Differentiated from other genera of Tryphoninae by combination of both of the following characters: 1) unidentate mandibles (Fig. 22); 2) supra-antennal area with a medial horn (not a vertical lamella) slightly ventral to medial ocellus (Figs 16–21, 24–27). Zambion would most easily be mistaken for Ibornia Seyrig, but Ibornia has a supra-antennal vertical lamella instead of a horn and T1 and T2 are fused (not fused in Zambion).

Adult. Fore wing length 4.9 to 7.2 mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a strong groove (most species) (Fig. 11) or weakly separated in Zambion hirtum Delobel (Fig. 10); strongly convex or moderately flat in profile; not divided into dorsal and ventral faces by a transverse line (most species) (Fig. 11) or divided (Fig. 12). Apical edge of clypeus not projecting ventroanteriorly in lateral view, truncate to slightly convex medially in anterior view, without a pair of medial denticles. Mandible unidentate (Fig. 22), outer face (anterior surface) basally flat and coarsely punctate (not inflated and impunctate as in Ctenochira). Glossa slightly to strongly elongated (Fig. 15). Posterior mandibular condyles separated by greater width than inner margins of eyes at level of clypeal foveae. Malar space 0.4 to 0.7 times basal width of mandible. Occipital carina present only dorsally (between inner margins of eyes), therefore not joining hypostomal carina, the latter not directed posteriorly into a tooth. Supra-antennal area with or without a glabrous depression, if present then just as a deep dimple directly ventral to medial ocellus, not an elongate groove as in Cosmoconus Förster. Supra-antennal area with a medial horn (Figs 16–21, 24–27). Vertex posterior to medial ocellus without a rounded, conical protuberance. Distance between inner edges of toruli 0.1 to 0.4 times width of one torulus.

Dorsal edge of pronotum (seen in dorsal view) strongly thickened laterally (Fig. 28). Epomia present only as a slight sharpening of ventroanterior ridge of pronotum (not crossing pronotal groove) (Figs 30–31). Notaulus weak (Fig. 29) or absent. Subtegular ridge slightly protruding laterally, not extending dorsally as a vertical lamina that nearly touches tegula, without a posterior longitudinal slot. Epicnemial carina not joined by an auxiliary carina that extends from anterior edge of mesopleuron. Vertical portion of epicnemial carina close to anterior edge of mesopleuron and dorsally curving anteriorly to meet anterior edge of mesopleuron (Figs 32–33). Longitudinal carinae of mesopleuron and mesoscutum (as in Ibornia) absent. Sternaulus weak and wide to 0.2 to 0.3 length of mesopleuron. Angular flange on posterolateral edges of mesoscutum and associated ‘axillary tongue’ both present and strongly angulate. Scutellum completely black (most species), completely yellow (Zambion hirtum and Zambion kasparyani) or black with yellow apically (Zambion monodon), lateral carinae present only basally or up to 0.5. Propodeum with all carinae present except anterior transverse carina completely absent in all species (Fig. 34), medial longitudinal carinae absent anteriorly in Zambion wahli and Zambion broadi and posterior transverse carina interrupted medially in the males of Zambion wahli and Zambion broadi. Posterior transverse carina angulate where it intercepts medial longitudinal carinae (Fig. 34). Foretibia with a strong tooth on apex of anterior side or tooth weak to absent. Trochantelli not fused on middle and hind legs. Hind tarsal claws stoutly pectinate in basal 0.4 to 0.6. Fore wing vein 3rs-m present. Cell 1 + 2Rs subrectangular or subrhombic, width not greater than 1.4 times height, petiolate anteriorly. Fore wing vein 2m-cu with an angulation (zig-zag) that is strong in most species (Figs 38–39) or weak (Fig. 7) and with one wide or two narrowly spaced bullae. Fore wing hyaline basally and infumate apically (Figs 38–39) or completely moderately infumate (Figs 7–8).

T1 gradually widening from anterior to posterior, 1.2 to 1.8 times as long as posterior width, with moderate anterolateral projections (as seen in dorsal view). Glymma present as a depression ventral to anterolateral projections. Dorsal longitudinal carinae of T1 present basally or extending up to 0.7 of segment. Dorsolateral longitudinal carinae of T1 present (most species) or absent; if present, not extending posterior to spiracle (Figs 40, 41) or extending up to 0.7 of segment, not bifurcated into two branches above and below spiracle. Spiracle of T1 just anterior to middle. T1 and T2 not fused. T2 without a postmedial transverse groove or grooves that delineate anterolateral corners. T2 to T4 completely yellow/orange, completely black, or black with yellow at posterior of each segment. Laterotergites wide (Fig. 42), of MS3 divided from tergite by a crease, of MS4 not divided. T7 and T8 not turned anteriorly under metasoma. Ovipositor straight, about equal to apical height of metasoma or a little shorter, carrying one egg (Figs 5, 45) or no eggs, dorsal valve tapered to a sharp point (Fig. 44). Ovipositor sheath in profile, widest basally, gradually tapering from base to apex, flexible from 0.3 to 0.6.

Body polished, face and supraclypeal area coarsely punctate (Figs 10–15); pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron with fine, sparse, but distinct punctures (Figs 30–33); all other body regions almost impunctate (Figs 34–37, 40–43). Body covered in dense setae, particularly long on supraclypeal area, shorter on pleura of mesosoma and metasomal tergites.

Mature larva. Unknown.

Egg. (Fig. 45): Stalk apical, anchor unknown, surface reticulate. Egg known only for Zambion monodon (holotype).

Unknown, but probably parasitoids of tenthredinoid sawflies (Hymenoptera) (see Introduction).

Afrotropical (Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Zambia and Angola).

Zambion monodon, Zambion hirtum Delobel and five new species described below.

Zambion, Ibornia and Thibetoides are all closely related based on seven synapomorphies, especially the thickened dorsoposterior corner of the pronotum and the supra-antennal prominence (Bennett 2002). Kasparyan (1993) speculated that Zambion and Ibornia must be sister genera because of the unidentate mandibles and because they are both Afrotropical, but Bennett (2002) found that Ibornia and Thibetoides are sister taxa based on seven characters including the fusion of T1 and T2 and the ventral curving of T7 and T8 under the metasoma which makes Zambion the sister of these two genera.

Zambion monodon can be distinguished from all other Zambion spp. by having the mesopleuron approximately half black (dorsally) and half yellow (ventrally) (Fig. 5) (all other species are concolourous on mesopleuron – either all brown to black or all yellow to orange). Zambion monodon is unusual in Zambion in that it lacks the ventral transverse carina of the propodeum extending from the metasomal foramen to the pleural carina (Fig. 36). The only other species of Zambion that lacks this carina is Zambion kasparyani, but the latter species has a mesopleuron that is completely yellow to orange (Fig. 46).

Adult. Female (based on holotype only – see comments below). Fore wing length 7.2 mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a strong groove (Fig. 11). Malar space 0.5 times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 2.0 times as wide as high (Fig. 11), dorsomedially without a short, narrow, longitudinal lamella between the antenna. Supra-antennal horn moderately long and triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 17), about equal in length to width of pedicel at midheight in lateral view (Fig. 25). Ocello-ocular distance 1.4 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.6 times transverse diameter of the eye. Antennal flagellum with 37 segments.

Notaulus present, but weak. Epicnemial carina medially curving slightly away from anterior edge of mesopleuron near ventral corner of pronotum (intermediate between Zambion rogeri shown in Fig. 32 and Zambion wahli shown in Fig. 33). Scutellum with lateral carinae 0.4 length of scutellum. Medial longitudinal carinae of propodeum complete and strong anterior to posterior transverse carina (Fig. 3). Carina extending from pleural carina to spiracle complete (Fig. 36). Posterior transverse carina of propodeum with lateral abscissa roughly straight, joining pleural carina at about 0.4 distance from posterior end of pleural carina to propodeal spiracle (Fig. 36). Ventral transverse carina extending from metasomal foramen to pleural carina absent (Fig. 36). Fore tibia with a strong apical point on dorsal surface. Hind femur 3.4 times as long as medial width (Fig. 1). Hind tarsal claw pectinate to about 0.5. Angulation of fore wing vein 2m-cu strong (Fig. 1).

Tergite 1 of metasoma 1.7 times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carinae of T1 extending posterior to spiracle (0.6 length of tergite), dorsolateral longitudinal carinae extending about half way to spiracle (0.3 distance of T1) (Fig. 41 of male, similar to female).

Yellow. Legs and metasoma become slightly darker yellow apically/ posteriorly. Scape, pedicel except apically, supra-antennal area except orbits ventral to medial ocellus, vertex, gena dorsal to ventral edge of eye, occiput, apex of mandibles, pronotum dorsal to furrow, mesoscutum, dorsal half of mesopleuron except subtegular ridge and scutellum except basolaterally black/ dark brown. Apex of pedicel, flagellum and distal tarsomere of hind leg brown. Entire membrane of fore wing moderately infumate (Fig. 5). Body covered with dense golden setae.

Male (based only on single male paratype noted by Kasparyan 1993): As female except fore wing length 7.0 mm. Malar space 0.4 times basal width of mandible. Width of supraclypeal area 1.7 times medial height. Ocello-ocular distance 1.2 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.7 times transverse diameter of eye. Lateral abscissa of posterior transverse carina of propodeum joining pleural carina at 0.3 distance from posterior end of pleural carina. (Both antennae missing or incomplete).

Holotype: ♀, Label 1: ZAMBIA, Kitwe, Chati, 27.3.1979, K. Löyttyniemi leg. Label 2: window trap with Eucalyptus. Label 3: Holotypus Zambion monodon Kasparyan. Label 4: coll. Dept. Agr. Forest. Zool. Univ. Helsinki. [MZH]. Condition: intact except missing distal tarsomere of right foreleg and left mid leg detached and glued to top locality label. Paratypes: ♂, same data as holotype, except 8.iii.1979; ♀ same data except 15.iii.1979. (♀ paratype strongly damaged by Dermestidae).

Zambion monodon appears related to Zambion kasparyani and Zambion hirtum on the basis of the similar moderately long, triangular-shaped supra-antennal horn (Figs 16, 17, 47). Within this grouping, Zambion monodon and Zambion kasparyani both lack the ventral transverse carina of the propodeum (Figs 36, 48). Outgroup comparison with Ibornia and Thibetoides spp., reveals that this character varies between species within these two genera as well, therefore its polarity (and phylogenetic utility) in Zambion is unclear. Zambion monodon is the only species of Zambion for which the egg is known. Kasparyan (1993) stated that the dermestid damaged paratype was a female. Because the metasoma posterior to T3 is missing, it is difficult to confirm the sex; however, the length of T1 (1.8 times posterior width) and ocellar-ocular distance (1.2 times ocellar diameter) suggest that this specimen may be a male based on comparison with the dimensions of these structures in the female holotype and male paratype.

Zambion kasparyani can be distinguished from all other Zambion spp. by combination of both of the following characters: 1) absence of a ventral transverse carina on the propodeum extending from the metasomal foramen to the pleural carina (Fig. 48) (contrast with condition in Zambion hirtum shown in Fig. 35); 2) mesosoma completely yellow to orange (Fig. 46) (no dark colour).

Adult. Female unknown.

Male: Fore wing length 5.8 mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a strong groove. Malar space 0.4 times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 1.7 times as wide as high, dorsomedially without a short, narrow, longitudinal lamella between the antenna. Supra-antennal horn moderately long and triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 47), about equal in length to width of pedicel at midheight in lateral view. Ocello-ocular distance 1.2 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.8 times transverse diameter of the eye. Antennal flagellum with 32 segments.

Notaulus absent. Epicnemial carina mostly straight medially, not curving away from anterior edge of mesopleuron near ventral corner of pronotum (similar to Zambion rogeri shown in Fig. 32). Scutellum with lateral carinae extending 0.4 length of scutellum. Medial longitudinal carinae of propodeum complete and strong anterior to posterior transverse carina (as in Fig. 3). Carina extending from pleural carina to spiracle complete (Fig. 48). Posterior transverse carina of propodeum with lateral abscissa roughly straight, joining pleural carina at about 0.4 distance from posterior end of pleural carina to propodeal spiracle (Fig. 48). Ventral transverse carina extending from metasomal foramen to pleural carina absent (Fig. 48). Fore tibia with a moderately strong apical point on dorsal surface. Hind femur 3.6 times as long as medial width. Hind tarsal claw pectinate to about 0.5. Angulation of fore wing vein 2m-cu strong.

Tergite 1 of metasoma 1.6 times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carinae of T1 extending to spiracle (0.4 length of tergite), dorsolateral longitudinal carinae extending just over half way to spiracle (0.3 distance of T1).

Yellow. Legs and metasoma slightly darker yellow apically/ posteriorly. Vertex and supra-antennal area medially, scape and mesoscutum orange. Pedicel and apex of mandible dark brown. Flagellum medium brown except base of first flagellomere orange. Entire membrane of fore wing moderately infumate (Fig. 46). Body covered with dense golden setae.

Holotype ♂, Label 1: KENYA: Rift Valley Province. Marich Pass Field Studies Centre, 1°32.2'N, 35°27.4'E, 13–14 June 2000. Label 2: M.H. Bourbin, V.H. Lee & W.J. Pulawski collectrs [CAS]. Condition: intact.

This species is named in honour of Dr. Dmitriy Kasparyan (Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg) for his contributions to ichneumonid taxonomy especially being the first to recognize and describe the genus Zambion.

see comments for Zambion monodon and Zambion hirtum.

Zambion hirtum can be distinguished from all other Zambion spp. in that the supraclypeal area dorsomedially has a short, longitudinal lamella between the antennae (Fig. 23) (lamella absent in all other species). In addition, Zambion hirtum is the only species that has the following colour combination: mesosoma and metasoma completely light coloured (yellow or orange) (Fig. 4) AND head yellow with black markings dorsally (Fig. 16).

Adult. Female (only holotype known). Fore wing length 7.1 mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a weak groove (Fig. 10). Malar space 0.5 times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 1.7 times as wide as high (Fig. 10), dorsomedially with a short, narrow, longitudinal lamella between the antenna (Fig. 23). Supra-antennal horn triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 16), 1.0 times as long as width of pedicel at midheight in lateral view (Fig. 24). Ocello-ocular distance 1.6 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.7 times transverse diameter of the eye. Antennal flagellum with 40 segments.

Notaulus absent. Epicnemial carina mostly straight medially (similar to Zambion rogeri shown in Fig. 32), not curving away from anterior edge of mesopleuron near ventral corner of pronotum. Scutellum with lateral carinae at base only. Medial longitudinal carinae of propodeum strong and complete anterior to posterior transverse carina (Fig. 34). Carina extending from pleural carina to spiracle absent. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum with lateral abscissa roughly straight (Fig. 34), point of union with pleural carina at about 0.2 distance from posterior end of pleural carina to propodeal spiracle. Ventral transverse carina extending from metasomal foramen to pleural carina present (Fig. 35). Fore tibia with a weak apical point on dorsal surface. Hind femur 3.2 times as long as medial width (original description = 3.8). Hind tarsal claw pectinate to 0.6 times length of claw. Angulation of fore wing vein 2m-cu strong (Fig. 38).

Tergite 1 of metasoma 1.6 times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carinae of T1 extending close to spiracles (about 0.4 times length of tergite), dorsolateral longitudinal carina extending just over half way to spiracles (similar to Fig. 40 of male Zambion hirtum).

Yellow. Pedicel, medial 0.5 of supra-antennal area except dorsomedial part of horn (Fig. 16) and medial 0.3 of occiput black to dark brown. Flagellum and dorsomedial area of supra-antennal horn brown. Medial 0.5 of vertex posterior to ocelli, mesoscutum and apical 2 tarsomeres of fore and mid legs and apical 3 tarsomeres of hind leg brownish yellow. Membrane of fore wing hyaline, except slightly infumate in apical 0.3 (Fig. 38). Body covered with dense golden setae.

Male: as female except fore wing length 4.9 to 7.1 mm. Malar space 0.4 times basal width of mandible. Width of supraclypeal area 1.7 to 2.0 times height. Ocello-ocular distance 1.7 to 1.9 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.6 times transverse diameter of eye. Flagellum with 36 to 40 segments. Notaulus weak anteriorly in some specimens. Lateral abscissa of posterior transverse carina of propodeum slightly sinuous (Fig. 35) or completely straight (Fig. 34), joining pleural carina at 0.2 to 0.4 distance from posterior end of pleural carina. Hind femur length 3.0 to 3.4 times medial width. Hind tarsal claw pectinate in basal 0.4 to 0.5 of claw. Tergite 1 1.3 to 1.7 times as long as apical width. Dorsolateral longitudinal carina of T1 extending less than half way to spiracle (Fig. 40) or a little bit more than half. Colour as female except, in some specimens medial 0.5 of vertex light brown to dark brown and occiput more extensively brown (up to medial 0.5). Supra-antennal horn completely black to dark brown in some specimens.

Holotype: ♀, Label 1: CONGO, Brazzaville, Centre ORSTOM, 8 novembre 1986, A. DELOBEL coll. Label 2: Holotype. Label 3: Zambion hirtum A. DELOBEL det 1993. Label 4: Muséum Paris EY6006. [MNHN]. Condition: intact except left antenna missing distal 12 flagellomeres and right mid leg missing distal tarsomere. Paratypes: 3 ♂, same data as holotype except: 18.i.1987 [EY 6008]; 17–24.v.1987 [EY6009] and 21.xii.1986 [EY6011] [MNHN]; ♂ same data as holotype except: 17–24.v.1987 [EY 6012] [CNC]. Non-type material: ♂, ANGOLA: Quirimbo. v.1934. K. Jordan. B.M. 1934–1935 [NHM].

Zambion hirtum is a mostly pale-coloured species, most similar in colour to Zambion kasparyani, although the latter species is completely yellow to orange dorsomedially on the head (Fig. 47), whereas Zambion hirtum is extensively black in this area (Fig. 16). Zambion hirtum is the species with the most known specimens (eight) and is the only species known from two countries. Note that only six of the eight specimens were examined in this study. Also note that the supraclypeal longitudinal lamella of Zambion hirtum is not homologous with the supra-antennal lamella of Ibornia. The latter is positioned much more dorsally on the head (extending nearly to the medial ocellus) and its dorsal margin is strongly thickened with a longitudinal groove (Townes, 1969).

Zambion rogeri can be distinguished from all other Zambion spp. by having tergites 3 to 7 of metasoma black with ivory bands in posterior 0.1 to 0.2 (Fig. 6). No other species have banded metasomal segments.

Adult. Female: Unknown.

Male: Fore wing length 6.4 to 7.0 (6.4) mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a strong groove (Fig. 12). Malar space 0.4 to 0.5 (0.5) times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 1.7 to 1.9 (1.7) times as wide as high (Fig. 12), dorsomedially without a short, narrow, longitudinal lamella between the antenna. Supra-antennal horn short and broadly triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 18), 0.3 to 0.5 (0.3) times as long as width of pedicel at midheight in lateral view. Ocello-ocular distance 1.8 to 2.3 (1.8) times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.6 to 0.7 (0.6) times transverse diameter of the eye. Flagellum with 35 to 37 (35) segments.

Notaulus absent. Epicnemial carina mostly straight medially, not curving away from anterior edge of mesopleuron near ventral corner of pronotum (Fig. 32). Scutellum with lateral carinae 0.4 to 0.5 (0.5) length of scutellum. Medial longitudinal carinae of propodeum complete and strong anterior to posterior transverse carina (as in Zambion hirtum shown in Fig. 34). Carina extending from pleural carina to propodeal spiracle absent. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum with lateral abscissa roughly straight, point of union with pleural carina at about 0.4 distance from posterior end of pleural carina to propodeal spiracle (similar to Zambion monodon shown in Fig. 36). Ventral transverse carina extending from metasomal foramen to pleural carina present (as in Fig. 35). Fore tibia with a weak apical point on dorsal surface. Hind femur 3.5 to 3.7 (3.6) times as long as medial width. Hind tarsal claw pectinate to 0.4 times length of claw. Angulation of fore wing vein 2m-cu moderate.

Tergite 1 of metasoma 1.6 to 1.8 (1.6) times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carinae of T1 extending to about the level of spiracle or a bit beyond, 0.4 to 0.6 (0.6) times length of T1, dorsolateral longitudinal carinae extending to spiracle, or in holotype to at least 0.7 times length of T1 (posterior to this, present as a rounded ridge).

Black to dark brown. Extreme apex of hind femur, basal 0.2 of hind tibia and posterior 0.2+ of T3–T7 ivory (the ivory bands longer medially than laterally and increasing in length from T3 to T7) (Fig. 6). Scape, pedicel and flagellum ventrally, mandibles except at apex, palpi, pronotal collar medially, tegula, posterior of subtegular ridge, fore leg, mid leg, hind coxa, trochanter and femur orange (middle and hind trochanters and femora brownish orange, especially medial surface of hind trochanter and femur). Flagellum dorsally, apical 0.8 of hind tibia and all of hind tarsus brown (flagellum darkening from base to apex). Membrane of fore wing slightly infumate except moderately infumate in apical 0.3 (Fig. 6). Body covered with dense silver setae.

Holotype: ♂, Label 1: BRIT, E, AFRICA [KENYA], Masai Reserve, 29.i.1914, Cap. A.O.Luckman. Label 2: 1919-10. [NHM]. Condition: intact except left antennal flagellum missing all but basal 24 flagellomeres. Paratypes: ♂, BRIT. E. AFRICA [KENYA], 30 miles from Magadi Junc., iv.1912. F.G. Hamilton [NHM]; ♂, BRIT. E. AFRICA [KENYA], Mogorr River, v.1913 [CNC].

This species is named in honour of the senior author’s father, Dr. Roger Bennett, for his support and encouragement during the long (and sometimes dark) journey towards becoming a systematic entomologist.

Zambion rogeri is most closely related to Zambion eileenae on the basis of the similar short triangular horn of the supra-antennal area and the length of the longitudinal carinae of T1. Even though Zambion rogeri is only known from males, and Zambion eileenae from a single female, it is highly unlikely that they are conspecific. Zambion rogeri has extensive yellow colouration on the legs and ivory bands on the metasoma, whereas Zambion eileenae is completely dark. In the three species of Zambion for which both males and females are known, there are minimal sex-related colour differences and this is also the case for species in the related genera Ibornia (Seyrig 1935) and Thibetoides (Kasparyan 1973). In addition, the malar space of Zambion rogeri is 0.4 to 0.5 times the basal width of the mandible compared to 0.7 for Zambion eileenae. Zambion rogeri also lacks the carina extending from the pleural carina to the propodeal spiracle, whereas this carina is complete in Zambion eileenae.

Zambion eileenae can be distinguished from all other Zambion spp. by having all legs completely dark (brown or black), without any orange or yellow (Fig. 7). All other species have some orange or yellow in some parts of the legs.

Adult. Female. Fore wing length 6.0 mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a strong groove (Fig. 13). Malar space 0.7 times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 1.9 times as high as wide (Fig. 13), dorsomedially without a short, narrow, longitudinal lamella between the antenna. Supra-antennal horn short and triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 19), 0.3 times as long as width of pedicel at midheight in lateral view (Fig. 26). Ocello-ocular distance 1.8 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.8 times transverse diameter of the eye. Flagellum with 29 segments on left, 28 on right.

Notaulus absent. Epicnemial carina mostly straight medially, not curving away from anterior edge of mesopleuron near ventral corner of pronotum (similar to Zambion rogeri shown in Fig. 32). Scutellum with lateral carinae extending 0.5 length of scutellum. Medial longitudinal carinae of propodeum complete and strong anterior to posterior transverse carina (as in Zambion hirtum shown in Fig. 34). Carina running from pleural carina to propodeal spiracle complete. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum with lateral abscissa roughly straight, point of union with pleural carina at about 0.4 distance from posterior end of pleural carina to propodeal spiracle (similar to Zambion monodon shown in Fig. 36). Ventral transverse carina extending from metasomal foramen to pleural carina present (as in Fig. 35). Fore tibia without an apical point on dorsal surface. Hind femur 3.6 times as long as medial width. Hind tarsal claw pectinate to about 0.5 times length of claw. Angulation of fore wing vein 2m-cu weak.

Tergite 1 of metasoma 1.8 times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carinae of T1 extending to 0.7 length of T1, dorsolateral longitudinal carinae extending beyond spiracles up to 0.7 length of segment.

Black. Legs, metasomal sternites and ovipositor sheaths at base brown, the legs lightening from base to apex except hind leg with tibia and tarsus darker brown. Flagellomere 1 at extreme base and flagellomeres 2+ on ventral surface yellow brown, gradually lightening towards apex, dorsal surface of flagellum brown, lightening to yellow brown apical to middle. Apical 0.3 of clypeus orange-brown. Membrane of fore wing strongly infumate (Fig. 7), slightly less imfumate basally. Body covered with dense silver setae.

Male: unknown.

Holotype: ♀, Label 1: UGANDA, Ruwenzori Range [Rwenzori Mountains], xii.1934-i.1935., B.M. E. Afr. Exp. B.M. 1935-203. Label 2: Namwamba Valley, 6, 500 ft., F.W. Edwards. [NHM]. Condition: intact.

This species, collected in the “Mountains of the Moon”, is named in honour of the senior author’s mother, Mrs. Eileen Bennett, for her support and understanding, especially when finding dead caterpillars and grasshoppers in jars or worse (live ones wandering through the house).

See comments for Zambion rogeri.

Zambion wahli can be distinguished from all other Zambion spp. by combination of all of the following characters: 1) mesopleuron completely black (no yellow) (Fig. 8); 2) supra-antennal horn long and sub-parallel-sided in dorsal view (Fig. 20), 1.2 to 1.3 times as long as pedicel at midheight in lateral view (Fig. 27); 3) propodeum completely black (Fig. 8) (not orange).

Adult. Female. Fore wing length 6.1 mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a strong groove (Fig. 14). Malar space 0.5 times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 2.1 times as wide as high (Fig. 14), dorsomedially without a short, narrow, longitudinal lamella between the antenna. Supra-antennal horn long and sub-parallel-sided in dorsal view (Fig. 20), 1.2 times as long as width of pedicel at midheight in lateral view. Ocello-ocular distance 1.6 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.8 times transverse diameter of the eye. Antenna incomplete (see Material examined).

Notaulus present, but weak. Epicnemial carina medially curving away from anterior edge of mesopleuron near ventral corner of pronotum (Fig. 33) (not mostly straight medially as in Fig. 32). Scutellum with lateral carinae to 0.3 length of scutellum. Medial longitudinal carinae of propodeum incomplete anterior to posterior transverse carina (present between posterior transverse carina and the level of the propodeal spiracles, but absent anterior to this point). Carina running from pleural carina to spiracle absent. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum with lateral abscissa roughly straight, point of union with pleural carina at about 0.4 distance from posterior end of pleural carina to propodeal spiracle (similar to Zambion monodon shown in Fig. 36). Ventral transverse carina extending from metasomal foramen to pleural carina present (as in Zambion hirtum shown in Fig. 35). Fore tibia with a moderately strong apical point on dorsal surface. Hind femur 3.8 times as long as medial width. Hind tarsal claw with pectination not known (both distal tarsomeres missing). Angulation of fore wing vein 2m-cu strong.

Tergite 1 of metasoma 1.2 times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carina of T1 extending to about level of spiracle (0.4 length of segment), dorsolateral longitudinal carina absent (no obvious carina visible between anterior part of dorsal longitudinal carina and spiracle).

Black. Distal trochantelli of fore and middle legs, hind trochanter except at base, all femora and tibiae except apical 0.1 of hind tibia, fore tarsomeres 1 - 4, middle tarsomeres 1 – 3, basal 0.8 of hind basal tarsomere, T1 – 4, T5 sublaterally, T6 except anteriorly and all sternites yellow. Palpi, glossa, basal trochantelli of fore and middle legs, base of hind basal trochantellus, apical 0.1 of hind tibia, distal tarsomere of fore and middle leg, all of hind tarsus except basal 0.8 of basal tarsomere, T5 medially and laterally, T6 anteriorly and ovipositor sheaths brown. Membrane of fore wing moderately uniformly infumate (Fig. 8). Body covered with dense, golden setae.

Male as female except: Fore wing length 6.2 to 6.3 mm. Malar space 0.4 to 0.5 times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 1.9 to 2.0 times as wide as high. Supra-antennal horn 1.3 times width of pedicel at middle. Ocello-ocular distance 1.8 to 2.0 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.8 to 0.9 times transverse diameter of eye. Flagellum with 27 segments. Hind femur length 3.7 to 3.8 times medial width. Hind tarsal claw pectinate to 0.5 to 0.6 length of claw. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum incomplete in middle. Tergite 1 1.3 to 1.4 times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carina extending to just anterior to spiracles or to level of spiracles (0.3 to 0.4 length of T1). Dorsolateral longitudinal carina of T1 absent or present as a thin, weak ridge that extends half way to spiracle. Colour as female except apical 0.2 of hind tibia, apical 0.5 to 0.9 of hind basal tarsomere brown. Tergites 1 to 4 yellow brown with irregular brown mottling, especially medially and anteriorly on each segment. Tergite 5 yellow laterally. Gonoforceps basally yellow, apically brown.

Holotype: ♀, Label 1: A43. Label 2: AFRICA, UGANDA, Mt. Elgon, Butandiga, 7, 000 ft. Label 3: J. Ford, B.M.1935-459. [NHM]. Condition: intact except both antenna with only basal flagellomere attached, right flagellomeres 2 to 14 glued to double-mount block, left hind leg missing distal 3 tarsomeres, right hind leg missing distal tarsomere, apical half of right ovipositor sheath missing. Paratypes: 2 ♂, same data as holotype except: A47 on upper label [NHM, CNC].

This species is named in honour of Dr. David Wahl (American Entomological Institute) (AEIC) for his contributions to ichneumonid taxonomy and his hospitality to the senior author during many visits to the AEIC.

Zambion wahli is most closely related to Zambion broadi on the basis of the long, sub-parallel-sided horn (Figs 20, 21), the curved epicnemial carina (Fig. 33) and the lack of a complete medial, longitudinal carina of the propodeum anterior to the posterior transverse carina. See comments under the latter species for distinction of these two species.

Zambion broadi can be distinguished from all other Zambion spp. by combination of all of the following characters: 1) mesopleuron completely black (without yellow) (Fig. 9); 2) supra-antennal horn long and sub-parallel-sided in dorsal view (Fig. 21), 1.2 times as long as pedicel at midheight in lateral view; 3) propodeum orange (not black) (Fig. 9).

Adult. Male. Fore wing length 6.4 mm. Clypeus separated from supraclypeal area by a strong groove. Malar space 0.4 times basal width of mandible. Supraclypeal area 1.9 times as wide as high (Fig. 15), dorsomedially without a short, narrow, longitudinal lamella between the antenna. Supra-antennal horn long and sub-parallel-sided in dorsal view (Fig. 21), 1.2 times as long as width of pedicel at midheight in lateral view. Ocello-ocular distance 2.1 times ocellar diameter. Gena 0.6 times transverse diameter of the eye. Flagellum with 30 segments.

Notaulus present, but weak (Fig. 29). Epicnemial carina medially curving away from anterior edge of mesopleuron near ventral corner of pronotum (similar to Zambion wahli shown in Fig. 33). Scutellum with lateral carinae at base only. Medial longitudinal carinae of propodeum absent anterior to posterior transverse carina. Posterior transverse carina incomplete medially. Carina extending from pleural carina to propodeal spiracle absent. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum with lateral abscissa strongly curving posteriorly where it joins pleural carina, point of union at about 0.2 distance from posterior end of pleural carina to propodeal spiracle (Fig. 37). Ventral transverse carina extending from metasomal foramen to pleural carina present (Fig. 37). Fore tibia apical point not examined (both fore tibiae absent). Hind femur 3.6 times as long as medial width. Hind tarsal claw pectinate to 0.4 times length of claw. Angulation of fore wing vein 2m-cu strong.

Tergite 1 of metasoma 1.2 times as long as apical width. Dorsal longitudinal carinae of T1 extending to about level of spiracle (0.4 length of tergite), dorsolateral longitudinal carinae present only as a short stub bifurcating near base of dorsal longitudinal carina.

Black. Apical half of clypeus, glossa, apex of scutellum, propodeum, metasoma, except as noted below, orange. Tegula, coxae, apical 0.2 of hind tibia, hind tarsus except basal 0.3 of basal tarsomere, T2+ in spots laterally and sublaterally, T5 to T6 medially and hypopygium brown. Palpi, hind trochanter, femur, basal 0.8 of hind tibia and basal 0.3 of basal tarsomere, sternites and gonoforceps brownish yellow. Note that the distinction between orange and brownish yellow is not always clear. The hind leg is slightly more yellowish than the propodeum, the latter being slightly more yellow (and slightly less orange) than the scutellum and tergites. Membrane of fore wing uniformly, moderately infumate (Fig. 9). Body covered with dense golden setae.

Female: unknown.

Holotype: ♂, Label 1: BRIT. E. AFRICA [KENYA], 30 miles from Magadi Junc., April.1912, F.G. Hamilton. Label 2: 1915-98. [NHM]. Condition: right flagellum with only basal 15 flagellomeres, left flagellum with basal 5 flagellomeres attached, fore and middle legs missing except for coxae, left flagellomeres 6 to 15 and right hind leg glued on card below specimen.

This species is named in honour of Dr. Gavin Broad (NHM) in recognition of his contributions to ichneumonid taxonomy and for finding the type specimen of this species within the unidentified ichneumonids of the Natural History Museum, London.

Zambion broadi is most closely related to Zambion wahli as noted under the comments for that species. The differences are the colour of the propodeum (compare Figs 8 and 9), the shape and location of the lateral abscissa of the posterior transverse carina of the propodeum, and the complete lack of the medial longitudinal carina dorsal to the posterior transverse carina of the propodeum in Zambion broadi (present, but incomplete in Zambion wahli). It is possible that Zambion broadi is conspecific with Zambion wahli, but we think this unlikely given the difference in both colour and propodeal carination. When both of these characters differ in related taxa, it is a good indicator that two species are present (e.g., in Dyspetes Förster) (He and Wan 1987).