Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xin Xu ( xuxin_09@163.com ) Corresponding author: Daiqin Li ( dbslidq@nus.edu.sg ) Academic editor: Chris Hamilton
© 2018 Fan Li, Xin Xu, Zengtao Zhang, Fengxiang Liu, Hongli Zhang, Daiqin Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Li F, Xu X, Zhang Z, Liu F, Zhang H, Li D (2018) Two new species of the purse-web spider genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 from Hainan Island, China (Araneae, Atypidae). ZooKeys 762: 47-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.762.23282
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Two species of the purse-web spider genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 collected from Hainan Island, China, are diagnosed and described as new to science based on genital morphology, A. baotingensis sp. n. (♂♀) and A. jianfengensis sp. n. (♀). The DNA barcodes of the two species are also provided for future use.
Atypidae , Atypus , DNA barcode, East Asia, Mygalomorphae , taxonomy
The purse-web spider family Atypidae is an ancient branch of the infraorder Mygalomorphae. Atypidae is one of the burrowing mygalomorph families. However, unlike other burrowing mygalomorph spiders, atypids form a tough web with silk from the end of their burrows to the upper ground section, which is expanded and camouflaged as a trap for wandering arthropods (Fig.
General somatic morphology and genital anatomy of Atypus baotingensis sp. n. A–B, D–E, J female (HN-2017-032) C, F–I male holotype (HN-2017-037A) K (HN-2017-033) L (HN-2017-036) A female carapace, dorsal view B female labium and sternum, ventral view D female left chelicera, inner-lateral view E epigyne and spinnerets, ventral view J–L vulva, dorsal view C labium and sternum, ventral view F left chelicera, inner-lateral view G left palpal, prolateral view H left palpal bulb, retrolateral view I same, prolateral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (E); 1 mm (A–D, F); 0.2 mm (G–L).
In this study, we diagnose and describe two new Atypus species collected from Hainan Island, China, using male and female genital morphology. To support our identifications in the future, here we provide COI barcode evidence. In addition, the female genitalia and male palp of the genus are illustrated for the first time with clear digital photographs.
All specimens were excavated from their underground silk tubes by the roadside (Fig.
Abbreviations used:
AL abdomen length;
ALE anterior lateral eye;
ALS anterior lateral spinneret;
AME anterior median eye;
AW abdomen width;
CL carapace length;
CW carapace width;
MOA median ocular area;
PLE posterior lateral eye;
PME posterior median eye;
TL total length.
DNA barcodes were obtained for future use: a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified and sequenced using the primer pairs: LCO1490 (5’-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3’) (
The genetic distance of the COI gene was calculated using MEGA version 6 (
Holotype male (HN-2017-037A): CHINA: Hainan Province: Baoting County, 2 km to Qixianling National Forest Park along y044 Road, 18.71°N, 109.68°E, 205 m elevation, collected on 21 August 2017 by X. Xu, F. Liu, Z. Zhang, and D. Li (CBEE).
6 females (HN-2017-032-HN-2017-037) and 1 male (HN-2017-037B), collected at the same locality as the holotype, 21 August 2017 by X. Xu, F. Liu, Z. Zhang, and D. Li (CBEE).
The specific name refers to the type locality.
The male palp of this new species resembles that of A. suiningensis Zhang, 1985, but can be diagnosed from the latter by 1) the wide triangular space between its embolus and conductor in lateral views (Fig.
Genital anatomy of holotype and paratypes of Atypus ledongensis, see description details in
Male (holotype).TL (including chelicerae) 11.44. CL 3.34, CW 3.55, AL 4.56, AW 2.78. Carapace black brown. Fovea placed back 2/3 of carapace length with some radiative grooves. Eye diameter: AME 0.24, ALE 0.10, PME 0.10. Distances: AME–AME 0.46, AME–ALE 0.31, PME–PME 0.83, PME–PLE 0.13. MOA 0.34, front width 0.94, back width 1.03. Labium wider than long. Sternum reddish brown, 3.11 long, 2.26 wide, moderately roughened clothed with fine black hairs. Sigilla deeply imprinted; first pair anteriorly pointed, close to the margin of the sternum; posterior pair oval bigger than other pairs; second pair small (Fig.
Abdomen grey black, oval, with dorsal scutum gloss black. Spinnerets six: ALS 0.41 long, PMS 0.72 long, four-segmented PLS with lengths as follows: basal 0.41, median 0.52, subapical 0.41, apical 0.33, total 1.67.
Palpal femur with furrow. Legs slender in red grey. Granular texture only on femur I present. Spines on all metatarsus; metatarsus IV with 17 dorsal spines. Leg formula: 1243.
Male palp (Fig.
Female.TL (including chelicerae) 15.91. CL 4.19, CW 4.02, AL 7.35, AW 5.34. Carapace black-brown. Eye region black. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, ALE 0.14, PME 0.18, PLE 0.17. Distances: AME–AME 0.29, AME–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.81, PME–PLE 0.09. MOA 0.48, front width 0.77, back width 1.17. Fovea transverse, occupying about 1/5 of carapace width at that point. Chelicerae orange brown with 13 teeth on the promargin in a single row, basal three fairly small. Sternum (Fig.
Abdomen, oval and medium brown (Fig.
Spines on all metatarsus; metatarsus IV with 13 dorsal spines. Leg formula: 4132.
Vulva (Fig.
Femur | Patella | Tibia | Metatarsus | Tarsus | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 4.34 | 1.71 | 2.53 | 2.09 | 1.05 | 11.72 |
II | 3.26 | 1.66 | 1.96 | 2.62 | 1.29 | 10.79 |
III | 1.82 | 1.17 | 1.65 | 2.55 | 2.13 | 9.32 |
IV | 1.83 | 1.39 | 2.39 | 2.66 | 1.70 | 9.97 |
Size range of females: carapace length 4.19–5.12, carapace width 3.51–5.02, total length 14.13–16.91, n = 6; the basal stalks of left side pairs of receptacula connected in two specimens (Fig.
Purse webs were found attached to the soil slope along roadside (Fig.
Hainan Island (Baoting), China.
We examined the holotype and two paratypes of A. ledongensis (Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China), and also successfully sequenced the COI barcode of the holotype specimen (LD-001), which is available on GenBank (GenBank accession number MH279560). The lowest pairwise distance between the holotype of A. ledongensis and the specimens of A. baotingensis sp. n. is 7.2% in mean Kimura 2-parameter distance (K2P) and 6.8% in p-distance. The previous study revealed that the interspecific COI barcode for North American tarantulas is at 5% (
Holotype female (HN-2017-010): CHINA: Hainan Province: Ledong County, Jianfengling, Nantianchi, 18.74°N, 108.86°E, 823 m elevation, collected on 2 August 2017 by X. Xu, F. Liu, Z. Zhang, and D. Li (CBEE).
4 females (HN-2017-003, HN-2017-005, HN-2017-007, HN-2017-008), collected at the same locality as the holotype, 2 August 2017 by X. Xu, F. Liu, Z. Zhang, and D. Li (CBEE). Male unknown.
The specific name refers to the type locality.
The female genitalia of the new species is similar to that of A. karschi Dönitz, 1887, but can be distinguished from the latter by the basal stalks of median pair of receptacula almost being as long as the diameter of their receptacula and much longer than the basal stalks of lateral pair (Fig.
General somatic morphology and genital anatomy of Atypus jianfengensis sp. n. A–D female holotype (HN-2017-010) E female paratype (HN-2017-007) A carapace, dorsal view B labium and sternum, ventral view C left chelicera, inner-lateral view D, E vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C); 0.2 mm (D–E).
Female (holotype).TL (including chelicerae) 18.74. CL 5.50, CW 4.97, AL 8.58, AW 5.98. Carapace red-brown. Eye region black. Eye diameters: AME 0.30, ALE 0.15, PME 0.16, PLE 0.14. Distances: AME–AME 0.27, AME–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 1.06, PME–PLE 0.12. MOA 0.29, front width 0.87, back width 1.38. Fovea transverse, occupying about 1/7 of carapace width at that point (Fig.
Abdomen, oval and medium brown (Fig.
Spines on all metatarsus; metatarsus IV with eleven dorsal spines. Leg formula: 1423.
Vulva (Fig.
Size range of females: carapace length 4.47–5.68, carapace width 4.02–5.15, total length 17.52–18.74, n = 5. Basal stalks of lateral pair of receptacula are much shorter in some specimens (Fig.
Purse webs were found attached to the base of pine trees.
Hainan Island (Jianfeng Mountain), China
Although A. jianfengensis sp. n. is collected from Ledong County, Hainan Island, it can be diagnosed from A. ledongensis found at the same area, Jianfeng mountains, by the latter having very short basal stalks of median pair of receptacula. In addition, it can be distinguished from A. baotingensis sp. n. by the latter having upper incrassate basal stalks of the median pair of receptacula. The intraspecific genetic distance for A. jianfengensis sp. n. based on both the mean Kimura 2-parameter distance (K2P) and p-distance is 1.4% and 1.0%, respectively. The molecular data also provide the evidence that A. jianfengensis sp. n. can be distinguished from A. baotingensis sp. n. as well as from A. ledongensis: the interspecific genetic distance based on K2P and p-distance for the two new species are 15.4% and 13.8%, respectively, and between A. jianfengensis sp. n. and A. ledongensis are 17.2% and 15.3%, respectively.
We are grateful to Mary Lavelle, Ruairi Somers, Tadhg O`Sullivan and Noreen Mary Ward for their valuable suggestions in an earlier draft of the article. A special thank you goes to Feng Zhang for the loan of valuable spider specimens from the Museum of Hebei University (MHBU). Thanks also to Jian Chen for his help on taxonomy. We thank Chris Hamilton, Akio Tanikawa, and Feng Zhang for their insightful comments on our manuscript. This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31572276 and NSFC-31601850), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2017JJ3202) and the Singapore Ministry of Education AcRF Tier 1 grant (R-154-000-A52-114).