Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xin-Ming Yin ( xinmingyin@126.com ) Academic editor: Rudolf Meier
© 2018 Yu-Qiang Xi, Ding Yang, Xin-Ming Yin.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Xi Y-Q, Yang D, Yin X-M (2018) The genus Phyllomyza Fallén from China, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Milichiidae). ZooKeys 760: 143-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.760.22595
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The following three species of the genus Phyllomyza Fallén from China are described as new to science: P. guangxiensis sp. n., P. luteigenis sp. n., and P. quadratpalpus sp. n. A key to the known species of Phyllomyza from China is presented.
China, Milichiidae , Diptera , new species, Phyllomyza
The genus Phyllomyza was established by Fallén in 1810. It belongs to the subfamily Phyllomyzinae of the family Milichiidae and most species are recognized by the following characteristics: three lateroclinate orbital setae; occiput not strongly concave when viewed from above; palpus and first flagellomere in male usually greatly enlarged, longer than broad; lunule usually with a pair of setae (
Genitalia preparations were made by removing and macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in glacial acetic acid, then rinsed in distilled water brfore being stored in glycerine filled microvials. After examination, they were transferred to fresh glycerine and stored in a microvial on the pin below the specimen or moved to an ethanol tube together with the wet specimens. Specimens examined were deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (
asc apical scutellar seta(e),
bsc basal scutellar seta(e),
dc dorsocentral seta(e),
h humeral seta(e),
ia intraalar seta(e),
kepsts katepisternal seta(e),
npl notopleural seta(e),
pa postalar seta(e),
pos postsutural seta(e),
prs presutural seta(e),
prsc prescutellar seta(e),
sa supraalar seta(e),
S sternite,
T tergite.
1 | Palpus almost bare, without setulae | 2 |
– | Palpus with short setulae at tip and on ventral side | 7 |
2 | Frons with 3 interfrontal setae | P. fuscusa Xi, Yin & Yang |
– | Frons with 4 interfrontal setae | 3 |
3 | Arista 2.5 times as long as first flagellomere; cercus with or lacking ventral appendix | 4 |
– | Arista 3 times as long as first flagellomere; cercus lacking ventral appendix | 5 |
4 | Gena approximately one-fourth eye height (Fig. |
P. luteigenis sp. n. |
– | Gena approximately one-eighth eye height (Fig. |
P. nudipalpis Malloch |
5 | Gena very narrow, approximately one-fourteenth eye height (Fig. |
P. guangxiensis sp. n. |
– | Gena at least one-tenth eye height; first flagellomere irregularly quadrate; knob of halter yellowish | 6 |
6 | Gena approximately one-sixth eye height; first flagellomere 2 times wider than long | P. leioipalpus Xi, Yin & Yang |
– | Gena approximately one-tenth eye height; the length of first flagellomere is the same as width | P. aureolusa Xi, Yin & Yang |
7 | Palpus very long, at least 6 times as long as wide | 8 |
– | Palpus relatively short, less than 5 times as long as wide | 9 |
8 | First flagellomere long, 1.4 times as long as wide; knob of halter yellowish white | P. basilatusa Xi, Yin & Yang |
– | First flagellomere wide, 1.1 times as long as wide; knob of halter darkish brown | P. sinensis Xi & Yang |
9 | Cercus with ventral appendix (Fig. |
P. epitacta Hendel |
– | Cercus lacking ventral appendix; first flagellomere very broadly oblong | 10 |
10 | Palpus pointed apically; first flagellomere shallowly panduriform (Figs |
P. claviconis Yang |
– | Palpus inflated, blunted apically; first flagellomere broadly elliptoid or shallowly oblong | 11 |
11 | First flagellomere shallowly oblong, 1.3 times as long as wide | P. quadratpalpus sp. n. |
– | First flagellomere broadly elliptoid, almost the same length and width | 12 |
12 | M1 between r-m and dm-cu as long as dm-cu | 13 |
– | M1 between r-m and dm-cu longer than dm-cu | 14 |
13 | Gena narrow, approximately one-eleventh eye height; palpus 5 times as long as wide (Figs |
P. angustigenis Xi & Yang |
– | Gena relatively broad, approximately one-seventh eye height; palpus 7 times as long as wide (Figs |
P. euthyipalpis Xi & Yang |
14 | M1 between r-m and dm-cu at least 1.5 times longer than dm-cu | 15 |
– | M1 between r-m and dm-cu less than 1.2 times longer than dm-cu | 19 |
15 | Vibrissa located at level of lower margin of eye | 16 |
– | Vibrissa located below level of lower margin of eye | 17 |
16 | Palpus yellow; hind tibia yellowish | P. luteipalpis Malloch |
– | Palpus dark brown; hind tibia yellow to brown | P. clavellata Xi & Yang |
17 | Halter white; palpus curved | P. drepanipalpis Xi & Yang |
– | Halter dark brown or yellowish; palpus straight | 18 |
18 | Gena approximately one-seventh eye height; knob of halter yellowish | P. emeishanensis Xi & Yang |
– | Gena approximately one-fifth eye height; knob of halter with upper half white and lower half dark brown | P. latustigenis Xi & Yang |
19 | Gena broad, approximately one-sixth eye height (Figs |
P. dicrana Xi & Yang |
– | Gena narrow, less than one-sixth eye height | 20 |
20 | Vibrissal angle relatively acute, the tip less than 60°angle (Figs |
P. cuspigera Xi & Yang |
– | Vibrissal angle blunt, the tip almost 90°angle | 21 |
21 | Cercus with thin ventral appendix (Fig. |
P. dilatata Malloch |
– | Cercus lacking short ventral appendix; hind tibia dark brown | 22 |
22 | Arista approximately 4.5 times as long as first flagellomere; knob of halter with upper half brownish and lower half dark brown (Figs |
P. planipalpis Xi & Yang |
– | Arista approximately 3.5 times as long as first flagellomere; knob of halter with upper half yellow and lower half yellowish (Figs |
P. tibetensis Xi & Yang |
Gena approximately one-fourteenth of eye height. Upper blade of bifurcated tip of surstylus swollen and apical margin rounded, lower blade thin and longer than upper one; cercus arched with short sparse setae.
Male. Body length 1.6–1.7 mm; wing length 1.6–1.7 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax brown with grey microtomentum, except scutum shiny brownish with sparse black microtomentum; scutellum brownish with gray microtomentum. Setae and setulae on thorax black; one h, two dc, one prsc, two npl, one prs, one pos, one sa, one pa, one kepsts (setulae at forward position); scutellum 1.5 times wider than long, with pair of asc and bsc, asc three times longer than bsc. Legs slender, coxae and femora darkish brown, tibiae yellow except hind tibia brown with yellow apex, tarsi yellowish. Setae and setulae on legs black, mid tibia with single black preapical dorsal seta. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen blackish brown with grey microtomentum. Setae and setulae on abdomen black; TII-TV with setae, marginal setae longer than others; sternites with sparse black setulae at posterior 3/4. Posteromedial triangular projection of TI into TII present; SII generally luniform, the apex blunt and round, SIII irregularly oblong, SIV generally quadrate, SV depressed panduriform, apical margin arched. Male genitalia (Figs
Female. Unknown.
Holotype, ♂, China, Guangxi, Fangchenggang, Shangsi County (21°53'47.61"N, 107°49'20.32"E; 450 m), 18. V. 2012, Guo-Quan Wang (
China (Guangxi).
The specific name guangxiensis is derived from the type locality.
This species is similar to P. nudipalpis Malloch, but can be separated by the gena being approximately one-fourteenth of the eye height and the knob of the halter brownish; in P. nudipalpis, the gena is approximately one-eighth of the eye height and the knob of the halter is yellowish white (
Gena approximately one-quarter of eye height. Surstylus with upper blade of bifurcated tip extremely swollen, lower blade short and thinner than upper blade.
Male. Body length 1.7–1.9 mm; wing length 1.6–1.8 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax yellow with grey microtomentum, except scutum shiny darkish yellow with sparse brownish microtomentum; scutellum brownish yellow with gray microtomentum. Setae and setulae on thorax black; one h, two dc, one prsc, two npl, one prs, one pos, one sa, one ia, two pa, one kepsts (a row of setulae at forward position); scutellum 1.3 times wider than long, with pair of asc and bsc, asc two times longer than bsc. Legs slender, coxae and femora brownish, tibiae brownish except fore tibia darkish yellow, tarsi yellowish. Setae and setulae on legs black. Mid tibia with a single black preapical dorsal seta. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen brownish with gray microtomentum. Setae and setulae on abdomen black; TII-TV with setae at posterior 3/4, marginal setae longer than others; sternites with sparse setulae. Posteromedial triangular projection of TI into TII present; SII irregularly luniform, apical margin blunt, SIII irregularly oblong, SIV very broadly panduriform, basal margin a little wider than apical margin, SV very shallowly falciform. Male genitalia (Figs
Female. Unknown.
Holotype, ♂, China, Gansu, Tianshui City, Maiji Mountain (34°23'30.31"N, 106°06'35.61"E; 150 m), 15. VII. 2012, Li-Hua Wang (
China (Gansu).
The specific name refers to the yellow gena.
This new species is distinctly different from other species of the genus: the gena is approximately one-fourth of the eye height, eye 1.1 times as high as long, and SV is generally very shallowly falciform.
Gena narrowed, approximately one-twelfth of eye height. Surstylus with upper blade of bifurcated tip extremely swollen, lower one slightly swollen and shorter than upper one.
Male. Body length 1.6–1.8 mm; wing length 1.6–1.8 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax darkish brown with grey microtomentum, except scutum shiny blackish brown with sparse black microtomentum; scutellum dark brown with grey microtomentum. Setae and setulae on thorax black; one h, two dc, one prsc, two npl, one prs, one pos, one sa, one ia, one pa, one kepsts (a row of setulae at forward position); scutellum 1.3 times wider than long, with pair of asc and bsc, asc three times longer than bsc. Legs slender, coxae and femora dark brown, tibiae brownish yellow except hind tibia darkish brown, tarsi yellowish. Setae and setulae on legs black. Mid tibia with a black preapical dorsal seta. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen brown with grey microtomentum. Setae and setulae on abdomen black; TII-TV with setae at posterior 3/4, marginal setae longer than others; sternites with sparse setulae. Posteromedial triangular projection of TI into TII present; SII generally luniform, SIII oblong, apical margin blunt and round, SIV very broadly obpanduriform, SV shallowly oblong. Male genitalia (Figs
Female. Body length 1.8–2.0 mm; wing length 1.8–2.0 mm.
Similar to male, but palpus shorter, approximately four-fifths of males’. Female terminalia: TVIII brown, shallowly oblong, margin with setulae. Supra-anal plate broadly trullate; SVIII very shallowly luniform, subanal plate wide, brownish, very depressed trullate. Cercus with long setulae.
13 Phyllomyza angustigenis Xi et Yang (male); head, lateral view 14 Phyllomyza angustigenis Xi et Yang (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 15 Phyllomyza claviconis Yang (male); head, lateral view 16 Phyllomyza claviconis Yang (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 17 Phyllomyza cuspigera Xi et Yang (male); head, lateral view 18 Phyllomyza cuspigera Xi et Yang (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
19 Phyllomyza dicrana Xi et Yang (male); head, lateral view 20 Phyllomyza dicrana Xi et Yang (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 21 Phyllomyza dilatata Malloch (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 22 Phyllomyza epitacta Hendel (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 23 Phyllomyza euthyipalpis Xi et Yang (male); head, lateral view 24 Phyllomyza euthyipalpis Xi et Yang (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
25 Phyllomyza nudipalpis Malloch (male); head, lateral view 26 Phyllomyza nudipalpis Malloch (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 27 Phyllomyza planipalpis Xi et Yang (male); head, lateral view 28 Phyllomyza planipalpis Xi et Yang (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 29 Phyllomyza tibetensis Xi et Yang (male); head, lateral view 30 Phyllomyza tibetensis Xi et Yang (male); epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Holotype, ♂, China, Guizhou, Libo County, Maolan National Nature Reserve (25°15'36.67"N, 108°03'21.65"E; 620m), 13. X. 2013, Ding Yang (
China (Guizhou).
The specific name refers to the shaped of palpus.
This new species is somewhat similar to P. planipalpis Xi & Yang, but differs in the palpus irregularly quadrate in lateral view, surstylus with upper blade of bifurcated tip extremely swollen and apical margin smooth; in P. planipalpis, the palpus depressed semiluniform in lateral view, surstylus with upper blade of bifurcated tip swollen and apical margin blunt (
Phyllomyza guangxiensis sp. n. and P. quadratpalpus sp. n. are separately distributed in Guangxi and Guizhou Provience, this is the first reported species of Phyllomyza species in the two places. The palpus of P. guangxiensis sp. n. is wide and the basally curved, the shaped of the palpus is different with other species and cercus almost as wide as epandrium in lateral view. P. quadratpalpus sp. n. has a distinctive palpus, as the shaped of palpus is very shallowly rhombiod in lateral view. In Milichiidae, as far as we know, there is no similar species to P. luteigenis sp. n., when you consider the body colour, and palpus and eye shapes. There are 49 species of Phyllomyza distributed in the world, until now, 23 species are known to occur in China. Only three species are distributed in the Palaearctic Region, P. claviconis, P. latustigenis, and P. luteigenis sp. n., which have one similar character, which is the wide gena: P. luteigenis sp. n. is wider than others, and the species of Oriental Region do not have this obvious character. Twenty species are distributed in the Oriental Region, of which nine are distributed in Yunnan Province (P. angustigenis, P. aureolusa, P. basilatusa, P. clavellata, P. cuspigera, P. dicrana, P. euthyipalpis, P. fuscusa, P. leioipalpus) and four species in Taiwan Province (P. dilatata, P. epitacta, P. luteipalpis, P. nudipalpis) (
We are grateful to Dr. Guo-Quan Wang (Nanning), Dr. Li-Hua Wang (Beijing), and Dr. Ze-Hui Kang (Qingdao) for their kind help in collecting the specimens. Grateful thanks to Prof. Xiaohui Hou (Zunyi Medical University) for providing the females specimes of Phyllomyza quadratpalpus sp. n. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31672333), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Henan (No. 30600309) and the Agricultural Technology System of Henan (No. S2014-11-G03).