Research Article |
Corresponding author: Alexander S. Konstantinov ( sasha.konst@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ron Beenen
© 2018 Adelita M. Linzmeier, Alexander S. Konstantinov.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Linzmeier AM, Konstantinov AS (2018) Andersonoplatus, a new, remarkable leaf litter inhabiting genus of Monoplatina (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini). ZooKeys 744: 79-138. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.744.22766
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Andersonoplatus, a new genus with 16 new species from Venezuela (A. andersoni, A. bechyneorum, A. castaneus, A. flavus, A. jolyi, A. laculata, A. lagunanegra, A. macubaji, A. merga, A. merida, A. microoculus, A. peck, A. rosalesi, A. sanare, A. saviniae) and Panama (A. baru), is described and illustrated. All the specimens were collected in leaf litter by R. Anderson and S. and J. Peck. Andersonoplatus is compared to Andersonaltica Linzmeier & Konstantinov, Apleuraltica Bechyne, Distigmoptera Blake and Ulrica Scherer.
Alticini , flightless, leaf litter, Neotropical region, new genus, new species
The Monoplatina (Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini) was established by
Recent collecting of leaf litter inhabiting beetles in Central America (
Most specimens described in this paper were collected by R. Anderson of the Canadian Museum of Nature as part of his long term studies of weevils (and other beetles) from leaf litter in the New World.
Dissecting techniques and terminology used follow
Body length 1.62–4.00 mm, width 0.81–1.78 mm, sparsely pilose to pilose, elliptical, moderately flat to convex in lateral view. Color yellow to pale brown to dark. Apterous.
Head: hypognathous, flat to slightly convex in lateral view, generally smooth or reticulated, sparsely pubescent. Frons and vertex flat or forming a 135° angle in lateral view. Supraorbital pore small, almost indistinguishable to large, generally among other pores, bearing a seta. Antennal callus generally longer than wide, rounded to quadrate separated by long midfrontal sulcus, delineated from vertex by a shallow or deep, straight or inclined sulcus, entering interantennal space. Suprantennal sulcus well developed. Orbit narrow. Antennal socket elongatew or rounded. Frontal ridge short, wider at middle or V-shaped, usually poorly defined laterally. Anterofrontal ridge generally long, relatively tall, oblique, poorly defined. Eyes large to very small generally rounded. Clypeus long. Labrum slightly notched in middle, with six setiferous pores, four with log setae and two with short setae. First maxillary palpomere as wide as long, as wide as the second. Second maxillary palpomere twice as long as first, globose in some species. Third maxillary palpomere thinner, conical, and as long as the first. First labial palpomeres quadrate, second longer than first and, third smaller, thinner and conical. Antenna with eleven antennomeres, filiform to moniliform.
Thorax: pronotum trapezoidal, narrower than elytra, anterior margin straight, wider than posterior; posterior margin nearly straight to slightly convex; lateral margin sinuated. Anterior and posterior angle generally bearing seta, anterior angles in some species pointed outward. Surface shiny to dull, generally reticulated and with punctuation shallow and disperse to deep and well defined; pilosity short and sparse to dense. Post basal impression present, generally absent in middle, but represented by two generally shallow, rounded impressions laterally. Some species have lateral margin notched near middle. Pronotal disc flat to weakly raised. Scutellum rounded to triangular, wider than long, setose. Prosternal surface reticulated to punctuated. Prosternal intercoxal process narrow or thin, generally margined, extended posteriorly beyond coxa ending in a triangular form. Posterior end nearly twice as wide as middle. Procoxae globose. Procoxal cavities closed to narrowly open posteriorly. Mesosternum as long as prosternal process, T-shaped, straight posteriorly. Metasternum smooth, with sparse pilosity, convex in lateral view, shorter than pro- and mesosternum together; posterior margin with deep furrow medially that runs longitudinally along 1/3 of metasternum. Elytra elliptical, generally fused, truncate at apex. Elytral surface shiny, with sparse to dense semi-erect hairs. Punctures forming seven or nine striae (excluding short scutellar and marginal striae). Interspaces flat to convex. Humeral and basal calli generally absent. Epipleura wide, sinuous, nearly vertical or nearly horizontal, narrowing at elytral apex, reaching it.
Fore- and midlegs with femora slightly dilated and thickened toward apex; tibiae subcylindrical, somewhat enlarged toward apex; apex of tibiae with row of denticles; pubescence sparsely distributed. First and second pro- and mesotarsomeres similar in size, as wide as long; third tarsomere varies in length; fourth visible tarsomere as long as the first and second together. In males the first pro- and mesotarsomeres more globose. Metafemur greatly enlarged, longer than wide and longer than metatibia. Metatibia nearly straight in lateral view, curved or nearly straight in dorsal view. Outer lateral dorsal ridge ending in an apical tooth followed by numerous denticles. Inner lateral dorsal with some denticles at end, in some species ending in an apical tooth. Metatibial spur generally short. Metatarsomeres one to three variable in length, generally similar in size; third metatarsomere not bilobed; visible globose, swollen with its base elongate. Claws simple or appendiculate and long.
Abdomen: sparsely pubescent, reticulated, sparsely punctured, with five visible ventrites. Fifth ventrite variable in length, with distinct sexual dimorphism: males with small salient lobe located centrally on posterior margin and perpendicular line; females with last ventrite evenly conical at apex. Posterior margin of fourth ventrite straight to concave. Abdominal pleurites as sclerotized as ventrites.
Male genitalia: median lobe simple, convex in lateral view; in ventral view, with lateral margins almost parallel, apex subtriangular, slightly protruding into more or less differentiated denticle, in some species round on top. Basal part long and bent ventrally in lateral view.
Female genitalia: eighth tergite with rounded anterior margin, more sclerotized laterally, bearing many moderately long setae. Tignum long, narrow, with central canal; posterior and anterior sclerotization variable in shape. Vaginal palpi elongate, posteriorly and anteriorly strongly sclerotized, each with approximately eight setae at apex. Palpi narrowly rounded at apex, enlarged at last third but thinned at apex, situated close together and merged anteriorly for more than half of their length. Spermatheca curved, with receptacle and pump not differentiated from each other. Apex of pump with spoon-like projection. Spermathecal duct long, not forming coils.
Andersonoplatus microoculus Linzmeier & Konstantinov, sp. n.
We dedicate this new genus to R. Anderson for his remarkable discoveries of leaf litter flea beetles in the New World. The name is masculine.
Andersonoplatus differs from all other known genera of Monoplatina in having the dorsoventrally flat, elliptical elytra and the pronotum being trapezoidal, usually anteriorly wider than posteriorly, much narrower than elytra with sinuate lateral margin. All the Andersonoplatus species are apterous with mostly fused elytra, lacking wings. Flightlessness is a common feature of leaf litter or other substrate living leaf beetles. Other apterous Monoplatina species are placed in Andersonaltica Linzmeier & Konstantinov, 2012, Apleuraltica Bechyne, 1986, Distigmoptera Blake, 1943 and Ulrica Scherer, 1962. Andersonoplatus can be easily differentiated from Andersonaltica in having mostly filiform antennae. Antennae in Andersonaltica are clubbed. Andersonoplatus can be differentiated from Apleuraltica and Distigmoptera based on having pronotum laterally margined with distinct border and mostly flat disc. In Apleuraltica and Distigmoptera the lateral margin of pronotum is lacking distinct border (or with very faint one in Distigmoptera) and the disc is with two noticeable bumps separated by a longitudinal impression. Andersonoplatus can be differentiated from Ulrica by a body thinner in lateral view and the pronotum being anteriorly wider than posteriorly. In Ulrica the body is thicker in lateral view and the pronotum being anteriorly narrower than posteriorly.
Body length 2.43–3.02 mm, width 1.24–1.72 mm, pronotum and elytra with sparse, semi-erect hairs, shiny, moderately convex in lateral view. Color pale brown to dark brown.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Trujillo/ camino viejo a Trujillo, Paramo/ La Cristalina, km 9.7, 2400m/ 09°21'21"N, 70°17'51"W/ 20.V.1998-022F/ R.Anderson, elfin for. Litter (MIZA). Paratypes (7♂ 4♀
We name this species after R. Anderson. Regardless how many taxa we name after him, his remarkable discoveries of leaf litter flea beetles in the New World would warrant many more.
Andersonoplatus andersoni is similar to A. sanare but can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: ventral side of median lobe with shallow longitudinal impression bottom of which covered with transverse wrinkles (Fig.
Body length 3.39–3.40 mm, width 1.62–1.67 mm, moderately shiny, densely pilose, with semi-erect hairs, flat in lateral view. Uniform yellow with antennae and legs slightly lighter than body.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♀. PANAMA: Chiriquí/ P.Nac. Volcan Baru, 5.9/ km E. Cerro Punta, 2400m/ 14.VI.1995-21B, R.S. Ander-/ son, oak ridge bamboo for. litt. (MIZA). Paratype (1♀
This species is a noun in apposition based on the type locality, volcano Baru in Chiriqui mountains where it was collected.
Dorsal surface densely covered with hairs, light straw color, second and third elytral striae reaching elytral base.
Body length 2.32–2.64 mm, width 1.29–1.40 mm, pronotum and elytra with sparse, semi-erect hairs, shiny, elliptical, moderately convex in lateral view. Color castaneous.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Trujillo/ camino viejo a Trujillo, Paramo/ La Cristalina, km 9.7, 2400m/ 09°21'21"N, 70°17'51"W/20.V.1998-022B/ R.Anderson, elfin for. litter (MIZA). Paratypes (5♂
We name this species after Mila and Jan Bechyne who together made large contribution to our knowledge of mostly Neotropical leaf beetles describing 143 genera and 2290 species.
Andersonoplatus bechyneorum can be differentiated from most Andersonoplatus species by the following characters: pronotal surface uneven, covered with relatively large but poorly defined punctures (Fig.
Body length 2.59–3.29 mm, width 1.45–1.78 mm, pronotum and elytra with very sparse, semi-erect hair, shiny, moderately convex in lateral view. Color brown to chestnut brown with a pearl luster; antennae and legs much lighter.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Trujillo/ camino Viejo a Trujillo, Paramo/ La Cristalina, km 9.7, 2400m/ 09°21'21"N, 70°17'51"W/ 20.V.1998-022C (MIZA). Paratypes (6♂ 5♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on the color of the beetles.
Andersonoplatus castaneus is similar to A. jolyi and can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: supracallinal sulci well developed, deep (Fig.
Body length 2.70–2.91 mm, width 1.40–1.51 mm, pronotum and elytra with sparse, semi-erect hairs, shiny, moderately convex in lateral view. Color yellow.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Trujillo/ camino viejo a Trujillo, Paramo/ La Cristalina, km 9.7, 2400m/ 09°21'21"N, 70°17'51"W/ 20.V.1998-022F/ R.Anderson, elfin for. litter (MIZA). Paratypes (1♂ 1♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on the color of the beetles.
Andersonoplatus flavus can be differentiated from most Andersonoplatus species based on the following characters: body color yellow; pronotal surface sparsely covered with variously defined punctures, diameter of which smaller than distance between punctures; second elytral stria not reaching base; supracallinal sulci very deep; antennomeres longer than in most species of genus.
Body length 2.59–2.97 mm, width 1.29–1.40 mm, shiny, pilose, slightly flat in lateral view. Color light brown to dark brown.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. (1) VENEZUELA: Merida/ Paseo de Aguila, Paramo de/ Mucuchies, 3740m/ 08°50'58"N, 70°48'34"W/ 21.V.1998-025B, R.Anderson. (2) dead leaves under Espeletia timotensis (MIZA). Paratypes (3♂ 7♀
We name this species after Luis Jose Joly of Museo del Instituto de Zoologia, UCV, Maracay, Venezuela, a fellow coleopterist who contributed greatly to our knowledge of beetles of Venezuela.
Andersonoplatus jolyi is similar to A. castaneus and can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: more elongated and flat body (Fig.
Body length 3.89–4.00 mm, width 1.72–1.78 mm, shiny, glossy, with very sparse semi-erect hairs, almost flat in lateral view. Color black; fore- and middle legs and antennae yellow.
Head (Figs
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Merida/ Paramo La Culata/ 18.5km N.E. Merida, 2950m/ 08°44'34"N, 71°03'44"W/ 25.V.1998-037C, R. Anderson/ paramo, streamside shrub litter (MIZA). Paratypes (2♂). Same label as holotype, except (1) “037F” (
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on the type locality.
Andersonoplatus laculata can be differentiated from most Andersonoplatus species based on the following characters: pronotal surface shiny, lacking punctures (Figs
Body length 2.16–2.32 mm, width 0.97–1.02 mm, shiny, pilose, with semi-erect hairs, flat in lateral view. Color brown to dark.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Merida/ P.N. Sierra Nevada/ Laguna Negra, 3300m/ 08°47'14"N, 70°48'31"W/ 23.V.1998-028B, R.Anderson/ elfin forest litter (MIZA). Paratypes (2♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on the type locality.
Andersonoplatus lagunanegra is similar to A. saviniae and can be separated from it based on the following characters: sixth antennomere much smaller than seventh (Fig.
Body length 2.86–2.97 mm, width 1.40–1.51 mm, shiny, pilose, flat in lateral view. Color brown.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male unknown.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♀. VENEZUELA: Merida/ Apartaderos, Laguna/ Macubaji, 3500m/ 29.VII.1989, S.&J. Peck/ paramo cushion plant/ litter, 89-285 (MIZA). Paratype (1♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on the type locality.
Andersonoplatus macubaji is similar to A. merida and can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: vaginal palpi separated on one third of their length (Fig.
Body length 3.51–3.67 mm, width 1.78–1.89 mm, shiny, with sparse, semi-erect hairs, slightly convex in lateral view. Color dark brown.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male unknown.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♀. VENEZUELA: Merida/ Paramo de La Culata/ 18.5km N.E. Merida, 2950m/ 08°44'34"N, 71°03'44"W/ 25.V.1998-037A, R.Anderson/ paramo, streamside shrub litter (MIZA). Paratype (1♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on a two-pronged pitchfork-like posterior margin of tignum.
Andersonoplatus merga is similar to A. macubaji and A. merida. It can be separated from them based on the following characters: vertex with coarse transverse wrinkles most evident near orbital sulci (Fig.
Body length 3.18–3.56 mm, width 1.56–1.89 mm, shiny, pilose, nearly flat in lateral view. Color castaneous.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Figs
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. (1) VENEZUELA: Merida/ Alto de Timotes, Paramo/ de Mucuchies, 4000m/ 08°51'30"N, 70°49'29"W/ 26.V.1998-043, R.Anderson. (2) dead leaves under /Espeletia sp (MIZA). Paratypes (2♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on the type locality.
Andersonoplatus merida is similar to A. macubaji and can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: vaginal palpi separated on more than one third of their length (Fig.
Body length 2.10–2.43 mm, width 0.97–1.18 mm, pronotum and elytra with sparse, semi-erect hairs, shiny, slightly flat in lateral view. Color light brown to almost black; antennae and legs yellow or at least lighter than rest of body.
Head (Figs
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Trujillo/ camino viejo a Trujillo, Paramo/ La Cristalina, km 9.7, 2400m/ 09°21'22"N, 70°17'51"W/ 20.V.1998-022B/ R.Anderson, elfin for. Litter (MIZA). Paratypes (16♂ 7♀). (5♂1♀) same label as holotype except: (2♂4♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on relatively small eyes of the beetles.
Andersonoplatus microoculus can be identified by the small eyes, with approximately 12 large ommatidia (Figs
Body length 1.62–1.78 mm, width 0.81–0.91 mm, shiny, pilose, with semi-erect hairs, flat in lateral view. Color light brown.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Merida/ ULA. Biol.Res. LaCarbonerra/ 20km SE Azulita, 28.VI.1989/ 2300m, S.&J. Peck/ Podocarp./ for. litter. 89-240 (MIZA). Paratype (1♀
We dedicate this species to Jarmila and Stuart Peck who collected the type series. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition.
Andersonoplatus peck is similar to A. baru and can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: body 1.62–1.78 mm in length, light brown, vertex sparsely covered with setae; posterior sclerotization of vaginal palpi with straight sides; posterior sclerotization of tignum narrower than anterior. In A. baru body is 3.39–3.40 mm, uniformly yellow, vertex densely covered with setae; posterior sclerotization of vaginal palpi with curved sides; posterior sclerotization of tignum wider than anterior.
Body length 2.05–2.16 mm, width 1.08–1.18 mm, shiny, pilose, with semi-erect hairs, moderately convex in lateral view. Color castaneous.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Merida/ 34km N.W. Merida, Finca/ ‘Fundo La Trinidad’, 2350m/ 08°37'00"N, 71°20'12"W/ 22.V.1998-027C, R.Anderson/ montane forest litter (MIZA). Paratypes (5♂
We name this species after Carlos Rosales of Museo del Instituto de Zoologia, UCV, Maracay, Venezuela, a fellow coleopterist who contributed greatly to our knowledge of beetles of Venezuela.
Andersonoplatus rosalesi is similar to A. andersoni, A. flavus and A. sanare and can be separated from them based on the following characters: pronotal surface densely covered with well-defined punctures, diameter of which larger than distance between punctures (Fig.
Body length 2.43–3.24 mm, width 1.24–1.59 mm, shiny, pilose, with semi-erect hairs, moderately convex in lateral view. Color light brown to dark brown.
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Lara/ P.N.Yacambu, 6.4km/ S.E. Sanare, 1850m/ 09°41'51"N, 69°38'57"W/ 17.V.1998-014C/ R.Anderson, cloud for. Litter (MIZA). Paratypes (9♂ 12♀
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition based on the type locality.
Andersonoplatus sanare is similar to A. andersoni but can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: ventral side of median lobe without longitudinal impression (Fig.
Body length 2.54–3.02 mm, width 1.18–1.40 mm, shiny, pilose, with semi-erect hairs, flat in lateral view. Color light brown with elytra darker (almost always in males or with band in middle in females).
Head (Fig.
Thorax: pronotum (Fig.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Holotype, ♂. VENEZUELA: Trujillo/ camino viejo a Trujillo, Paramo/ La Cristalina, km 9.7, 2400m/09°21'21"N, 70°17'51"W/ 20.V.1998-022A/ R.Anderson, elfin for. Litter (MIZA). Paratypes (3♂ 3♀
We name this species after Vilma Savini of Museo del Instituto de Zoologia, UCV, Maracay, Venezuela, a fellow coleopterist who contributed greatly to our knowledge of beetles of Venezuela.
Andersonoplatus saviniae is similar to A. lagunanegra and can be differentiated from it based on the following characters: sixth antennomere as long as seventh (Fig.
1 | Surface of antennal calli uneven, with more than two punctures, some of them bearing long setae | 2 |
– | Surface of antennal calli even, with no or two punctures, if bearing setae, they are short | 8 |
2 | Elytral striae well recognized, often placed in grooves making interspaces convex | 3 |
– | Elytral striae poorly recognized, punctures not in grooves making, interspaces flat | 7 |
3 | Supracallinal sulcus sharply delimited | 4 |
– | Supracallinal sulcus poorly delimited | 5 |
4 | Body 1.62–1.78 mm in length, light brown, vertex sparsely covered with setae. Posterior sclerotization of vaginal palpi with straight sides. Posterior sclerotization of tignum narrower than anterior | Andersonoplatus peck |
– | Body 3.39–3.40 mm, uniformly yellowish, vertex densely covered with setae. Posterior sclerotization of vaginal palpi with curved sides. Posterior sclerotization of tignum wider than anterior | Andersonoplatus baru |
5 | Vertex with coarse transverse wrinkles most evident near orbital sulci (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus merga |
– | Vertex without coarse transverse wrinkles near orbital sulci (Fig. |
6 |
6 | Vaginal palpi separated on one third of their length (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus macubaji |
– | Vaginal palpi separated on more than one third of their length (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus merida |
7 | Sixth antennomere much smaller than seventh (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus lagunanegra |
– | Sixth antennomere as long as seventh (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus saviniae |
8 | Elytral interspaces flat | 9 |
– | Elytral interspaces convex | 11 |
9 | Eyes small, with nearly 12 large ommatidia (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus microoculus |
– | Eyes large, with more than 20, small ommatidia (Figs |
10 |
10 | Supracallinal sulci well developed, deep (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus castaneus |
– | Supracallinal sulci poorly developed, barely perceptible (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus jolyi |
11 | Pronotal surface shiny, lacking punctures (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus laculata |
– | Pronotal surface dull, covered with punctures (e.g., Fig. |
12 |
12 | Pronotal surface uneven, covered with relatively large but poorly defined punctures (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus bechyneorum |
Pronotal surface even, covered with moderately sized well defined punctures (e.g., Fig. |
13 | |
13 | Pronotal surface densely covered with well-defined punctures, diameter of which larger than distance between punctures (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus rosalesi |
– | Pronotal surface sparsely covered with variously defined punctures, diameter of which smaller than distance between punctures (e.g., Fig. |
14 |
14 | Body yellow (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus flavus |
– | Body brown (Figs |
15 |
15 | Ventral side of median lobe with shallow longitudinal impression, bottom of which covered with transverse wrinkles (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus andersoni |
– | Ventral side of median lobe without longitudinal impression (Fig. |
Andersonoplatus sanare |
We are immensely grateful to R. Anderson (Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada), and J. and S. Peck (Ottawa, Canada) for their spectacular flea beetle collecting efforts over the years. The Smithsonian Institution Fellowship Office granted a short-term fellowship to the first author in March of 2011. We thank Meghan Neace for an illustration of A. castaneus. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA; USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.