Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ming-Luen Jeng ( mantis001@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Hume Douglas
© 2018 Vor Yiu, Ming-Luen Jeng.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yiu V, Jeng M-L (2018) Oculogryphus chenghoiyanae sp. n. (Coleoptera, Lampyridae): a new ototretine firefly from Hong Kong with descriptions of its bioluminescent behavior and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence in females. ZooKeys 739: 65-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.739.21502
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The first Oculogryphus species with associated males and female was found in Hong Kong and is described as new: O. chenghoiyanae sp. n. Adults of both sexes were collected live in the field and their bioluminescent behavior is reported for the first time in the genus. The captive males emit weak and continuous light from a pair of light spots on abdominal ventrite 6 or do so when disturbed. The larviform (highly paedomorphic) females can glow brightly from a pair of light-emitting organs on the abdomen. The females of Oculogryphus and Stenocladius are to date the only documented representatives of paedomorphism in ototretine fireflies. The finding is consistent with the evidence from male morphology and bioluminescent behavior, supporting the close relationship between the two genera. A key to the Oculogryphus species is provided. The Oculogryphus females can fluoresce with a blue-green light through the whole body under ultraviolet illumination, a phenomenon reported in the Lampyridae for the first time. The co-occurrence of bioluminescence and fluorescence is rare in terrestrial ecosystems, previously known only in some millipedes (Diplopoda). The fluorescence and bioluminescence abilities of Oculogryphus females are functionally independent: abdominal light-emitting organs producing bright yellowish green light while the body wall fluoresces with blue-green light. In contrast, fluorescence and bioluminescence in millipedes are biochemically linked, like in some jellyfish (Cnidaria: Medusozoa).
Behavior, bioluminescence, Hong Kong, Oculogryphus chenghoiyanae sp. n., Ototretinae , paedomorphic female, Stenocladius , UV-fluorescence
The firefly subfamily Ototretinae is non-typical for having drilid- or cantharid-like appearance, with bioluminescent organs small or absent. It has gone through extensive modifications in familial assignment, ranked hierarchy, definition, and spectrum of included taxa through time, and become stabilized only recently (
Several historical factors or practical limitations have hampered the progress of biodiversity and ecological studies in Ototretinae. The chaotic taxonomic history of the subfamily was addressed by
The genus Oculogryphus together with its type species, O. fulvus Jeng, 2007, was described from one male specimen from Vietnam. Two more species have been added to the genus, from Vietnam and China, each based on few male specimens (
Four specimens were collected alive by YV from Hong Kong in May, 2017. Female and male are associated by observation of a mating pair in the field. Behavioral observations were done both in the field and in captivity. Photos of bioluminescence were taken by a 100 mm-focal-length macro lens attached to a digital single-lens reflex camera, with exposure time from 0.25 to 60 seconds.
Methodology and morphological terminology follows
The holotype and a female paratype are deposited in the Insect Museum of Tai Lung Experimental Farm, Agricultural, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong, and the other pair of paratypes in the National Museum of Natural Science (NMNS), Taichung, Taiwan.
♂, HONG KONG: Lantau Island (大嶼山島), Tei Tong Tsai (地塘仔), 5.V.2017, V Yiu leg.
1♂, type locality, 8.V.2017, V Yiu leg.; 1♀, same data as holotype; 1♀, type locality, 12.V.2017, V Yiu leg.
Hong Kong, Lantau, Tei Tong Tsai, 22.25722°N, 113.92604°E, altitude 200 m to 420 m.
Males of the species may be recognized by the following combination of characters: body size small (5.1–5.2 mm long); coloration dark brown to black thorough dorsally or orange brown in pronotum, opaquely brown in abdominal V1–5 and middle part of V6, yellowish brown in V7–8; head partially exposed from pronotum, nearly as wide as pronotum; compound eyes strongly emarginate posteriorly and approximate ventrally; antennae 11-articled, filiform; mandibles short and strongly curved; pronotum with narrowly explanate lateral margins and close pronotal hypomeron; abdomen with eight abdominal ventrites (including exposed sternite of aedeagal sheath); abdominal tergites not lobed; no recognizable photogenic organs externally when not glowing; male genitalia with median lobe strongly curved laterally; parameres short, with apices reaching apical half of median lobe; basal piece approximately as long as median lobe, roughly a U-shaped band.
Male (Figs
Female (Figs
The holotype male is vivid bicolored (Fig.
The new species is more similar to O. fulvus from Vietnam than other congeners based on male genitalia. Both species have their median lobes far surpassing apex of parameres by 1/2 length of median lobe, but only slightly surpassing apex of parameres in O. shuensis and O. bicolor. In comparison with O. fulvus, the new species has dark brown elytra whereas the former is brown throughout; its MP3+4 of hind wings is vestigial but well-defined in O. fulvus; basal end of the aedeagal sheath is broadly rounded instead of tapering towards base in O. fulvus; the median lobe of O. chenghoiyanae is more slender than in O. fulvus in lateral aspect. This new species is also the smallest – males are only 5.1–5.2 mm long on relation to 6.7–7.1 mm for O. shuensis, 6.2–7.1 mm for O. bicolor and 6.0 mm for O. fulvus. In summary, O. chenghoiyanae differs from all other species by its small size, dark coloration, reduced MP3+4 in hind wings, multiple male aedeagal features, and separated biogeographic distribution, thus there is strong evidence that this represents a new species.
Females of O. chenghoiyanae are, to date, the only representative in the genus. Their external morphology highly resembles Stenocladius females (c.f.
The species is named after Momo Hoi-yan Cheng, in honor of her contribution on saving a life as well as infusing positive energy and love to our Society. She bravely and selflessly donated two-thirds of her liver to a dying women she had never met before in April, 2017, Hong Kong.
Adults appear in May.
This species known only from the type locality. The higher portion of its habitat is dense natural woodland and the lower portion is sparse, disturbed shrubland. The females were first recorded in 2014 May in the type locality. They were repeatedly seen in May of 2015 and 2016. They initially were mistaken for larvae until YV found a mating pair of the new species in 2017. Light emitting females could be found on exposed rocks, concrete surfaces, soil surfaces, dead leaves and on fallen branches. When disturbed by a beam of white light, the females slowly moved into soft soil or under litter.
A pair of oval light emitting organ is located at the lateral sides of the 7th abdominal segment of the female adult. Females displayed light from 19:40 hours (approximately 45 minutes after sunset) to 20:40 hours in the field. Most were generally stationary, lying flat (not raising abdomen as in Rhagophthalmus) when glowing (Fig.
YV used a UVA LED torch (365–375 nm, min mW 15) to illuminate the female. The female was observed fluorescing brightly with blue-green light throughout the body (Fig.
1 | Aedeagus with median lobe far surpassing apex of parameres by ca. 1/2 length of median lobe | 2 |
– | Aedeagus with median lobe only slightly surpassing apex of parameres | 3 |
2 | Body size smaller (BL 5.1–5.2 mm); elytra dark brown, ventral side with thoracic ventrites paler than abdominal ventrites in coloration; aedeagus with median lobe slender, more or less uniform in thickness in lateral aspect; hind wing with vestigial MP3+4 | O. chenghoiyanae sp. n. (Hong Kong) |
– | Body size larger (BL 6.0 mm); elytra and ventral surface more or less uniformly brown in coloration; aedeagus with median lobe tapering toward apex in lateral aspect; hind wing with well-defined MP3+4 | O. fulvus Jeng (Vietnam) |
3 | Pronotum and elytra similar in coloration, though elytral color somewhat heterogeneous, with base, lateral margins and sutures paler; hind wings with MP3+4 bifurcate | O. bicolor Jeng, Branham & Engel (Vietnam) |
– | Pronotum and elytra highly contrast in coloration, orange brown on pronotum and black in elytra; hind wings with MP3+4 not bifurcate | O. shuensis Jeng & Engel (China: Chongqing, Sichuan) |
Before the present study, females were described for only three of 21 genera of Ototretinae (Stenocladius, Drilaster and Mimophaeopterus). The documented females, however, exhibit extreme difference at genus level both morphologically and ecologically: Stenocladius and Oculogryphus females are highly paedomorphic and are active only nocturnally, using bioluminescence and pheromones to attract mates (
For example, Oculogryphus and Stenocladius are so far the only documented examples with paedomorphic females in Ototretinae. This is consistent with the evidence from male morphology and bioluminescent behavior, supporting the close relationship of the two genera as
Although UV-induced fluorescence is documented in many terrestrial arthropods (
Possible adaptive functions of fluorescence include prey attraction, aposematism, camouflage, sexual signaling or species recognition, photo-protection, and shelter finding (
Alternatively, the fluorescence may play no ecological role but just exist as a by-product of a pigment or other molecule (
We are very grateful to Lynn Faust for reading the draft. The study was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, grant NSC 102-2313-B-178-003-MY3.