Data Paper |
Corresponding author: Stefano Schiaparelli ( stefano.schiaparelli@unige.it ) Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev
© 2018 Claudio Ghiglione, Maria Chiara Alvaro, Matteo Cecchetto, Simonepietro Canese, Rachel Downey, Alice Guzzi, Claudio Mazzoli, Paola Piazza, Hans Tore Rapp, Antonio Sarà, Stefano Schiaparelli.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ghiglione C, Alvaro MC, Cecchetto M, Canese S, Downey R, Guzzi A, Mazzoli C, Paola Piazza P, Rapp HT, Sarà A, Schiaparelli S (2018) Porifera collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA), with an updated checklist from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). ZooKeys 758: 137-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.758.23485
Resource citation:
Italian Antarctic National Museum (2018) MNA (Section of Genoa) – Antarctic Porifera. Contributed by Online at http://ipt.biodiversity.aq/manage/resource-registerResource.do, Version 1.0 (last update on 2018-03-28), GBIF key: https://www.gbif.org/dataset/89ed0b61-e110-4735-8774-8ac3a7fc3eb7, Data paper ID: doi: 10.3897/zookeys.758.23485
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This new dataset presents occurrence data for Porifera collected in the Ross Sea, mainly in the Terra Nova Bay area, and curated at the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa). Specimens were collected in 331 different sampling stations at depths ranging from 17 to 1,100 meters in the framework of 17 different Italian Antarctic expeditions funded by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA). A total of 807 specimens, belonging to 144 morphospecies (i.e., 95 taxa identified at species level and 49 classified at least at the genus level) is included in the dataset. Nearly half (45%) of the species reported here correspond to species already known for Terra Nova Bay. Out of the remaining 55% previously unknown records, under a third (~29%) were classified at the species level, while over a quarter (~26%) were ascribed to the genus level only and these would require further study. All vouchers are permanently curated at the MNA and are available for study to the scientific community. A 3D model of an uncommon species from the Ross Sea, i.e. Tethyopsis brondstedi (Burton, 1929), is also presented and will be made available for outreach purposes.
Antarctica, Italian National Antarctic Museum, Porifera , Ross Sea, Terra Nova Bay, 3D models
Since the very beginning of the Italian expeditions in the Ross Sea, which started in 1985, sponges have been one of the most studied taxa, due both to the high number of species found in the Terra Nova Bay area (where Italy has its coastal station “Mario Zucchelli”, 74°41’42”S, 164°7’23”E), and to the strong community of Italian taxonomists specialized in Antarctic sponges. This sponge collection has been progressively growing each year, with new collections of specimens at each expedition of the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA) in the Terra Nova Bay area. These specimens have been studied and exchanged among different researchers for comparisons and publications for years, they represented the base of a PhD thesis (
This study aims at publishing and valorising occurrence data of the Porifera collected during several scientific expeditions of the Italian National Antarctic Program (PNRA) in the Ross Sea.
This collection is amongst the largest for Antarctic sponges and despite it being mainly focused on the Terra Nova Bay area, it represents a unicum given the amount of permanent glass slides with spicules available and the large database of images of sponges documented in situ, or freshly collected.
This distributional dataset is the fifth MNA contribution to the Antarctic Biodiversity Portal (www.biodiversity.aq), which is the thematic Antarctic node for both the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (AntOBIS) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (ANTABIF), based on materials stored at the MNA. The previous contributions were:
Project title: Antarctic Porifera in the collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA)
Curator and Promoter: Stefano Schiaparelli
Personnel: Claudio Ghiglione, Maria Chiara Alvaro, Matteo Cecchetto, Simonepietro Canese, Rachel Downey, Alice Guzzi, Claudio Mazzoli, Paola Piazza, Hans Tore Rapp, Antonio Sarà, Stefano Schiaparelli
Funding: The specimens were collected during different Antarctic expeditions funded by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA). The complete list of research projects is reported here (in italic is the project name or category under the PNRA program, followed by the project code, the expedition number, and the corresponding year):
• Necton e risorse da pesca 2.1.4.6, III expedition (1987/1988)
• Oceanografia & Benthos 2.1.4.3, III expedition (1987/1988)
• Benthos 3.2.1.2.5, V expedition (1989/1990)
• Oceanografia geologica 3.2.1.4, V expedition (1989/1990)
• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale 2d.2, IX expedition (1993/1994)
• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale 2d.2, X expedition (1994/1995)
• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale – ROSSMIZE 2d.2, XI expedition (1995/1996)
• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale 2b.3, XIII expedition (1997/1998)
• Struttura e dinamica delle cenosi marine di Baia Terra Nova 2b.3.1, XIV expedition (1998/1999)
• L’area marina protetta di Baia Terra Nova: struttura e variazioni a breve e lungo termine 8.5, XV expedition (1999/2000)
• Processi genetici e significato paleoclimatico e paleoceanografico dei CARBONati marini biogenici in ANTartide – CARBONANT 4.7, XVII expedition (2001/2002)
• L’area marina protetta di Baia Terra Nova: struttura e variazioni a breve e lungo termine 8.5, XVII expedition (2001/2002)
• The costal ecosystem of Victoria Land coast: distribution and structure along the latitudinal gradient 2002/8.6, XVIII expedition (2002/2003)
• The costal ecosystem of Victoria Land coast: distribution and structure along the latitudinal gradient 2002/8.6, XIX expedition (2003/2004)
• Batteri e cianobatteri antartici: biodiversità e produzione di composti con potenzialità applicative in biotecnologia 2004/1.6, XX expedition (2004/2005)
• Variabilità della ventilazione polare abissale e suo impatto sulla circolazione globale – PolarDOVE 2004/8.2, XXI expedition (2005/2006)
• L’ecosistema costiero di Baia Terra Nova – Latitudinal Gradient Project 2006/08.01, XXV expedition (2009/2010)
• Ecologia e ciclo vitale di specie ittiche costiere del Mare di Ross 2004/08.04, XXV expedition (2009/2010)
• Barcoding of Antarctic Marine Biodiversity – BAMBi 2010/A1.10, XXVII expedition (2011/2012)
• Diversità genetica spazio temporale di endoparassiti delle regioni polari: uno studio per la valutazione dell’impatto dei cambiamenti globali sulle reti trofiche marine 2009/A1.09, XXVIII expedition (2012/2013)
• Barcoding of Antarctic Marine Biodiversity – BAMBi 2010/A1.10, XXVIII expedition (2012/2013)
• Vulnerabilità dei pesci polari al cambiamento climatico: ciclo vitale, habitats e relazione con il ghiaccio marino in Pleuragramma antarcticum 2010/A1.11, XXVIII expedition (2012/2013)
• Barcoding of Antarctic Marine Biodiversity – BAMBi 2010/A1.10, XXIX expedition (2013/2014)
• Integrità dell’ecosistema marino antartico come presupposto per lo studio dell’interazione parassita-ospite: un approccio genetico, molecolare ed immunologico 2013/AZ1.09, XXIX expedition (2013/2014)
Study area description: The specimens were collected in the Ross Sea sector of the Southern Ocean in a bathymetric range from 17 to 1,100 meters of depth (Fig.
Design description: Data were assembled by revising all the distributional records of the specimens deposited in the collections of the Italian Antarctic National Museum (MNA, section of Genoa, Italy). The samples were collected in the framework of several expeditions of the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA) from 1987 to 2014.
Method step description: See sampling description below and flowchart of Fig.
Study extent description: The distributional data considered here originated from 331 different sampling stations ranging between 17 and 1,100 metres of depth (Figs
Sampling description: Sampling was performed on a total of 331 different sampling stations (Figs
Once the material has been acquired by the MNA after sorting and shipment activities, all the specimens were classified to the lowest possible taxonomical resolution. In the years, different researchers have contributed to the classification of the specimens: Homoscleromorpha were studied by Maurizio Pansini and Antonio Sarà; Demospongiae and Hexactinellida were studied by Rachel Downey, Antonio Sarà, Marco Bertolino, Maurizio Pansini and Barbara Calcinai; Calcarea were studied by Hans Tore Rapp.
The present dataset has been formatted in order to fulfil the Darwin Core standard protocol required by the OBIS scheme (http://www.iobis.org/manual/lifewatchqc/) and according to the SCAR-MarBIN Data Toolkit (available at http://www.scarmarbin.be/documents/SM-FATv1.zip). The dataset was uploaded in the ANTOBIS database (the geospatial component of SCAR-MarBIN).
Vouchers are now preserved in 90% ethanol (~53% of the entire collection), frozen (~23%), or dried (~24%). The data flow chart illustrating the sampling, sorting, and storing procedures for specimens, data, and image availability is reported in Fig.
Quality control description: Specimens were identified at the finest possible taxonomic resolution and only those that have been classified at least at the genus level were included in the present dataset. During all the phases of sorting, classification, and storage of samples at the MNA, quality control and data cleaning have been undertaken at various stages in order to produce high quality data and make consistent cross-references between the database and sample labels. The MNA uses an SQL-based database (Specify 6) and a R-Shiny web application to manage its collections and link all the data (photos, glass slides, etc.) to the physical samples.
Due to the large amount of researchers that managed the material before the acquisition of the collection by the MNA, all the specimens and distributional records were rechecked and then imported in the museum database. During this phase it emerged that only ~75% of the Porifera collection fulfilled the expected minimum set of data fields to be included in GBIF. The remaining ~25% of the material present in the MNA collection can be divided in a ~7%, represented by material not yet classified, and another ~18% represented by old materials that cannot be ascribed to a specific sampling station due to missing labels or incomplete information about sampling.
Georeferencing on board each of the different research vessels is based on the interpolation of GPS satellite receivers and a gyrocompass. Station coordinates and sampling events were recorded during sampling activities based on various GPS systems.
General taxonomic coverage description: This dataset focuses on all classes (Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha) of the Phylum Porifera (Kingdom Animalia), and includes a total of 807 specimens belonging to 144 morphospecies (with 95 taxa classified at species level and 49 at genus level), and representing 12 orders and 30 families (Fig.
Permanent glass slides with the spicules are available for ~88% of the species of the MNA collection while SEM pictures are available for ~31% of the species (some of which are already available on the Antarctic Field Guide project at: http://afg.biodiversity.aq/pdfs/144164-a-field-guide-to-antarctic-sponges.pdf).
In a few cases (i.e. Plakina monolopha Schulze, 1880, MNA 1715, MNA 1753; Plakina trilopha Schulze, 1880, MNA 1504; Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905, MNA 9106), there is no voucher and only glass slides with spicules are available. Another species, i.e., Lycopodina cf. vaceleti (van Soest & Baker, 2011), is without a MNA collection code, as it was identified from an ROV video frame (Fig.
The MNA collection also includes several sponge holotypes (Table
MNA | Species |
---|---|
MNA 832 | Microxina sarai Calcinai & Pansini, 2000 |
MNA 833 | Microxina lanceolata Calcinai & Pansini, 2000 |
MNA 834 | Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) minuta Calcinai & Pansini, 2000 |
MNA 835 | Iophon terranovae Calcinai & Pansini, 2000 |
MNA 865 | Crella (Crella) aurantiaca Bertolino, Calcinai & Pansini, 2009 |
MNA 888 | Mycale (Aegogropila) denticulata Bertolino, Calcinai & Pansini, 2009 |
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Calcarea
Orders: Clathrinida, Leucosolenida
Families: Achramorphidae, Grantiidae, Leucettidae, Sycettidae
Genera: Leucetta, Leucandra, Megapogon, Sycetta
Species: Leucandra cf. gausapata (NR), Leucettidae sp.1 (NR), Leucetta antarctica (NR), Megapogon raripilus (NR), Sycetta antarctica (NR)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Orders: Axinellida, Bubarida, Dendroceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Polymastiida, Suberitida, Tetractinellida
Families: Acarnidae, Ancorinidae, Bubaridae, Chalinidae, Cladorhizidae, Coelosphaeridae, Crellidae, Darwinellidae, Dendoricellidae, Halichondriidae, Hymedesmiidae, Isodictyidae, Latrunculiidae, Microcionidae, Mycalidae, Myxillidae, Niphatidae, Phloedictyidae, Polymastiidae, Raspailiidae, Stylocordylidae, Suberitidae, Tedaniidae, Tetillidae
Genera: Acanthorhabdus, Antarctotetilla, Artemisina, Asbestopluma, Bubaris, Calyx, Cinachyra, Clathria, Crella, Dendrilla, Eurypon, Fibulia, Halichondria, Haliclona, Haliclonissa, Hemigellius, Homaxinella, Hymeniacidon, Inflatella, Iophon, Isodictya, Kirkpatrickia, Latrunculia, Lissodendoryx, Lycopodina, Microxina, Mycale, Myxilla, Myxodoryx, Phorbas, Plicatellopsis, Plocamionida, Polymastia, Pseudosuberites, Sphaerotylus, Stylocordyla, Suberites, Tedania, Tethyopsis
Species: Acanthorhabdus fragilis (NR), Antarctotetilla leptoderma, Artemisina apollinis (NR), Artemisina cf. tubulosa, Artemisina sp.1 (NR), Artemisina tubulosa, Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) belgicae, Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) sp. (NR), Bubaris cf. vermiculata (NR), Bubaris vermiculata (NR), Calyx arcuarius, Calyx cf. arcuarius, Calyx cf. kerguelensis (NR), Cinachyra antarctica (NR), Cinachyra barbata, Cinachyra cf. antarctica (NR), Cinachyra cf. barbata, Cinachyra sp.1 (NR), Clathria (Axosuberites) nidificata, Clathria (Clathria) cf. toxipraedita, Clathria (Clathria) toxipraedita, Clathria (Microciona) antarctica (NR), Clathria (Thalysias) flabellata (NR), Crella (Crella) aurantiaca (NR), Crella (Pytheas) stylifera (NR), Dendrilla membranosa, Eurypon miniaceum, Fibulia cribriporosa (NR), Fibulia maeandrina (NR), Halichondria (Halichondria) panicea (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) cf. flagellifera (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) cf. glacialis (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) cf. spongiosa (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) glacialis (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) tylotoxa (NR), Haliclona (Haliclona) cf. penicillata, Haliclona (Haliclona) penicillata, Haliclona (Rhizoniera) cf. dancoi, Haliclona cf. divulgata (NR), Haliclona cf. scotti (NR), Haliclona (Rhizoniera) dancoi, Haliclona divulgata (NR), Haliclona (Soestella) cf. chilensis (NR), Haliclona sp. (NR), Haliclona sp.1 (NR), Haliclona sp.2 (NR), Haliclona sp.3 (NR), Haliclona sp.4 (NR), Haliclona virens (NR), Haliclonissa verrucosa (NR), Hemigellius bidens (NR), Hemigellius calyx (NR), Hemigellius cf. fimbriatus, Hemigellius fimbriatus, Hemigellius pilosus, Homaxinella balfourensis, Homaxinella cf. balfourensis, Homaxinella cf. flagelliformis, Homaxinella flagelliformis, Hymeniacidon insutus (NR), Inflatella belli, Inflatella cf. coelosphaeroides (NR), Inflatella sp.1 (NR), Iophon terranovae, Iophon unicorne, Isodictya conulosa, Isodictya erinacea, Isodictya kerguelenensis, Isodictya microchela (NR), Isodictya setifera, Isodictya sp.1 (NR), Isodictya sp.2 (NR), Isodictya toxophila (NR), Kirkpatrickia coulmani (NR), Kirkpatrickia variolosa, Latrunculia (Latrunculia) biformis, Lissodendoryx sp.1 (NR), Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) anacantha (NR), Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) antarctica, Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) minuta, Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) nobilis, Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) ramilobosa, Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) flabellata, Lycopodina cf. vaceleti (NR), Microxina benedeni, Microxina cf. simplex (NR), Microxina charcoti, Microxina lanceolata, Microxina sarai, Microxina simplex (NR), Microxina sp.1 (NR), Mycale (Aegogropila) denticulata (NR), Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica, Mycale (Mycale) tridens, Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata, Mycale fibrosa, Mycale sp.1 (NR), Myxilla (Burtonanchora) asigmata, Myxilla (Myxilla) elongata, Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis (NR), Myxilla sp.1 (NR), Myxodoryx cf. hanitschi, Myxodoryx hanitschi, Phorbas glaberrimus, Phorbas nexus (NR), Plicatellopsis antarctica, Plocamionida gaussiana (NR), Polymastia invaginata, Pseudosuberites montiniger, Pseudosuberites nudus, Sphaerotylus antarcticus, Stylocordyla cf. chupachups, Stylocordyla chupachups, Suberites caminatus, Suberites mollis (NR), Suberites sp.1 (NR), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) cf. charcoti, Tedania (Tedaniopsis) charcoti, Tedania (Tedaniopsis) massa (NR), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) oxeata (NR), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) tantula, Tedania sp.1 (NR), Trachytedania spinata (NR), Tethyopsis brondstedi (NR)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Hexactinellida
Order: Lyssacinosida
Family: Rossellidae
Genera: Anoxycalyx, Rossella
Species: Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini, Rossella antarctica (NR), Rossella cf. antarctica (NR), Rossella cf. longstaffi (NR), Rossella cf. villosa (NR), Rossella fibulata (NR), Rossella levis (NR), Rossella nuda (NR), Rossella cf. nuda (NR), Rossella racovitzae (NR), Rossella sp.1 (NR), Rossella sp.2 (NR), Rossella sp.3 (NR)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Homoscleromorpha
Order: Homosclerophorida
Family: Plakinidae
Genus: Plakina
Species: Plakina monolopha, Plakina trilopha
General geographic description:
Ross Sea, Antarctica (Figs
Coordinates:
PNRA III expedition: -74.64833, -74.96667; 164.00000, 164.61167
PNRA V expedition: -74.63450, -74.90400; 164.02433, 164.47500
PNRA IX expedition: -74.71667, -75.76333; 164.04280, 164.19058
PNRA X expedition: -74.68557, -74.89367; 163.78557, 164.14752
PNRA XI expedition: -74.66833, -74.78333; 164.03333, 164.29167
PNRA XIII expedition: -74.71357, 164.13772
PNRA XIV expedition: -74.69405, -74.89950; 163.93748, 164.28620
PNRA XV expedition: -74.69667, -74.77658; 164.05327, 164.12868
PNRA XVII expedition: -72.51267, -76.76817; 164.09721, 179.50533
PNRA XVIII expedition: -77.56570, 163.61163
PNRA XIX expedition: -71.30667, -72.28667; 170.29833, 170.48667
PNRA XX expedition: -74.63347, -74.80570; 164.00194, 164.98583
PNRA XXI expedition: -74.69667, 164.08000
PNRA XXV expedition: -74.69027, -74.70348; 164.10255, 164.13762
PNRA XXVII expedition: -74.68562, -74.71337; 164.03502, 164.14903
PNRA XXVIII expedition: -74.68090, -74.77737; 163.95400, 164.23640
PNRA XXIX expedition: -74.68602, -74.72242; 164.03486, 164.24206
Temporal coverage:
PNRA III expedition: January 6, 1988 - February 2, 1988
PNRA V expedition: December 24, 1989 - February 1, 1990
PNRA IX expedition: December 27, 1993 - January 29, 1994
PNRA X expedition: January 21, 1995 - February 8, 1995
PNRA XI expedition: February 5, 1996 - February 8, 1996
PNRA XIII expedition: February 19, 1998
PNRA XIV expedition: January 6, 1999 - March 3, 1999
PNRA XV expedition: January 25, 2000 - April 25, 2000
PNRA XVII expedition: January 8, 2002 - February 7, 2002
PNRA XVIII expedition: November 11, 2002
PNRA XIX expedition: February 14, 2004 - February 16, 2004
PNRA XX expedition: January 17, 2005 - February 11, 2005
PNRA XXI expedition: January 23, 2006
PNRA XXV expedition: December 13, 2009 - January 11, 2010
PNRA XXVII expedition: January 10, 2012 - February 3, 2012
PNRA XXVIII expedition: January 9, 2013 - January 31, 2013
PNRA XXIX expedition: January 16, 2014 - February 1, 2014
Parent collection identifier: Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa, Italy)
Collection name: Porifera collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) - Data
Specimen preservation method: Part of the material collected during the expeditions was fixed in formalin and then transferred in ethanol (samples between 1985 and 2006), or was frozen immediately after collection and kept in the same condition in order to preserve the DNA quality and integrity. All samples are now stored in the collections of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa, Italy).
Virtual collection of vouchers and 3D models: The species used in the 3D model, Tethyopsis brondstedi (Burton, 1929) (MNA 2839, Fig.
The model of the sponge was obtained through micro-CT imaging performed at the Department of Geosciences (University of Padova) by CM. A bench-top Skyscan 1172 micro-CT system (Bruker®), equipped with a Hamamatsu 100/250 microfocus X-ray source (80 kV, 124 μA) and a Hamamatsu C9300 11 megapixel camera (with a pixel size of 8.68 μm) filtered by a 0.5 mm Aluminium foil was used. Projection images were acquired with 1200 ms exposure time, 2x2 binning mode, 0.30° rotation step over 360° rotation, averaged over 10 frames and in vertical random movement mode to minimise noise, providing an image pixel size of 13.2 μm. An oversized sample option was applied with 4 connected scans, leading to a total acquisition time of about 1170 min. Post-acquisition reconstruction was performed using the NRecon (Bruker microCT®) software package, starting from raw projection images, and applying thermal correction, misalignment compensation, ring artefact reduction and beam hardening correction. Segmentation was then performed with CT Analyser (Bruker microCT®) software package, using a 3D adaptive thresholding procedure (mean of minimum and maximum value) within spherical kernels of radius 8 pixels, starting from a pre-determined pre-thresholding value. Resulting images were saved as monochrome (1 bit) bitmaps and imported in the CTVox (Bruker microCT®) software package to perform 3D rendering and animations. The model will be available on the MNA web site (www.mna.it) and on Sketchfab (https://sketchfab.com/MNA). The species chosen for the model corresponded to one of the few specimens collected in the Ross Sea area after the species description (
Dataset description: This dataset contains data about all four classes (Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida and Homoscleromorpha) of the Phylum Porifera, based on vouchers from the Ross Sea (with a special focus on Terra Nova Bay) curated at the MNA. In total, the dataset includes 144 different morphospecies, and a total of 807 specimens. Several studies were based on this dataset:
Object name: Porifera collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) - Data
Character encoding: UTF-8
Format name: Darwin Core Archive format
Format version: 1.0
Distribution: http://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource.do?r=mna_antarctic_porifera
Language: English
Metadata language: English
License of use: This dataset [Porifera collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) - Data] is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY) 4.0: http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Date of metadata creation: 2018-03-28
Hierarchy level: Dataset
We would like to acknowledge the Italian National Antarctic Program (PNRA) for funding and logistic support of the Italian scientific expeditions. The PNRA project GEOSMART (2013/AZ2.06, PI Paolo Montagna) is acknowledged for the ROV images. We are indebted to Rob Van Soest and Claire Goodwin for the classification of Lycopodina cf. vaceleti (