Four species of spider genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae, Eutichuridae) from Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China

Jianshuang Zhang; Guren Zhang; Hao Yu

doi:10.3897/zookeys.762.23786

Research Article

Four species of spider genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae, Eutichuridae) from Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China

Jianshuang Zhang^‡, Guren Zhang^§, Hao Yu^§|

‡ Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China

§ Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

| Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, China

Corresponding author: Hao Yu ( insect1986@126.com )

Academic editor: Shuqiang Li

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Zhang J, Zhang G, Yu H (2018) Four species of spider genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae, Eutichuridae) from Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China. ZooKeys 762: 33-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.762.23786

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:35D37CBF-6F91-43CB-9CDA-210B7D0C7CD5

Abstract

Four species of spider genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 are reported from Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China. Two of them are described as new to science: C. auriculatum sp. n. (♀♂) and C. echinulatum sp. n. (♂). Cheiracanthium taiwanicum Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 is recorded from Mainland China for the first time. Cheiracanthium zhejiangense Hu & Song, 1982, the most similar species to C. auriculatum sp. n., is a newly recorded species of Jiangxi Province. Detailed descriptions, diagnoses, and photographs of the two new species are given. Cheiracanthium taiwanicum and C. zhejiangense are also illustrated.

Keywords

Taxonomy, morphology, description, new species

Introduction

Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 contains 210 catalogued species and is mainly distributed in the Old World (Marusik and Fomichev 2016; World Spider Catalogue 2018). Although this genus is relatively large and well known, its taxonomy is rather poorly studied. Almost half of its species are known from single sex or juveniles: 36 by males, 60 by females, 2 by juveniles (World Spider Catalogue 2018). Additionally, 16 species were never illustrated and many species were described based on poor illustrations. So far, the genus has not been the subject of any global or regional revisions (Marusik and Fomichev, 2016).

The Cheiracanthium fauna of China is relatively rare and poorly represented, with only 38 described species (Li and Lin 2016; World Spider Catalogue 2018), of which 14 species are known based on a single sex: for 11, only females are known, and for three, only males are known (World Spider Catalogue 2018). Additionally, illustrations of the internal structure of the epigyne are not provided in five species (World Spider Catalogue 2018). Moreover, the diversity of this genus in China is still insufficiently known and several new species have been described in the last few years (Chen and Huang 2012; Barrion et al. 2013; Wang and Zhang 2013).

Field collection in Jinggang Mountains of Jiangxi province, China, was carried out in April 2011. During this field exploration, four Cheiracanthium species were found: C. auriculatum sp. n., C. echinulatum sp. n., C. taiwanicum Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 and C. zhejiangense Hu & Song, 1982. Descriptions and photographs of the new species, as well as supplementary micrographs of the known species, are provided.

Materials and methods

Spiders were fixed and preserved in 80% ethanol. Specimens were examined with an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope; details were studied with an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Male palps and female epigynes were examined and illustrated after being dissected. Epigynes were cleared in boiling KOH solution to dissolve soft tissues. Photographs were made with a Leica DFC450 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. The digital images were taken and assembled using Helicon Focus 3.10 software package.

All measurements were obtained using an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope and given in millimetres. Eye diameters are taken at the widest point. The total body length does not include chelicerae or spinnerets length. Leg lengths are given as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The type specimens of the new species are deposited in College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.

Abbreviations used are:

A atrium;

AER anterior eye row;

AL abdomen length

ALE anterior lateral eyes;

AME anterior median eyes;

AME–AME distance between AMEs;

AME–ALE distance between AME and ALE;

AW abdomen width;

C conductor;

CD copulatory duct;

CF cymbial fold;

CI carapace index;

CL carapace length;

CLL clypeal length;

CO copulatory opening;

CS cymbial spur;

CW carapace width;

DTA dorsal tibial apophysis;

E embolus;

EB embolic base;

FD fertilisation duct;

LL total length of leg I;

LL:CL leg I / carapace length;

MOQ median ocular quadrangle;

MOQAMOQ anterior width;

MOQPMOQ posterior width;

OAL ocular area length;

OAW ocular area width;

PER posterior eye row;

PLE posterior lateral eyes;

PME posterior median eyes;

PME–PME distance between PMEs;

PME–PLE distance between PME and PLE;

PTA prolateral tibial apophysis;

RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis;

R receptacle;

STL sternum length;

STW sternum width;

TA tegular apophysis;

TL total body length.

Leg setae: v, ventral; p, prolateral; r, retrolateral. Most of the terminologies used in text and figure legends followed Lotz (2015), while a few others followed Marusik and Fomichev (2016) and Morano and Bonal (2016).

Taxonomy

Genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839

Cheiracanthium auriculatum sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/45045AEA-20E9-4C6E-8BBD-F104775A8E6B

Figs 1, 5

Type material

Holotype ♂ (SYSU-JX-11-177): China, Jiangxi Province, Jinggang Mountains Nature Reserve, Xiangzhou village (380 m; 26°35'30.23"N, 114°15'59.93"E), 26 April 2011, Hao Yu and Zhenyu Jin leg. Paratypes: 1♂ and 3 ♀, same data as holotype.

Etymology

The specific epithet is an adjective and is derived from a Latin word “auriculatus“(ear-like), referring to the tegular apophysis which is like the contour of an ear in ventral view.

Diagnosis

Cheiracanthium auriculatum sp. n. is distinguished from all other Cheiracanthium species, except C. zhejiangense Hu & Song, 1982 (Fig. 4A–E), by having a distally filiform cymbial spur in the male, and by the general shape of the vulva in the female. From C. zhejiangense, the male can be distinguished by the ear contour-shaped tegular apophysis and the uncoiling tip of cymbial spur (vs the falciform tegular apophysis and the coiled tip of the cymbial spur in C. zhejiangense) (Figs 1A–C; 4A–C), the female can be differentiated by the indistinct atrium and copulatory ducts (vs the distinct atrium and copulatory ducts in C. zhejiangense), the more or less lengthwise receptacles (vs the nearly horizontal receptacles in C. zhejiangense) (Figs 1D–E; 4D–E), and by the different coil number of copulatory ducts (7 coils in C. auriculatum sp. n., instead of 8 coils in C. zhejiangense) (Figs 1E; 4E). In addition, the two species can by separated by their habitus: abdomen without distinct colour pattern in C. auriculatum sp. n. (Fig. 1F–G), but with a median heart-shaped mark which reaches half of the opisthosoma length in C. zhejiangense (Fig. 4F–G).

Figures 1.

Cheiracanthium auriculatum sp. n., male holotype and female allotype. A left palp, prolateral view B same, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view F male habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C); 0.2 mm (D–E); 2 mm (F–G).

Description

Male. Total length 8.58–9.15. Holotype (Fig. 1A–C, F): TL 9.15; CL 3.73, CW 2.41, CI (CL/CW) 1.55; AL 4.05, AW 2.42. Carapace (Fig. 1F) brown, uniformly coloured, without distinct pattern. Eye sizes and inter-distances: OAL 0.39, OAW 1.45; AME 0.14, ALE 0.16, PME 0.16, PLE 0.17; AME–AME 0.27, AME–ALE 0.27, PME–PME 0.36, PME–PLE 0.35; MOQA 0.56, MOQP 0.67, CLL 0.10. Chelicerae protruding and reddish brown, with 3 teeth on promargin and 3 on retromargin respectively. Sternum dark brown, STL 1.69, STW 1.44. Labium and endites brown. Legs yellowish-white, without distinct colour markings. Leg measurements: I 18.84 (4.65, 1.22, 5.10, 5.60, 2.26), II 12.09 (3.30, 1.14, 3.24, 3.23, 1.19), III 8.61 (2.38, 0.86, 1.92, 2.40, 1.05), IV 12.47 (3.72, 0.95, 3.17, 4.00, 1.07); LL:CL 5.03. Leg spines: I 0-0-1p, 2v-1v-1p, 2v1p-1p1v-1v; II 0-0-1p, 1v-2v-1p, 2v1p-1v1p-1v; III 0-0-1p1r, 0-1p1r-0, 2v1p-1p1r-1v2p2r; IV 0-0-1p1r, 1v-1v1p-0, 2v1p-1v1p1r-1v2p2r. Abdomen (Fig. 1F) elongate-oval, dorsally grey, dorsum with indistinct heart-shaped mark and two pairs of not obvious muscle depressions; venter brownish without distinct pattern.

Palp (Fig. 1A–C). Tibia extremely long, about as long as cymbium, with two apophyses; retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) about 20% of tibia length, with a more or less bifurcate apex and hiding behind tegulum; prolateral tibial apophysis (PTA) small and round; cymbial spur (CS) is approximately equal in length to tibia, tapering off into a filiform; cymbial fold (CF) poorly developed, for approximately 4/5 the length of cymbium; tip of cymbium short, about 1/4 of cymbium length. Tegulum oblong, 1.3 times longer than wide; tegular apophysis (TA) long and sinuate, more than 4/5 of tegulum length, filamentous and like an ear’s contour in ventral view; embolus (E) arising at approximately 10 o’clock position, terminating at approximately 11 o’clock position, it’s tip covered by conductor (C); conductor large, falciform.

Female. Total length 8.66–9.30. Slightly larger in size and lighter in colour. Allotype (Fig. 1D–E, G) measured: TL 9.30; CL = 3.03, CW = 2.22, CI (CL/CW) = 1.36; AL = 4.95, AW = 2.92. Eye diameters and inter-distances: OAL 0.37, OAW 1.23; AME 0.14, ALE 0.19, PME 0.13, PLE 0.14; AME–AME 0.23, AME–ALE 0.11, PME–PME 0.31, PME–PLE 0.23; MOQA 0.46, MOQP 0.58, CLL 0.24. PMT: RMT = 6:6.STL 1.47, STW 1.23. Leg measurements: I 12.70 (3.30, 1.06, 3.42, 3.39, 1.54), II 8.51 (2.42, 0.86, 2.23, 2.05, 0.96), III 6.42 (1.92, 0.69, 1.35, 1.65, 0.80), IV 9.67 (2.75, 0.89, 2.39, 2.68, 0.96); LL:CL 4.19. Leg spines: I 0-1p-1p, 2v-2v-0, 2v-1p1r-1v; II 0-0-1p, 1v-2v-1p, 2v1p-1p1r-1v; III 0-1p-1p1r, 1v-1p1r-0, 2v1p1r-1p1r-1v2p2r; IV 0-0-1p1r, 1v-1v1p1r-0, 2v1p1r-1v1p1r-1v2p2r.

Epigyne (Fig. 1D–E). Atrium (A) indistinct, without delimited margin, about four times wider than long; receptacles (R) are faintly visible through epigynal plate in ventral view; two copulatory openings (CO) located at lateral borders of atrium; the transparent copulatory ducts (CD) running spirally (length of spira about 1.4 times longer than receptacles), forming 7 entwined loops (including 4 ascending coils and 3 descending coils); receptacle sickle-shaped, separated by three diameters.

Distribution

Presently known only from the type locality, Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi, China (Fig. 5).

Cheiracanthium echinulatum sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/A1935AC9-A0A9-45F2-8BFA-22E0F3172401

Figs 2, 5

Type material

Holotype ♂ (SYSU-JX-11-182): China, Jiangxi Province, Jinggang Mountains Nature Reserve, Xiangzhou village (380 m; 26°35'30.23"N, 114°15'59.93"E), 26 April 2011, Hao Yu and Zhenyu Jin leg. Paratypes: 1♂, same data as holotype.

Etymology

The species epithet is taken from the Latin adjective echinulatus and refers to the spinule-shaped tegular apophysis.

Diagnosis

This new species resembles C. taegense Paik, 1990 (Paik, 1990: 11, f. 39–47; Baba & Yoshitake, 2016: 39, f. 1–4) in having the similar beak-shaped cymbial spur, and stalk-like dorsal tibial apophysis, but can be distinguished by: (1) the embolus originated at 3 o’clock position (Fig. 2B–C), vs. originated at 1–2 o’clock position in C. taegense (Paik, 1990: 11, f. 41; Baba & Yoshitake, 2016: 39, f. 3–4); (2) tegular apophysis smaller, straight and acicular (Fig. 2A–C), instead of bigger and slightly curved in C. taegense (Paik, 1990: 11, f. 41, 43; Baba & Yoshitake, 2016: 39, f. 3–4); (3) RTA straight and digitiform (Fig. 2A–C), but with a curved and hook-shaped apex in C. taegense (Baba & Yoshitake, 2016: 39, f. 3–4).

Figures 2.

Cheiracanthium echinulatum sp. n., male holotype. A left palp, prolateral view B same, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D male habitus, dorsal view E same, ventral view F same, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C); 2 mm (D–F).

Description

Male. Total length 9.06–9.12. Holotype (Fig. 2): TL 9.06; CL 3.58, CW 2.34, CI (CL/CW) 1.53; AL 4.99, AW 2.27. Carapace (Fig. 2D, F) yellow except reddish ocular area, without distinct colour pattern. Eye sizes and inter-distances: OAL 0.34, OAW 1.26; AME 0.15, ALE 0.15, PME 0.14, PLE 0.13; AME–AME 0.46, AME–ALE 0.25, PME–PME 0.54, PME–PLE 0.22; MOQA 0.43, MOQP 0.55, CLL 0.13. Chelicerae light brown and robust, with long and wine-coloured fangs, with 3 teeth on promargin and 3 on retromargin respectively. Sternum (Fig. 2E) yellowish, STL 1.79, STW 1.32. Labium and endites brown. Legs yellowish, without distinct colour markings. Leg measurements: I 23.70 (5.90, 1.05, 7.31, 7.99, 1.46), II 14.92 (3.41, 0.82, 4.14, 5.26, 1.29), III 11.10 (2.53, 1.43, 2.16, 3.94, 1.03), IV 16.42 (4.18, 1.21, 4.13, 5.66, 1.24); LL:CL 6.62. Leg spines: I 0-1p1r-1p1r, 3v-3v-1v1p, 2v-0-1v; II 0-1p1r-1p1r, 3v-2v-1v1p, 2v1p-2v1p-1v; III 0-1p1r-1p1r, 2v1p1r-1p1r-0, 2v1p1r-2v1p1r-2v1p2r; IV 0-1p1r-1p1r, 1v1p1r-1v2r-1v1r, 2v1p1r-2v1p1r-1v1p3r. Abdomen (Fig. 2D–F) lanceolate, dorsally yellowish white, scattered numerous indistinct pigmented spots; venter yellowish without distinct pattern.

Palp (Fig. 2A–C). Tibia twice shorter than cymbium, with three apophyses; retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) about 50% of tibia length, heavily sclerotised and with a fingerlike apex; prolateral tibial apophysis (PTA) distinctly elevated and relatively short, about 30% of tibia length, coniform in prolateral view and digitiform in ventral view; dorsal tibial apophysis (DTA) thin and stalk-shaped, about as long as RTA; cymbial spur (CS) beak-shaped, twice shorter than tibia; cymbial fold (CF) strongly developed and well visible in ventral and retrolateral view, for approximately 2/3 the length of cymbium; tip of cymbium long, about 1/3 of cymbium length. Tegulum 1.3 longer than wide, membranous and semitransparent except its margin in ventral view; tegular apophysis (TA) short and thin, spiculate; embolus (E) starts on the retrolateral flank (approximately 3 o’clock of tegulum), surrounds the base and ends at conductor (C) apex, its tip filiform and curved behind conductor; conductor large and membranous.

Female. Unknown.

Comments

According to the World Spider Catalogue 2018, a total of 11 Cheiracanthium species are known from females only in China: C. approximatum O. P.-Cambridge, 1885, C. escaladae Barrion et al., 2013, C. fujianense Gong, 1983, C. hypocyrtum Zhang & Zhu, 1993, C. liuyangense Xie et al., 1996, C. olliforme Zhang & Zhu, 1993, C. potanini Schenkel, 1963, C. rupicola (Thorell, 1897), C. solidum Zhang et al., 1993, C. sphaericum Zhang et al., 1993, C. longtailen Xu, 1993. Among them, C. escaladae is supposedly a Clubiona species based on epigyne morphology, while C. potanini is supposededly doubtful because of the poor original illustrations and description. The other nine can be considered tentatively as valid Cheiracanthium species. However, none of them could be matched with C. echinulatum sp. n. due to their different habitus (abdomen without distinct colour pattern in C. echinulatum sp. n., but with a median heart-shaped mark in C. approximatum, C. fujianense and C. rupicola, with two pairs of muscular depressions in C. hypocyrtum, C. liuyangense and C. sphaericum) and different number of cheliceral teeth (chelicerae with 3 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth in C. echinulatum sp. n., but with 3 promarginal and 2 retromarginal teeth in C. hypocyrtum, C. olliforme and C. sphaericum, with 3 promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth in C. liuyangense, with 2 promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth in C. solidum, with 2 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth in C. longtailen).

Distribution

Presently known only from the type locality, Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi, China (Fig. 5).

Cheiracanthium taiwanicum Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006

Figs 3, 5

Cheiracanthium taiwanicum Chen et al., 2006: 10, fig. 1A–E; Chen and Huang 2012: 25, fig. 7A–G, pl. 2C–D, 3A–B.

Examined material

1♂ and 1♀, China, Jiangxi Province, Jinggang Mountains Nature Reserve, Hexiliong village (680 m; 26°31'51.54"N, 114°8'46.02"E), 30 April 2011, Hao Yu leg.

Description

Male and female (Fig. 3). For details see Chen and Huang (2012).

Figures 3.

Cheiracanthium taiwanicum Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006, male and female from Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi, China. A left male palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D vulva, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B, C–D); 1 mm (E–F).

Distribution

Jinggang Mountains in Jiangxi and Nantou County in Taiwan, China.

Cheiracanthium zhejiangense Hu & Song, 1982

Figs 4, 5

Cheiracanthium zhejiangensis Hu & Song, 1982: 56, fig. 4A–D.

Cheiracanthium zhejiangense Paik 1990: 9, fig. 26–38.

Remarks

See the World Spider Catalogue for the full list of references.

Examined material

1♂ and 2♀, China, Jiangxi Province, Jinggang Mountains Nature Reserve, Xiangzhou village (380 m; 26°35'30.23"N, 114°15'59.93"E), 26 April 2011, Hao Yu leg.

Description

Male and female (Fig. 4). Description of habitus, see Paik (1990). Since previous descriptions are rather brief, redescription of genitalia is provided as below.

Palp (Fig. 4A–C). Tibia about as long as cymbium, with only retrolateral apophysis; apophysis about 20% of tibia length, with a sharp apex and hiding behind tegulum; cymbial spur slightly shorter than tibia, tapering off into a thread and terminally coiled; cymbial fold distinct, for approximately 2/3 the length of cymbium; tip of cymbium about 1/3 of cymbium length. Tegulum egg-shaped, 1.2 longer than wide; tegular apophysis long, more than 4/5 of tegulim length, thin hook-shaped; embolus originates at about 10 o’clock position, terminating at approximately 11 o’clock position, it’s tip covered by conductor; conductor large, membranous.

Epigyne (Fig. 4D–E). Apron-like atrium distinct, about four times wider than long; receptacles are faintly visible through epigynal plate in ventral view; two copulatory openings located at lateral borders of atrium; the transparent copulatory ducts running spirally (length of spira about 2.6 times longer than receptacles), forming 8 entwined loops (including 4 ascending coils and 4 descending coils); receptacle long and tubular, separated by two diameters.

Figures 4.

Cheiracanthium zhejiangense Hu & Song, 1982, male and female from Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi, China. A left male palp, prolateral view B same, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view F male habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C); 0.2 mm (D–E); 2 mm (F–G).

Distribution

China (Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) and Korea.

Figure 5.

Locality of Jinggang Mountains in China.

Acknowledgements

We thank Shuqiang Li for editing the manuscript. The manuscript benefited from comments by Yuri M. Marusik (Institute for Biological Problems of the North, Magadan, Russia) and Hirotsugu Ono (Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan). This work was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31702006), the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (J [2014] 2146) and a PhD grant from Guizhou Normal University (11904/0517069). We thank the staff of the State Key Laboratory for Biological Control (Sun Yat-sen University) for all their help and support throughout this study.

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