Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xiaoli Tong ( xtong@scau.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Laurence Mound
© 2018 Chao Zhao, Hongrui Zhang, Xiaoli Tong.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zhao C, Zhang H, Tong X (2018) Species of the fungivorous genus Psalidothrips Priesner from China, with five new species (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). ZooKeys 746: 25-50. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22882
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An identification key and review is provided of fifteen species of the fungivorous genus Psalidothrips Priesner from China, with five new species, P. angustus sp. n., P. comosus sp. n., P. fabarius sp. n., and P. latizonus sp. n., and P. nigroterminatus sp. n. In addition, Psalidothrips consimilis Okajima, previously known only from Ryukyu Islands, Japan, is newly recorded in China.
fungus-feeding, leaf-litter thrips, new species, Phlaeothripinae
Psalidothrips Priesner is one of the most common phlaeothripine genera in tropical and subtropical regions. The members of the genus are fungus-feeders, and are particularly associated with leaf litter, their body and wing form probably being an adaptation to such habitats (
All thrips specimens in this study were extracted by using Tullgren funnels from leaf litter unless otherwise noted, and the specimens then were sorted and preserved in 90% alcohol. Examined specimens were mounted in Canada balsam using the method outlined by
am anteromarginal
aa anteroangular
ml midlateral
epim epimeral
pa posteroangular
Slide-mounted specimens of P. lewisi (male and female), P. longiceps, and P. simplus (male and female) have also been examined; these were provided by Professor Okajima of Tokyo University of Agriculture (
1 | Antennal segment III with 2 sense cones | 2 |
– | Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones | 6 |
2 | Abdominal tergites III to VII each with one pair of simple wing-retaining setae; antennal segment IV with 2–4 sense cones; abdominal tergite II concolourous with the other tergites; pelta trapezoidal or broadly hat-shaped; postocellar setae much shorter than hind ocellus; male pore plate transversely long oval (Fig. |
simplus |
– | Abdominal tergites III to VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae; antennal segment IV with 2 sense cones only | 3 |
3 | Head largely yellow | 4 |
– | Head uniformly brown | 5 |
4 | Antennal segments I–III yellow, IV–VIII dark brown; abdominal tergite II concolourous with the other tergites; male pore plate (Fig. |
nigroterminatus sp. n. |
– | Antennal segments I–II pale brown, III–VIII gradually from yellow to pale brown towards apex; abdominal tergite II darker than other tergites; male pore plate broad and arched, reaching to lateral margins (Fig. |
latizonus sp. n. |
5 | Antennal segments I–II and VI–VIII brown, other segments yellow; postocellar setae slightly longer than hind ocellus; postocular setae slightly longer than eyes and pointed at apex; antennal segments IV–VI not globular; male pore plate narrow and slightly arched (Fig. |
chebalingicus |
– | Antennal segments I and basal half of II light brown, segment III yellow, IV–VIII yellowish brown, gradually darkened distally; postocellar setae twice as long as hind ocellus; postocular setae approximately 1.5 times longer than eyes, blunt or weakly expanded at apex; antennal segments IV–VI globular; male pore plate arched with a projection medially (Fig. |
fabarius sp. n. |
6 | Antennal segment IV with 3 sense cones | 7 |
– | Antennal segment IV with 4 sense cones | 11 |
7 | Fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes | 8 |
– | Fore tarsal tooth absent in female | 9 |
8 | Postocular setae blunt apically; antennal segment VIII longer than segment VII; pelta irregularly trapezoidal without campaniform sensilla; male pore plate slightly arched (Fig. |
longidens |
– | Postocular setae expanded apically; antennal segment VIII as long as segment VII; pelta hat-shaped with a pair of campaniform sensilla; male unknown | armatus |
9 | Postocular setae longer than eyes | 10 |
– | Postocular setae shorter than eyes with apices acute; antennal segments brown except III–IV yellow, segment VIII longer than VII; male pore plate arched and reaching to near the margins (Fig. |
bicoloratus |
10 | Postocular setae and pronotal epim with apices expanded; sense cones on antennal segment IV about two thirds as long as the segment; abdominal tergite II concolourous with other tergites; male unknown | amens |
– | Postocular setae and pronotal epim with apices pointed; sense cones on antennal segment IV about half as long as the segment; abdominal tergite II darker than other tergites; male pore plate shuttle-shaped (Fig. |
elagatus |
11 | Fore tarsal tooth present in female | 12 |
– | Fore tarsal tooth absent in female | 13 |
12 | Antennae brown except basal third of III yellowish brown, surface without sculpture; postocular setae expanded at apex; abdominal tergites II to VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae; male pore plate slightly arched and incomplete, not reaching lateral margins (Fig. |
angustus sp. n. |
– | Antennae almost uniformly yellow, segments III–VII with lines of sculpture; postocular setae pointed at apex; abdominal tergites II to VII each with one pair of wing-retaining setae; male pore plate on abdominal sternite VIII narrow and arched, reaching to near lateral margins (Fig. |
comosus sp. n. |
13 | Postocellar setae much longer than diameter of hind ocellus; antennal segment VIII as long as segment VII; male pore plate banded and complete, reaching lateral margins (Fig. |
lewisi |
– | Postocellar setae usually as long as or shorter than diameter of hind ocellus | 14 |
14 | Antennal segment VIII slightly longer than segment VII, segments III and IV somewhat globular; male pore plate arched and incomplete (Fig. |
consimilis |
– | Antennal segment VIII as long as or shorter than segment VII, segments III and IV slender, not globular; male pore plate arched and complete (Fig. |
ascitus |
Psalidothrips amens Priesner, 1932: 62.
This is the type species of the genus, and was based on a single female from Java, Indonesia. It belongs to the group that have antennal segments III–IV each with three sense cones. Two females listed here are identified as P. amens based on the original description and the key in
China (Hainan); Indonesia (Java).
Holotype female: CHINA, Guangdong: Guangzhou, Arboretum of South China Agricultural University (23°09'22"N, 113°21'15"E), 10.x.2014 (Chao Zhao).
Four females and 1 male, collected with holotype; 42 females and 14 males, same locality as holotype, 29.xii.2013 (Jingna Li), 5 females and 1 male, 14.vii.2014 (Chao Zhao). Guangdong: Guangzhou City, Longdong (23°14'N, 113°24'E), 1 female, 1.xii.2006 (Jun Wang); Panyu, Dafushan Forest Park (22°57'33"N, 113°18'0"E), 2 females, 10.x.2014 (Chao Zhao). Hainan: Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve (18°44'N, 108°51'E), 1 female, 31.x.1986 (Xiaoli Tong); Qiongzhong County, Limushan National Forest Park (19°12'40"N, 113°12'39"E, alt. 1200 m), 3 females and 1 male, 24.x.2017 (Chao Zhao).
Female macropterous (Fig.
Head almost as long as broad; dorsal surface smooth, faintly sculptured posteriorly; cheeks almost straight and constricted behind eyes. Eyes approximately one-third of head length; postocular setae much longer than eyes, expanded at apex (Fig.
Pronotum broad (Fig.
Pelta hat-shaped with flat anterior margin, faintly reticulate medially, a pair of campaniform sensilla present (Fig.
Measurements (holotype female in microns). Distended body length 1890. Head length 195, width 175; eye length 65; postocular setae length 80; diameter of posterior ocellus 22; postocellar setae length 32. Antennal length 360, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 36 (42); 40 (30); 55 (35); 48 (37); 43 (33); 42 (30); 38 (22); 46 (35). Pronotum median length 145, median width 270; length of major setae: ml 70, pa 85, epim 75. Fore wing length 800, subbasal setae S2–S3 length: 22, 15. Abdominal tergite IX S1 setae length 145, S2 setae length 165. Tube length 150, basal width 75, apical width 32; anals 140.
Male macropterous (Fig.
Measurements (paratype male in microns). Distended body length 1450. Head length 170, width 160; eye length 55; postocular setae length 65; diameter of posterior ocellus 15; postocellar setae length 25. Antennal length 310, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 31 (40); 32 (27); 46 (28); 38 (29); 38 (28); 37 (25); 32 (22); 40 (18). Pronotum median length 135, median width 260; length of major setae: ml 60, pa 75, epim 57. Fore wing length 520, subbasal setae S2–S3 length: 13, 21. Abdominal tergite IX S1 setae length 100, S2 setae length 75. Tube length 120, basal width 80, apical width 20, anals 105.
The specific epithet, angustus, is from the Latin adjective, meaning narrow and refers to the narrow pore plate.
China (Guangdong, Hainan).
This new species appears to be closely related to P. comosus sp. n., by sharing moniliform antennae and antennal segments III–IV with three and four sense cones, and the fore tarsal tooth present in female. However, it differs from the latter by the following characteristics: (1) the surface of antennae is without sculpture (apical half of antennal segments III–VII with lines of sculpture in comosus) ; (2) postocular setae with expanded apex (whereas comosus with pointed postocular setea); (3) abdominal tergites II to VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae (only one pair of wing-retaining setae on these segments in comosus) ; (4) male’s pore plate on abdominal sternite VIII narrow and slightly arched, occasionally disconnected (whereas pore plate with wider band which reaches lateral margins in comosus).
Psalidothrips armatus Okajima, 1983: 6.
This species (Fig.
China (Hainan); Thailand.
Callothrips ascitus Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 176.
Psalidothrips ascitus (Ananthakrishnan): Okajima, 1983: 6.
This species is found widely across the tropical and subtropical areas of China, also in other parts of the world. It is most closely related to P. lewisi (Bagnall). Their males are difficult to distinguish from each other as their pore plates are very similar in shape (Figs
China (Hubei, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan); Japan; Malaysia; India.
Psalidothrips bicoloratus Wang, Tong & Zhang, 2007: 28.
This species is very similar to P. amens in general appearance. However, it is distinguished from the latter by the following characters: head and antennal segments I–II, V–VIII brown, rest of body yellow (Fig.
China (Guangdong).
Psalidothrips chebalingicus Zhang & Tong, 1997: 87.
This species was originally described in Chinese with the male as holotype (Zhang & Tong 1997). Unfortunately, in original paper the illustrations were distorted by compression in the process of printing and the female was described very briefly, which meant that the female of P. chebalingicus could be confused with other similar species. The diagnosis is emended as follows:
Female macropterous (Fig.
Male macropterous (Fig.
This species is somewhat similar to P. ascitus in colour and structure. However, it can be distinguished from the latter by the following main features: antennal segments III–IV each with two sense cones; pore plate on abdominal sternite VIII located medially, not reaching lateral margin.
China (Hunan, Guangdong).
Holotype female (macropterous): CHINA. Guangdong: Shenzhen City, Honghu Park (22°33'N, 114°07'E), collected from leaf litter of Araucaria heterophylla (Araucariaceae), 2.xi.2017 (Chao Zhao).
13 macropterous females, 4 apterous females, and 6 apterous males, collected with holotype. Nineteen apterous females, 5 macropterous females, and 8 apterous males, collected at the same locality as holotype, 30.x.2014 (Chao Zhao).
Female macropterous (Fig.
Head (Fig.
Pronotum (Fig.
Pelta irregularly hat-shaped (Fig.
Female apterous. Similar to macropterous female in structure, but eyes smaller, approximately 1/4 of head length; postocellar setae approximately 2.5–3.5 times longer than diameter of hind ocellus; postocular setae elongate and acute, approximately 2.5 times longer than eyes.
Measurements (holotype female in microns). Distended body length 1680. Head length 155, width 178; eye length 60; postocular setae length 120; diameter of posterior ocellus 20; postocellar setae length 50. Antennal length 360, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 35 (39); 45 (30); 57 (33); 40 (35); 37 (39); 40 (35); 35 (27); 55 (20). Pronotum median length 135, median width 260; length of major setae: aa 50, ml 90, pa 130, epim 95. Abdominal tergite IX S1 setae length 212, S2 setae length 200. Tube length 165, basal width 80, apical width 40; anals 100.
Male apterous (Fig.
Measurements (paratype male in microns). Distended body length 1620. Head length 165, width 170; eye length 40; postocular setae length 100; diameter of posterior ocellus 10; postocellar setae length 25. Antennal length 340, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 37 (38); 40 (28); 55 (28); 38 (32); 36 (33); 38 (30); 35 (25); 47 (17). Pronotum median length 125, median width 255; length of major setae: aa 35, ml 87, pa 120, epim 80. Abdominal tergite IX S1 setae length 135, S2 setae length 85. Tube length 125, basal width 70, apical width 33; anals 100.
Specific epithet from Latin comosus which means long haired, and refers to the new species having relatively long body setae.
China (Guangdong).
This new species is similar to P. taylori Mound & Walker from Australia and New Zealand in sharing the elongate postocular setae, distinct pronotal aa setae, and only one pair of wing-retaining setae on abdominal tergites (
Psalidothrips consimilis Okajima, 1992: 541.
CHINA. Guangdong: Foshan City, Suoluo Nature Reserve (22°29'N,111°30'E), 2 females and 1 male, 27.iii.2005 (Jun Wang), 2 females and 1 male, 3.vii.2014 (Chao Zhao).
China (Guangdong); Japan (Ryukyu Islands).
Described originally from Ryukyu Islands, Japan (
Psalidothrips elagatus Wang, Tong & Zhang, 2007: 26.
Wang and Tong (2007) stated that this species has two sense cones on antennal segment III, but re-examination of the type material has found this segment to have three sense cones, although the ventral one is small and short. Therefore, P. elagatus belongs to the group that have antennal segments III and IV each with three sense cones. This species (Figs
China (Guangdong).
Holotype female: CHINA. Guangdong: Guangzhou City, Arboretum of South China Agricultural University (23°09'N, 113°21'E), 29.xii.2013 (Jingna Li).
Ten females and 3 males, collected with holotype; same locality as holotype: 2 females, 31.iii.2011 (Tao Song), 1 female and 1 male, 26.viii.2013 (Jingna Li), 1 female and 1 male, 29.xii.2013 (Jingna Li), 3 females and 1 male, 26.vii.2014 (Chao Zhao), 6 females and 3 males, 14.vii.2014 (Chao Zhao); Guangzhou City, Huolushan Forest Park (23°10'47"N, 113°22'44"E), 2 females and 2 males, 1.vi.2014 (Jingna Li).
Female macropterous (Fig.
Head (Fig.
Pronotum (Fig.
Pelta nearly bell-shaped with short lateral lobes (Fig.
Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1680. Head length 180, head maximum width 175; eye length 55, postocular setae length 80; diameter of posterior ocellus 16, postocellar setae length 32. Antennal length 360, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 42(42); 42 (33); 56 (35); 46 (35); 50 (32); 46 (31); 33 (27); 42 (19). Pronotum median length 145, median width 240; length of major setae: ml 65, pa 80, epim 60. Fore wing length 720, subbasal setae S1–S3 length: 4, 35, 23. Abdominal tergite IX S1 setae length 100, S2 setae length 95. Tube length 120, tube basal width 70, apical width 23; anals 100.
Male apterous (Fig.
Measurements (paratype male in microns). Distended body length 1370. Head length 150, width 140; eye length 40; postocular setae length 68; diameter of posterior ocellus 12; postocellar setae length 28. Antennal length 295, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 32 (42); 35 (30); 46 (30); 35 (32); 35 (30); 38 (28); 32 (26); 42 (19). Pronotum median length 130, median width 210; length of major setae: ml 44, pa 64, epim 44. Abdominal tergite IX S1 setae length 85, S2 setae length 60. Tube length 100, basal width 55, apical width 25; anals 60.
China (Guangdong).
The specific epithet, fabarius, is from the Latin word meaning bead-like, referring to the moniliform antennal segments.
This new species appears to be most similar in appearance to P. ochraceus Okajima from Ryukyu Islands, Japan, particularly in having two sense cones on antennal segments III and IV, and the elongate postocellar setae, but it can be readily distinguished from the latter by the following characteristics: (1) postocular setae expanded at apex (pointed in ochraceus); (2) pronotal ml setae expanded at apex (ml pointed in ochraceus); (3) pelta distinctly sculptured on anterior half (whereas pelta indistinctly sculptured in ochraceus); (4) abdominal tergite IX setae S1 and S2 subequal in length, but shorter than tube (whereas in ochraceus, S1 slightly shorter than tube, S2 longer than tube); (5) three sub-basal wing setae present on fore wing (only one minute sub-basal wing seta present in ochraceus).
Holotype: CHINA. Hainan: 1 female, Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve (18°44'N, 108°51'E), 30.x.1986 (Xiaoli Tong).
Two females 2 males, same data as holotype. Guangdong: 1 male, Haifeng County, Mt. Lianhuashan (23°03'N, 115°15'E), 14.ix.2005 (Jun Wang).
Female macropterous (Fig.
Head (Fig.
Pronotum about 0.8 times as long as head, almost smooth (Fig.
Pelta nearly hat-shaped (Fig.
Measurements (holotype female in microns). Distended body length 2050. Head length 205, width 203; eye length 70; postocular setae length 90; diameter of posterior ocellus 16; postocellar setae length 32. Antennal total length 425, segments I–VIII length (width): 42 (39); 47 (28); 63 (30); 57 (30); 59 (28); 59 (25); 43 (23); 55 (17). Pronotum median length 160, median width 260; length of major setae: ml length 45, pa length 65, epim length 50. Fore wing length 800, subbasal setae S1–S3 length: 3, 15, 13. Abdominal tergite IX setae S1 length 130, S2 length 165. Tube length 145, tube basal width 80, apical width 27, anals 100.
Male macropterous (Fig.
Measurements (paratype male in microns). Distended body length 1230. Head length 190, width 175; eye length 55, postocular setae length 75; diameter of posterior ocellus 15; postocellar setae length 38. Antennal total length 370, segments I–VIII length (width): 35 (40); 36 (28); 52 (25); 45 (29); 44 (25); 48 (28); 34 (24); 45 (20). Pronotum median length 140, median width 240; length of major setae: ml length 45, pa length 65, epim length 50. Abdominal tergite IX setae S1 length 105, S2 length 85. Tube length 115, basal width 67, apical width 22, anals 85.
China (Guangdong, Hainan).
The specific epithet, latizonus, is from the Latin adjective meaning broad band, in reference to the broad male pore plate.
The new species is closely similar to P. chebalingicus in general appearance, but differs from it as follows: head largely yellowish brown but darkened laterally (head uniformly brown in chebalingicus); antennal segments I–II pale brown, III–VIII shading gradually from yellowish brown to pale brown towards apex (antennae yellow except segments I–II and VI–VIII brown in chebalingicus); postocellar setae about 2.5 times as long as hind ocellus (postocellar setae slightly longer than hind ocellus in chebalingicus); antennal segment VIII longer than segment VII (antennal segment VIII as long as segment VII in chebalingicus). Moreover, the males have the broad pore plate reaching the lateral margin of sternite VIII, whereas the pore plate of P. chebalingicus is narrow and slightly arched, not reaching the lateral margin.
Trichothrips lewisi Bagnall, 1914: 30.
Psalidothrips
alaris
Haga, 1973: 76. Synonymised by
Psalidothrips
lewisi
(Bagnall):
This species has a wide geographical range from Shandong province to Hainan province in China. The Chinese specimens listed here have been compared with the Japanese specimens (provided by S. Okajima) and, despite antennal segments III–VIII of the Japanese specimens being almost uniformly yellow and much paler than the Chinese specimens (Figs
China (Shandong, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan); Japan.
Psalidothrips longidens Wang, Tong & Zhang, 2007: 30.
This species belongs to the group in which the fore tarsal tooth is present in both sexes (Figs
China (Guangdong).
Holotype: CHINA. Hainan: 1 female, Qiongzhong County, Limushan National Forest Park (19°12'40"N, 113°12'39"E, alt. 1200m), 24.x.2017 (Chao Zhao).
Four females and 1 male, collected with holotype. Yunnan: One female and 1 male, Mengla County (21°56'N, 101°15'E), from leaf litter of bamboo, 3.x.2010 (Nie Jing & Sun Jun); 13 females and 10 males (preserved in the Insect Collection, Yunnan Agricultural University, YAU), Mengla County (21°56'N, 101°15'E), collected from leaf litter of bamboo, 3.x.2010 (Nie Jing & Sun Jun).
Female macropterous (Fig.
Psalidothrips species. P. amens 11 female; P. armatus 12 female; P. ascitus 13 female 14 male; P. bicoloratus 15 female 16 male; P. chebalingicus 17 female 18 male; P. consimilis 19 female 20 male; P. elagatus 21 female 22 male; P. lewisi 23 female 24 male; P. longidens 25 female 26 male; P simplus 27 female 28 male.
Head (Fig.
Pronotum broad (Fig.
Pelta (Fig.
Measurements (holotype female in microns). Distended body length 1810. Head length 170, width 170; eye length 67; postocular setae length 67; diameter of posterior ocellus 12; postocellar setae length 30. Antennal total length 365, segments I–VIII length (width): 36 (40); 44 (32); 56 (28); 44 (30); 49 (33); 51 (25); 44 (21); 41 (16). Pronotum median length 130, median width 250; length of major setae: ml length 42, pa length 75, epim length 42. Fore wing length 710, subbasal setae S1–S3 length: 3, 15, 3. Abdominal tergite IX setae S1 length 110, S2 length 130. Tube length 130, tube basal width 62, apical width 25, anals 125.
Male micropterous (Fig.
Measurements (paratype male in microns). Distended body length 1640. Head length 160, width 160; eye length 60, postocular setae length 60; diameter of posterior ocellus 12; postocellar setae length 32. Antennal total length 335, segments I–VIII length (width): 33 (35); 39 (26); 52 (24); 43 (24); 44 (24); 45 (23); 41 (19); 39 (14). Pronotum median length 140, median width 230; length of major setae: ml length 48, pa length 70, epim length 43. Abdominal tergite IX setae S1 length 100, S2 length 85. Tube length 105, basal width 56, apical width 22, anals 100.
China (Yunnan, Hainan).
The species name is an arbitrary combination of two Latin adjectives, niger meaning black and terminatus meaning terminal, in reference to the antennae with dark brown distal segments.
The new species belongs to the group in which antennal segments III and IV both have two sense cones. It can be distinguished from the other members of the group by the following combination of features: (1) body largely yellow but antennal segments IV–VIII dark brown; (2) mesopresternum complete and boat-shaped; (3) pronotal posteroangular setae acute at apex and much longer than other major pronotal setae; (4) abdominal tergite II concolourous with the other tergites, and (5) male pore plate arched but slightly straight anteriorly.
Psalidothrips simplus Haga, 1973: 77.
This species (Figs
China (Hubei, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan); Japan.
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31372236) and the Key Project for National Groundwork of Science & Technology (No. 2013FY111500-5-3). Special thanks are due to Prof. Okajima (Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan) who provided many valuable slides of thrips specimens and important literature. The authors are grateful to the referees for their advice and constructive comments.