carapace 1.44 length, 1.58 width; abdomen 2.28 length, 1.33 width. Carapace round, yellow, with three longitudinal brown bands of similar widths (Figure
Male. Unknown.
Females: carapace 1.17–1.44 length, 1.30–1.58 width; leg I lost (the number of specimens = 2).
China. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected at a cave entrance at an altitude of 1499 m.
Althepus qingyuani Li & Li, sp. n., was labelled as “sp. 97” in the analysis of
Holotype: ♂, Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Penajam, Paser Utara Town, Sepaku Village, on foot of Gunung Parung, 00°50.920'S, 116°46.284'E, 60 m a.s.l., 17.VIII.2014, H. Zhao and Z. Yao. Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype.
1♂, Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Penajam, Camp of International Timber Corporation of Indonesia, 01°05.291'S, 116°41.009'E, 64 m a.s.l., 17.VIII.2014, H. Zhao and Z. Yao.
The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.
Males of A. sepakuensis Li & Li, sp. n. can be easily distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the widened, laminar embolus with a distal acuminate end (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 4.23; carapace 1.33 length, 1.34 width; abdomen 2.25 length, 1.23 width. Carapace round, light yellow, with narrow, brown lateral margins and one wide, brown median band, the middle one wider than the others (Figure
Female (paratype). Total length 4.00; carapace 1.05 length, 1.09 width; abdomen 2.34 length, 1.32 width. Similar to male in colour and general features (Figure
Indonesia. East Kalimantan, Penajam (Figure
Collected in a lowland tropical forest.
Althepus sepakuensis Li & Li, sp. n., was labelled as “sp. 131” in the analysis of
Holotype: ♂, China, Yunnan Province, Nujiang of the Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Lushui County, Nouth of Pianma Town, 26°01.513'N, 98°37.313'E, 2125 m a.s.l., 27.VI.2016, M. Xu and Y. Li. Paratypes: 1♂2♀, same data as holotype.
1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Nujiang of the Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Lushui County, Pianma Town, Fengxue Yakou 25°59.628'N, 98° 39.697'E, 2337 m a.s.l., 29.VI.2016, M. Xu and Y. Li.
The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of Mingjie Xu who collected the types; noun (name) in genitive case.
Althepus xuae Li & Li, sp. n. resembles A. chengmenensis Li & Li, sp. n. in having a sigmoid conductor in the males, and curved, elongate spermathecae in the females. Males can be distinguished from the latter species by the smooth margin and blunt distal part of the conductor (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 3.64; carapace 1.34 length, 1.40 width; abdomen 2.05 length, 1.24 width. Carapace round, yellow, with brown lateral margins and one wide, brown median band, the middle one wider than others. Anterior margin of cephalic region distinctly elevated (Figure
Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.40; carapace 1.30 length, 1.20 width; abdomen 2.48 length, 1.85 width. Similar to male in colour and general features (Figure
Males: carapace 1.33–1.34 length, 1.40–1.44 width, leg I lost (the number of specimens = 2). Females: carapace 1.03–1.30 length, 1.20–1.25 width, leg I lost (the number of specimens = 2).
China. Yunnan Province (Figure
Collected by sieving leaf litter in dark and moist environments.
Holotype: ♂, Indonesia, Sumatra, West Sumatra Province, Sijunjung, Padang Sibusuk Village, Bukit Ponggang Cave, 00°44.245'S, 100°50.330'E, 278 m a.s.l., 27.V.2014, Z. Yao. Paratypes: 1♂2♀, same data as holotype.
The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin ‘yi zhuang’, which means ‘sigmoid’, referring to the sigmoid embolus (Figure
Althepus yizhuang Li & Li, sp. n. can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the remarkably long and sigmoid embolus as well as by the absence of a conductor in males (Figure
Male (holotype). Total length 3.13; carapace 1.00 length, 1.14 width; abdomen 1.80 length, 0.94 width. Carapace round, yellow, with triangular brown margins and a narrow, brown median line behind ocular area (Figure
Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.13; carapace 0.85 length, 0.95 width; abdomen 1.90 length, 1.17 width. Similar to male in colour, general features and body size (Figure
Males: carapace 1.00 length, 1.14–1.25 width; femur I 5.71–5.83 (holotype and paratypes with similar length).
Indonesia. Known only from the type locality (Figure
Collected at a cave entrance at an altitude of 278 m.
Althepus yizhuang Li & Li, sp. n., was labelled as “sp. 84” in the analysis of
Cheliceral retromargin. A Althepus chengmenensis Li & Li, sp. n. B A. cheni Li & Li, sp. n. C A. gouci Li & Li, sp. n. D A. hongguangi Li & Li, sp. n., E A. phousalao Li & Li, sp. n. F A. qianhuang Li & Li, sp. n. G A. qingyuani Li & Li, sp. n. H A. sepakuensis Li & Li, sp. n. I A. xuae Li & Li, sp. n. J A. yizhuang Li & Li, sp. n. Abbreviations: PT promarginal teeth; RT retromarginal teeth; CL cheliceral lamina.
In addition to morphological studies, we used molecular data from our extensive sampling to test the monophyly of the genus Althepus and delimitate the species (
In this paper, we describe seven new species in lowland habitats of southern Indo-Burma, Sunda shelf islands, and three new species in highlands of northern Indo-Burma. The genus appears to have a higher diversity in lowlands compared to highlands. Recent studies indicate that this may be due to the repeated isolation and reconnection of Southeast Asian landmasses caused by sea-level fluctuations (
The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Drs Abel Pérez-González, Nadine Dupérré and two anonymous referees. Field work and collection permissions were organized by Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Team leaders: Drs Ruichang Quan and Ren Li). Sarah Crews kindly improved English of the text. This study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC–31530067, 31471960) and the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2015CASEABRI005, Y4ZK111B01).