Research Article |
Corresponding author: Wayne P. Maddison ( wmaddisn@mail.ubc.ca ) Academic editor: Jeremy Miller
© 2018 Pir Asmat Ali, Wayne P. Maddison, Muhammad Zahid, Abida Butt.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ali PA, Maddison WP, Zahid M, Butt A (2018) New chrysilline and aelurilline jumping spiders from Pakistan (Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 783: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.21985
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Epocilla pakhtunkhwa Ali & Maddison, sp. n. and Stenaelurillus mardanicus Ali & Maddison, sp. n. are described from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Noted for the first time is the presence in Epocilla of a small bump just anterior to the fovea of the carapace, of unknown functional significance, otherwise known in the unrelated Opisthoncus L. Koch, 1880 and Cocalus Pocock, 1897. In addition, the female of Menemerus nigli Wesołowska & Freudenschuss, 2012 is described for the first time.
Aelurillina , Araneae , Chrysillini , Epocilla , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, new species, Pakistan, Salticidae , Stenaelurillus
The salticid spider fauna of Pakistan is little studied, with only a few species reported to date (
The descriptions presented here are part of a series of works that are the first to focus specifically on collecting and documenting the Salticidae of Pakistan (
Preserved specimens were examined under both dissecting microscopes and a compound microscope with reflected light. Photographs of bodies in alcohol were taken either with a Leica MZ 16 or with a Nikon 745 microscope. Male palps and female epigyna were removed for study and placed in a depression slide, examined with incident light on a Nikon ME600L compound microscope. Drawings were made with a drawing tube on this compound microscope. For cleared images, epigyna were suffused with clove oil for a few minutes. Laboratory work was carried out in the Maddison Lab, University of British Columbia, Canada and in the Department of Entomology, Agriculture University Peshawar, Pakistan.
Measurements are given in millimeters. Carapace length was measured from the base of the anterior median eyes not including the lenses to the rear margin of the carapace medially; carapace width measured as maximum width; carapace height is maximum from lateral view. Abdomen length measured to the end of anal tubercle, not including spinnerets; width is the maximum. Ocular area and eye row measurements include lenses of relevant eyes. Abbrevations:
AME Anterior median eyes,
ALE Anterior lateral eyes,
PLE Posterior lateral eyes,
PME posterior median eyes,
AER Anterior eye row,
RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis.
Until a fully curated natural history museum is established in Pakistan, the specimens will be held in the Spencer Entomological Collection at the Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia (UBC).
The Chrysillini includes about 600 species in 31 genera (
Described by
An unusual feature of some species of Epocilla is the presence, in both males and females, of a distinct integumental bump in the ocular area, in front of the fovea and between the PLE (Figure
Male in UBC from Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Malakand (Agra), 34.589°N, 71.713°E, 2500 m elevation, 7 July 2015, Pir Asmat Ali, from maize crop fields (specimen PAA#2015-07-146).
The name of the province of the type locality, treated as a noun in apposition.
Epocilla pakhtunkhwa is most similar to E. sirohi (
Male (holotype): Measurements. Carapace length 2.63, width 2.35, height 1.50. Ocular area widest at AER; length 1.31, width of PLE row 1.54, width of PME row 1.50, AER width 1.59. Abdomen length 3.95, width 1.16. Leg I: coxa 0.94, trochanter 0.56, femur 2.06, patella 1.41, tibia 1.69, metatarsus 1.50, tarsus 0.56. Leg II: coxa 0.75, trochanter 0.27, femur 1.88, patella, 0.86; tibia, 1.69; metatarsus, 1.43, tarsus, 0.56. Leg III: coxa 0.75, trochanter 0.37, femur 1.88, patella 0.84, tibia 1.22, metatarsus 1.41, tarsus 0.75. Leg IV: coxa 0.93, trochanter 0.47, femur 1.97, patella 0.84, tibia 1.50, metatarsus 1.41, tarsus 0.75.
Structure. Ocular area with a distinct integumental bump in front of the fovea and between the PLE (Figure
Epocilla pakhtunkhwa Ali & Maddison, sp. n., male holotype (PAA#2015-07-146). 1 face 2 dorsal view 3 left palp, ventral view 4 left palp, retrolateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm (3, 4). Abbreviations: B = bump on tegulum, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Figures
Colour. Carapace edges are dark brown, above which are broad lateral bands of yellow white scales extending from beneath the ALE on the clypeus to the posterior edge and lying over orange-brown integument. Centrally the thoracic region is reddish brown with a medial paler area, with traces of brown hairs and scales present. Ocular area black to dark brown, with fringe of orange hairs at front extending over the AER, appearing from the front as two eyebrows. Posterior to that is a patch of white scales centrally in the ocular area, surrounded by darker scales. Clypeus dark brown below AME, having a few orange hairs, contrasting strongly with white scales under ALE that belong to the lateral carapace bands. Chelicerae yellowish brown near fangs, darker brown otherwise. Palp coxa and trochanter light brown; femur, patella and tibia paler orange-yellow; cymbium brown with orange-yellow tip. Sternum whitish yellow with edges brown. Leg I medium brown except for a much darker longitudinal brown band along the prolateral side of the coxa, trochanter and femur, a lighter patch on the tibia, and pale yellow-white metatarsus and tarsus. Legs II, III, IV pale yellow-white. Abdomen longitudinally striped, with wide brown band running medially, lateral to which is a band of yellow-white scales, lateral and ventral to which are reflective transparent or grey scales. Spinnerets are yellow-brown with grey hairs.
Female: unknown.
Specimens were collected by hand picking from maize, both living and cut, in maize fields.
One male paratype from Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Malakand (Manzari Baba), 34.49°N, 71.71°E, 1613 m elevation, 13 July 2015, Pir Asmat Ali (specimen PAA#2015-07-134).
Menemerus includes at present 67 nominal species (
This species was described by
Male (from Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Karak (Karak city), 33.11°N, 71.08°E, elev. 550 m, 29 July 2015, Pir Asmat Ali, specimen PAA#2015-07-081). Carapace length 2.72, width 2.06, height 1.12. Abdomen length 2.35, width 2.06. Palp as in the figures of
Menemerus nigli. 5–8 male (PAA#2015-07-081). 5 face 6 dorsal view 7 left palp, ventral view 8 left palp, retrolateral view. 9–13 female (PAA#2015-07-086): 9 face 10 dorsal view 11 epigynum, ventral view 12 epigynum cleared, ventral view 13 copulatory ducts and spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (7, 8, 10, 11). At = Atrium, F = fold in wall, CD = copulatory duct, FD = fertilization duct, Sp = spermatheca. Figures
Female (from Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Karak (Serekhawah), 33.27°N, 71.21°E, elev. 509 m., 29 July 2015, Pir Asmat Ali, specimen PAA#2015-07-086), Measurements: Carapace: length 2.82, width 2.06, height 1.31. Ocular area widest at AER; ocular area length 1.41, width of PLE row 1.59, width of PME row 1.50, AER width 1.76. Abdomen: length 3.76, width 2.16. Leg I: coxa 0.65, trochanter 0.47, femur 1.50, patella 0.84, tibia 1.03, metatarsus 0.75, tarsus 0.47. Leg II: coxa 0.56, trochanter 0.37, femur 1.31, patella 0.75, tibia 0.94, metatarsus 0.75, tarsus 0.37. Leg III: coxa 0.65, trochanter 0.37, femur 1.50, patella 1.08, tibia 1.22, metatarsus 0.47, tarsus 0.56. Leg IV: coxa 0.75, trochanter 0.37, femur 1.59, patella 0.84, tibia 1.41, metatarsus 1.12, tarsus 0.56.
Structure. Carapace flat in the cephalic region, dropping down to a lower thoracic area. Chelicerae stout, unidentate, with two promarginal teeth and long fangs. Posterior lateral spinnerets longer than others. Epigynum (Figs
Colour (Figs
The female of Menemerus nigli can be distinguished from other Menemerus species by the broad forward-opening atria from which extend distinctive folds (Figure
The subtribe Aelurillina includes more than 260 species in nine genera in the Old World (
The genus Stenaelurillus contains medium-sized aelurillines with a moderately high carapace, widest posteriorly at coxae of third legs. Abdomen of distinctive shape, having the anterior edge straight and with long dense bristles, and a typical colour pattern composed of a paler transverse anterior band and three rounded spots posteriorly (except for S. furcatus Wesołowska, 2014, S. nigricaudus Simon, 1886, and S. sudanicus Wesołowska, 2014, which have two longitudinal lateral brown bands and one median white band). Legs III and IV longer than legs I and II. Embolus short.
Male in UBC from Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Mardan (Sarmalang), 34.374°N, 72.372°E, 1443 m elevation, 10 August 2016, Pir Asmat Ali, foothills of mountains (specimen PAA#2016-08-101).
Derived from the name of the district of the type locality.
The embolus of S. mardanicus is distinctive (Figs
Stenaelurillus mardanicus sp. n., male paratype (specimen PAA#2015-07-154). 14 face 15 dorsal view 16 left palp, ventral view 17 left palp, retrolateral view 18 embolus of left palp, ventral view 19 embolus, dorsal view 20 embolus, retrolateral view 21 embolus, prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: E = embolus, El = embolar ledge. Figures
Stenaelurillus mardanicus sp. n., Female paratypes (22 and 23 of specimen PAA#2016-08-120 24–26 of specimen PAA#2015-07-114), 22 body, dorsal view 23 face 24 epigynum, dorsal view 25 cleared epigynum, ventral view 26 cleared epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening, CD = copulatory duct, FD = fertilization duct, Sp = spermatheca. Figures
Male (holotype and paratype PAA#2015-07-154, Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Malakand, Palai 34.5353°N, 72.0896°E 841 m elev. 12 July 2015 Pir Asmat Ali; measurements from that paratype): Measurements. Carapace length 2.50, width 1.97. height 1.10. ocular area widest at AER; AE length 1.61, PME width 1.40, PLE 1.55. Abdomen length 1.79, width 1.48. Leg I: coxa 0.35, trochanter 0.30, femur 1.17, patella 0.35, tibia 0.55, metatarsus 0.50, tarsus 0.43. Leg II: coxa 0.43, trochanter 0.30, femur 1.05, patella 0.55; tibia 0.63; metatarsus 0.60; tarsus 0.41. Leg III: coxa 0.49; trochanter 0.51, femur 1.50, patella 0.65, tibia 0.92, metatarsus 1.31, tarsus 0.65. Leg IV: coxa 0.90, trochanter 0.41, femur 1.77, patella 0.74, tibia 1.34, metatarsus 1.31, tarsus 0.65.
Structure. Carapace elevated at cephalic region, sloping gently down in thoracic region then abruptly before the posterior margin. Cheliceral retromargin with one long tooth; promargin with two teeth. Leg I short. Abdomen square at anterior, widest at middle and narrowing toward anal tubercle. Palp tibia swollen and having two apophyses, ventral one (somewhat hidden) and the RTA. Cymbium wide at middle. Embolus as described in diagnosis, with a basal curved portion and a short, distally-pointing tip.
Colour. Carapace brown with black hairs except for a broad bands laterally along lower margin that are paler and with white hairs, and narrow longitudinal bands dorsally of white hairs just medial to the PLE and extending from PME to the thorax; brown recumbent hairs with black bristles in the ocular area. Lateral white bands extend onto clypeus, which is pale and with a mix of long white and some brown hairs. Chelicerae pale with long white hairs. Sternum pale; labium pale brown and paler anteriorly; maxilla pale brown; palp yellow; femur with long white hairs, cymbium brown and having black bristles and scales. First leg is darkest, with whitish yellow tarsus. Other legs pale with dark stains and black hairs, except ventral coxa of leg III and IV which are pale whitish. Front of abdomen square, with long grey bristles. Abdomen black above, with sub-basal transverse band of white hairs, and with three whitish pale spots: a pair near the middle and a single smaller posterior spot. Sides of abdomen with scattered pale hairs and black hairs. Venter pale with grey hairs. Spinnerets yellow with grey hairs.
Female (paratype, specimen PAA#2015-07-114, Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Mardan (Baroch), 34.381°N, 72.384°E, elev. 1021 m elevation, 21 July 2015, Pir Asmat Ali, mountain edges): Measurements: Carapace length 2.63, width 2.03, height 1.30. Ocular area length 0.84, width 1.50, PLE width 1.50, PME width 1.41, AE 1.59. Abdomen length 2.63, width 1.88. Leg I: coxa 0.47, trochanter 0.37, femur 1.41, patella 0.65, tibia 0.65, metatarsus 0.37, tarsus 0.47. Leg II: coxa 0.47, trochanter 0.37, femur 1.12, patella 0.65, tibia 0.65, metatarsus 0.57, tarsus 0.37. Leg III: coxa 0.75, trochanter 0.55, femur 1.78, patella 0.74, tibia 1.22, metatarsus 1.41, tarsus 0.75. Leg IV: coxa 0.93, trochanter 0.47, femur 1.97, patella 0.84, tibia 1.50, metatarsus 1.41, tarsus 0.75.
Structure. Carapace elevated at cephalic region, sloping laterally and posteriorly in thoracic region. Chelicera with one long retromarginal tooth; promargin with two teeth. Leg I strong and short. Abdomen square at anterior, widening toward the posterior, then narrowing toward anal tubercle. Epigynum (Figs
Colour. Carapace marked similarly to male: brown, with broad bands laterally along lower margin that are paler and with white hairs, and narrow longitudinal bands dorsally of white hairs just inside the PLE and extending from PME to the thorax. Ocular area black with recumbent brown hairs and bristles. Lateral white bands become narrower as they extend onto clypeus, which is pale and with a mix of white and brown long hairs. Chelicerae pale, with many white hairs and a few scattered black ones. All legs pale with dark markings and black hairs except ventral coxae of leg III and IV which are pale. Sternum pale; labium brown; maxillae pale brown with paler tips. Front of abdomen square, with long grey bristles. Abdomen black with a pair of white spots just posterior to the middle. Sides with pale band extending to the spinnerets. Venter pale yellow with scattered grey hairs. Spinnerets yellow with grey hairs.
All observed females had epigynal plugs.
Specimens were found on mountain edges.
The following, all paratypes: Same data as holotype (female specimen PAA#2016-08-120, and 3 additional males); Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Manzari baba (Malakand), 34.51°N, 71.72°E, elev. 2013 m, 13 July 2015, Pir Asmat Ali, mountain edges (1 female specimen PAA#2015-07-165); Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Mardan, 34.354°N, 72.382°E, elev. 1430 m, 10 Aug 2016, Pir Asmat Ali (10 males, 2 females, 2 juveniles); Pakistan: Khyber Paktunkhwa: Alizai (Hangu), 33.58°N, 71.28°E, elev. 1678 m, 27 July 2015, Pir Asmat Ali, foothills of mountains (female specimen PAA#2015-07-087).
We are grateful for useful comments on the manuscript from G. Azarkina and two other reviewers. We thank the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for the support of Mr. Ali’s work in the Maddison lab. This work was supported by a Discovery Grant to Dr. Maddison from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.