Research Article |
Corresponding author: Paula V. Borlini ( paula.borlini@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Aaron Smith
© 2018 Paula V. Borlini, Cristiano Lopes-Andrade, Lucimar S. Araujo.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Borlini PV, Lopes-Andrade C, Araujo LS (2018) Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849: redescription, new synonym, geographic distribution, and host fungi records. ZooKeys 762: 117-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.762.23433
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Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849 is redescribed based on specimens from Northeast, Southeast, and South Brazil, and from Argentina. A lectotype is designated for Cis semipallidus Pic, 1916, and the species is synonymized with C. pallidus. The first host fungi records and a distribution map for the species are provided.
Ciinae , Ciini , minute tree-fungus beetles, Neotropical
Cis Latreille is the most diverse genus of Ciidae with approximately 400 described species and a worldwide distribution (
The pallidus-group comprises C. corticinus Gorham, 1883 from Totonicapán, Guatemala, C. pallidus Mellié, 1849 from the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil, C. semipallidus Pic, 1916 from Buenos Aires, Argentina, and C. tetracentrum Gorham, 1886, which occurs from southern California and Arizona to southern Mexico (
The aim of this paper is to redescribe C. pallidus, propose a new synonym, and provide new host fungi and geographic distribution records.
The examined specimens are listed in the section on “type material” and “additional material” below. A total of 12 males from eight localities were dissected, as follows (number of specimens between parentheses): Buenos Aires (1; lectotype of Cis semipallidus) and Famaillá (1), in Argentina; Rio de Janeiro (1), São João del-Rei (1), Viçosa (5), Palotina (1), Nova Teutônia (1) and Urubici (1), in Brazil. Abdominal ventrites shown in Fig.
Museum abbreviations are as follows:
ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology (Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia)
CELC Coleção Entomológica do Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Coleoptera da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Viçosa, MG, Brazil)
DZUP Coleção Entomológica Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure, Universidade Federal do Paraná (Curitiba, PR, Brazil)
FMNH Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, Illinois, USA)
MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
MCNZ Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil)
MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France)
MNRJ Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil)
Terms for external morphology and male terminalia of ciids follow
BW (basal width of scutellar shield),
CL (length of antennal club measured from base of the eighth to apex of the tenth antennomere),
EL (elytral length along the midline),
EW (greatest width of both elytra),
FL (length of antennal funicle measured from base of the third to apex of the seventh antennomere),
GD (greatest depth of body measured in lateral view),
GW (greatest diameter of eye),
PL (pronotal length along midline),
PW (greatest pronotal width),
SL (length of scutellar shield),
TL (total length counted as EL+PL, i.e. excluding head).
The GD/EW and TL/EW ratios indicate the degree of body convexity and elongation, respectively.
A total of 21 males and 20 females were measured, with representative specimens from all examined localities. Measurements of antennomeres, GW, and BW provided in the description are the mean measurements of three males from three localities (Viçosa, Atílio Vivacqua, and Nova Teutônia); in these cases, standard deviations are not provided because they were 0.01 or less.
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specimens were dehydrated in a series of alcohol and acetone solutions, critical point dried (CPD 020, Balzers, Liechtenstein), mounted on aluminum stubs and sputter coated with gold (sputter module SCA 010, Balzers). Samples were then examined under a SEM (LEO VP 1430, Zeiss). Transcription of labels, dissection, photography under optical equipment, and measurement of specimens followed the methods provided by
Variation in pronotal and elytral color occurred between specimens from the same locality or even from the same basidiome. Also noticeable was variation in the length of dorsal bristles, mainly those on the pronotum (compare Figs
There was little variation in size and morphology of tegmen and penis between dissected specimens from eight localities (Figs
Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849: 246–247, pl. 10, fig. 10.
Cis semipallidus Pic, 1916: 5, syn. n.
Distinguished from other South American ciids by the elongate body (TL/EW at least 2), reddish to dark brown head and pronotum, yellowish elytra with a black band on both sides, and pronotum projected forward, partially or completely covering head when seen from above. Among South American ciid species with light-colored elytra, Orthocis platensis Brèthes, 1922 differs in the pronotum being not projected over the head. Cis bisbidens Gorham, 1883 differs in lacking lateral elytral band, in the developed projections associated with the male head and pronotum, and the small but conspicuous sex patch on first abdominal ventrite of the male. Cis granarius Mellié, 1849 has a comparatively stouter body and the sides of pronotum are light-colored. In C. grossus Mellié, 1849 and C. validithorax Pic, 1916 only the apical portion of the elytra is light-colored. Cis steinheili Reitter, 1878 is devoid of conspicuous lateral dark longitudinal band on elytra and the male has an obvious sex patch on the first abdominal ventrite.
Body elongate, subparallel-sided; head, pronotum and scutellar shield reddish-brown (Fig.
Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849, dorsal view from various localities, shown in the same scale. 15 Female from the state of Bahia, compared with the holotype deposited in the MNHN16 Male from Corcovado, state of Rio de Janeiro 17 Male from Marechal Cândido Rondon, state of Paraná 18 Female from the province of Tucuman, Argentina 19 Male from Nova Teutônia, state of Santa Catarina 20 Male from Urubici, state of Santa Catarina. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849, scanning electron microscopy. 21 Dorsal view 22 Ventral view 23 Elytral bristle 24 Antenna 25 Part of head and prothorax in ventral view 26 Protibiae, showing the outer apical angle (arrow) 27 Part of pronotum and elytra, with scutellar shield 28 Part of metaventrite and abdominal ventrites. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (21–22, 25–26, 28), 0.01 mm (23), 0.1 mm (24, 27).
Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849. 29 Abdominal ventrites of a male from São João del-Rei, state of Minas Gerais, showing a small sex patch at the first ventrite (arrow), possibly vestigial 30–44 Tegmen (30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40–41, 43) and penis (31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44) of males from various localities 30–31 Corcovado, state of Rio de Janeiro 32–33Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais 34–35 São João del-Rei, state of Minas Gerais 36–37 Palotina, state of Paraná 38–39Province of Tucuman, Argentina 40–42 Nova Teutônia, state of Santa Catarina, showing tegmen before (40) and after distortion (41) 43–44 Urubici, state of Santa Catarina. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (29); 0.1 mm (30–44).
Females. Projections of head and pronotum more rounded and less prominent than in males. Otherwise like males, but first abdominal ventrite devoid of any discernible mark. Female abdominal terminalia (in specimen from Viçosa with everted terminalia) with paraprocts 1.25× as long as gonocoxites; each gonocoxite with three ventral lobes; gonostyli inserted at top of gonocoxites.
Males, measurements in mm (n = 21): TL 1.95–3.00 (2.47 ± 0.32), PL 0.70–1.00 (0.86 ± 0.09), PW 0.80–1.20 (0.99 ± 0.12), EL 1.20–2 (1.60 ± 0.24), EW 0.85–1.30 (1.07 ± 0.13), GD 0.60–1.15 (0.83 ± 0.13), PL/PW 0.72–1.12 (0.87 ± 0.10), EL/EW 1.26–1.94 (1.49 ± 0.13), EL/PL 1.38–2.05 (1.86 ± 0.17), GD/EW 0.54–1.00 (0.77 ± 0.09), TL/EW 2.04–3.00 (2.30 ± 0.20). Females, measurements in mm (n = 20): TL 2.15–3.05 (2.53 ± 0.23), PL 0.75–1.00 (0.85 ± 0.07), PW 0.85–1.20 (1.02 ± 0.08), EL 1.40–2.05 (1.68 ± 0.17), EW 0.95–1.35 (1.11 ± 0.10), GD 0.75–1.05 (0.86 ± 0.09), PL/PW 0.75–0.89 (0.83 ± 0.03), EL/EW 1.42–1.56 (1.50 ± 0.03), EL/PL 1.76–2.20 (1.97 ± 0.11) GD/EW 0.68–0.87 (0.76 ± 0.04), TL/EW 2.16–2.36 (2.26 ± 0.04).
♀ Holotype “Cis pallidus Mel. Bahia. T. Cast. 72 [green disc, handwritten] \ Bahia. Mocquerys [handwritten] \ Cis pallidus Reiche [handwritten] \ LECTOTYPE [printed] Cis pallidus Mellié [handwritten]”; ♂ lectotype of Cis semipallidus Pic, 1916, here designated (MNHN) “Rep Argentina. Prov. Buenos Aires 9.11.1896 C. Bruch \ Cis près Cis bisbidens Gorh. [handwritten] \ Cis [handwritten] \ Type [yellow paper; handwritten] \ C. semipallidus Pic [handwritten] \ Type [red paper] \ LECTOTYPE [printed] Cis semipallidus Pic [handwritten]; 1 ♂ (MNHN, dissected) “Rep. Argentina Prov. Buenos Aires 9.11.1896 C. Bruch [handwritten] \ Type [handwritten] \ PARALECTOTYPE [printed] Cis semipallidus Pic [handwritten]”.
BRASIL: 1 ♀ (MNHN) “Museum Paris Brésil Bahia (Tabacs) A. Grouvelle 1913\ Cis pallidus Mellié 1969 J. F. Lawrence”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (CELC); “BRASIL: ES, Atílio Vivacqua, Mata do Zé [sic], 16.vi.2007, Furieri, K. S. & Ana Paula”; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀(MNRJ) “Saude 29.vi.[19]14 \ MNRJ 230”; 1 ♂ (DZUP, dissected) “Coleção M. Alvarenga \ CORCOVADO Guanabara BRASIL x.1968 Alvarenga & Seabra \ Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849 C. Lopes-Andrade det. \ DZUP 273653”; 22 ♂ (CELC, 5 dissected) and 13 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, Viçosa, “Atrás do Insetário” 18.xi.2003 legs. D. J. Souza & C. Lopes-Andrade \ ex Trametes hirsuta”; 61 specimens (CELC, in alcohol) “Brasil: MG, Viçosa, Bom Jesus, 13.vii.2006 Oliveira, C. B.”; 19 specimens (CELC, in alcohol) “Brasil: MG, Viçosa, Apiário 09.vi.2010 leg. L. A. O. Campos”; 4 ♂ (CELC) and 3 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, Viçosa, “Violeira” 17.xii.2004 leg. A. A. Zacaro”; 5 ♂ and 6 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia, 03.v.2014, Lopes-Andrade et al. leg”; 2 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, Jequeri; Piscamba 09.vi.2009 leg. D. M. da Silva”; 6 ♂ (CELC, 1 dissected) and 6 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, São João del Rei [sic] Colônia 25.xii.2011 De Oliveira, G. A. & De Oliveira, E. H.”;13 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, Juiz de Fora Campus UFJF 11.vii.2012 Pecci-Maddalena leg.”; 2 ♂ and 2 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, Ibitipoca, 03.iii.2014. leg. Pecci-Maddalena, I. \ Trametes hirsuta”; 2 ♂ (1 DZUP; 1 CELC, dissected) “BRASIL: PR, Palotina Parque Estadual de São Camilo (coleta manual) 02.iii.2011 G. A. Oliveira, col. \ Ciidae sp. 17 C. S. Santos, det. 2011 \ Coletado no fungo: Trametes sp. (Polyporaceae) V. G. Cortez det. 2011 \ C342 \ Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849 C. Lopes-Andrade det.”; 1 ♂ (ANIC, dissected) and 1 ♀(ANIC) “Nova Teutonia Santa Catarina BRAZIL March F. Plaumann”; 1 ♂(ANIC) “BRAZIL: Santa Catarina, Nova Teutonia Dec. F. Plaumann”; 1 ♂ (ANIC) “Brasilien [Marechal Cândido] Rondon 24° 38’B. 54° 07’ L F. Plaumann”; 1 ♀(ANIC) “Santa Catarina BRAZIL xi.64 Fritz Plaumann”; 1 ♀ (DZUP) “Brasilien Nova Teutonia 27° 11’ B 52° 23’ L 300-500m xii.1980 Fritz Plaumann \ Cis pallidus Mellié, 1849 C. Lopes-Andrade det. \ DZUP 273657”; 1 ♂ (FMNH) “Nova Teutonia, Sta. Catarina, BRAZ. Fritz Plaumann leg. \ Cis pallidus Mell. det. J. F. Lawrence \ FMNH 261”; 3 ♀ (FMNH) “Nova Teutonia, Sta. Catarina, BRAZ. 5.viii.44 Fritz Plaumann leg. \ Cis pallidus Mell. det. J. F. Lawrence \ FMNH 259; 260; 262”; 3 ♂ (CELC, 1 dissected) and 1 ♀ (CELC) “BRASIL: SC, Urubici (Estrada para Serra do Corvo) 06.iii.2011 Grossi & Parizotto”; 1 ♂ (MCNZ) “Torres, RS 21/XI/1976 [handwritten] A. Lise leg. [p.] COL. NCN 28.253 [handwritten]”; 1 ♀ (ANIC) “Brazil J. Rick \ J. F. Lawrence Lot.1995 \ Polyporus polyzonus [=Trametes polyzona]”. ARGENTINA: 4 ♀ (FMNH) “R. Argentina La Plata Col. C. Bruch\ FMNH 263”; 1 ♂ (ANIC, dissected) and 1 ♀ (ANIC) “ARG: Tucuman Famailla vi.11.1971 \ L. A. Stange Lot 13 \ Coriolus pinistus [sic] [=Trametes hirsuta]”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (MACN) on the same card “Rep Argentina. Prov. Buenos Aires 9.11.1896 C. Bruch \ Cis près bisbidens Gorh. [handwritten]”.
There was no consistent difference in the morphology of tegmen and penis between specimens with different dorsal coloration and length of dorsal bristles, and such variation occurred within the populations throughout the geographic extension of the species. Therefore, we consider that the abovementioned specimens all belong to a single species. After the description of C. pallidus,
Trametes hirsuta Lloyde (Polyporaceae), one record and two breeding records; Trametes polyzona Pers. (Polyporaceae), one record; and Trametes sp. (Polyporaceae), one record.
We would like to especially thank John F. Lawrence for sending a large number of named specimens from the C. pallidus and C. vitulus species-groups for comparison; and Vivian E. Sandoval-Gòmez for examining historical and type material related to C. pallidus in MACN and MNHN. We are grateful to everyone who collected and sent us specimens (see section on Additional material for their names), and for museum curators for allowing examination and loan of specimens. We are also grateful to Glenda M. Orledge and Daniel K. Young for their corrections and suggestions to the manuscript, and Aaron D. Smith for his assistance during the revision process. P.V.B. thanks the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia (Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil) for the academic support. C.L.A. thanks Núcleo de Microscopia e Microanálise (NMM) of Universidade Federal de Viçosa for SEM facilities in 2004. Financial support was provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG; Edital 01/2016 – Demanda Universal, APQ-02675-16; Edital FORTIS; master grant to P.V.B.), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; research grant to C.L.A. n° 307116/2015-8).