Larval development to the first eighth zoeal stages in the deep-sea caridean shrimp Plesionika grandis Doflein, 1902 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae)

Guo-Chen Jiang; Tin-Yam Chan; Tung-Wei Shih

doi:10.3897/zookeys.719.20916

Abstract

The larvae of the deep-sea pandalid shrimp Plesionika grandis Doflein, 1902 were successfully reared in the laboratory for the first time. The larvae reached the eighth zoeal stage in 36 days, both of which are longest records for the genus. Early larval stages of P. grandis bear the general characters of pandalid shrimps and differ from the other two species of Plesionika with larval morphology known in the number of spines on the anteroventral margin of carapace, number of tubercles on antennule, endopod segmentation in antenna, and third maxilliped setation. Although members in Plesionika are often separated into species groups, members of the same species group do not necessarily have similar early larval morphology. Since the zoea VIII of P. grandis still lacks pleopods and fifth pereiopod, this shrimp likely has at least 12 zoeal stages and a larval development of 120 days.

Keywords

Deep-sea, larval development, Pandalidae , Plesionika , shrimps, zoea

Introduction

The predominant deep-sea shrimp genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 is the most diverse genus in the caridean family Pandalidae Haworth, 1825, being represented by 93 species (Cardoso 2011; De Grave and Fransen 2011; Li and Chan 2013; Komai and Tsuchida 2014). Some of them are commercially important such as P. izumiae Omori, 1971, P. martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883), P. narval (Fabricius, 1787), and P. quasigrandis Chace, 1985 (Hayashi and Koike 1976; Holthuis 1980; Chilari et al. 2005; Chakraborty et al. 2015). Nevertheless, larval development in these shrimps has only been known in two species, namely P. edwardsii (Brandt, 1851) [zoea (hereafter with the abbreviation Z) I–VII; Landeira et al. 2009a] and P. narval [ZI–V, decapodid; Landeira et al. 2009b, Landeira et al. 2014], since rearing of deep-sea shrimps and their larvae are generally very difficult (Landeira et al. 2014).

Plesionika grandis Doflein, 1902 is a widely distributed species in the Indo-West Pacific from Japan to NE Australia and Madagascar at depths of 110–375 m (Chan and Crosnier 1991) and is rather common amongst the deep-sea catches in Taiwan. The present work succeeded in obtaining a live ovigerous female of P. grandis and maintained it in the laboratory until its eggs were hatched. Larvae developed into the eighth zoeal stage in 36 days, enabling the larval morphology of P. grandis is described and illustrated for the first time.

Materials and methods

The ovigerous female of P. grandis was collected by a commercial trawler at depths of 220 m off northeastern Taiwan (24°52.352'N; 121°58.010'E). The berried female was reared in a 100 L aquarium and raised in sea water (salinity of 35) at 14 ± 1°C. Once the eggs hatched, approximately 400 actively swimming larvae were transferred to two beakers (5L). Each beaker contained similar number of larvae, with aerated seawater maintained at a temperature of 23 ± 1°C and a 12:12 hour photoperiod. Specimens of each zoeal stage were collected after the larvae moulted and preserved in a 70% ethylene glycol solution. At least two larvae from each stage were dissected and examined on glass slides under a stereo microscope (OLYMPUS SZX12) using fine entomological needles. Appendages were drawn using a camera lucida installed on a compound microscope (Olympus BX50). The descriptions and figures are arranged according to the standards proposed by Clark et al. (1998). Morphological terminology follows Yang and Ko (2004) and Landeira et al. (2010). Abbreviations of larval measurements are as follows: carapace length (CL), from the postorbital margin to the posteromedian end of the carapace; body length (BL), from the postorbital margin of the carapace to the posterior end of the telson; and total length (TL), from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the telson. These are all given as mean values followed by the range (in parentheses). The female and larvae are deposited as vouchers in the National Taiwan Ocean University (NTOU M02079).

Results

Larval description

Zoea I (Fig. 1)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 1–8 days.

Figure 1.

Zoea I of Plesionika grandis. A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J first maxilliped K second maxilliped L third maxilliped.

Size (n = 5): CL, 0.40 mm (0.38–0.42 mm); BL, 2.28 mm (2.27–2.30 mm); TL, 2.87 mm (2.82–2.90 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 1A, B, D) dorsoventrally flattened; rostrum slightly curved and slender, longer than antennular peduncle; dorsal anterior and posterior processes present; anteroventral margin bearing one strong pterygostomian spine and three unequal spines; eyes sessile.

Antennule (Fig. 1E) peduncle unsegmented, slender, and bearing one small tubercle; endopod with one long, plumose seta; exopod unsegmented with a single spatulate seta, three aesthetascs, and one distolateral seta.

Antenna (Fig. 1F) peduncle unsegmented with a sharp, basal spine distally; endopod unsegmented, with one long terminal, plumose seta, and a single sharp, slender spine distomesially; exopod 6-segmented, with eleven marginal plumose setae (3+2+1+1+1+3), proximal segment with one inner mesial tubercle, distal segment with one lateral simple seta.

Mandible (Fig. 1G) palp absent; incisor with three terminal teeth; lacinia mobilis present.

Maxillule (Fig. 1H) coxal endite with seven (two simple subterminal + five terminal plumose) setae; basial endite with two strong, cuspidate setae and three simple setae; endopod unsegmented, 3-lobed with one small, simple seta and two sparsely plumose setae on basal lobe, two sparsely plumose setae on median lobe, and one sparsely plumose setae on distal lobe; exopod absent.

Maxilla (Fig. 1I) coxal endite bilobed with 9 + 4 plumose setae; basal endite bilobed with 4 + 4 plumose setae; endopod with nine (3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2) setae; scaphognathite margin with five plumose setae.

First maxilliped (Fig. 1J) coxa with three plumose setae; basis with 12 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with three, one, two, four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with four plumose, natatory setae.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 1K) coxa without setae; basis with nine plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with three, one, two, five (one outer + four terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with five plumose, natatory setae.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 1L) coxa without setae; basis with three plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with two, one, two, four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with five plumose, natatory setae.

Pereiopods absent.

Pleon (Fig. 1A, C) with five somites, no spines or setae.

Pleopods absent.

Uropods absent.

Telson (Fig. 1A) subtriangular, posterior margin minutely spinulated except on distolateral parts, with 7 + 7 plumose setae, outermost two pairs only plumose on inner margin.

Zoea II (Fig. 2)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 8–12 days.

Figure 2.

Zoea II of Plesionika grandis. A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J first maxilliped K second maxilliped L third maxilliped.

Size (n = 4): CL, 0.45 mm (0.43–0.48 mm); BL, 2.43 mm (2.41–2.44 mm); TL, 2.98 mm (2.96–3.01 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 2A, B, D) rostrum curved and slender, longer than antennular peduncle, nearly as long as carapace length; supraorbital spine present; eyes stalked, funnel-shaped; other unchanged.

Antennule (Fig. 2E) peduncle unsegmented, bearing two terminal plumose setae; endopod with one long, plumose seta; exopod unsegmented with one spatulate seta, four aesthetascs and one simple seta.

Antenna (Fig. 2F) unchanged.

Mandible (Fig. 2G) palp absent; incisor with three terminal and one subterminal teeth; lacinia mobilis serrate.

Maxillule (Fig. 2H) basial endite with four strong cuspidate setae and three simple setae; other unchanged.

Maxilla (Fig. 2I) coxal endite bilobed with 10 + 4 plumose setae; other unchanged.

First maxilliped (Fig. 2J) coxa with four plumose setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with five plumose, natatory setae; other unchanged.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 2K) endopod 5-segmented with three, one, zero, two, five (one outer + four terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with six plumose, natatory setae; other unchanged.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 2L) coxa without setae; basis with four plumose setae; endopod 5-segmented with two, one, zero, two, four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with six plumose, natatory setae.

Pereiopods absent.

Pleon (Fig. 2A, C) unchanged.

Pleopods absent.

Uropod absent.

Telson (Fig. 2A) subtriangular, posterior margin with 8 + 8 plumose setae, only outermost pair plumose on inner margin; other unchanged.

Zoea III (Fig. 3)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 12–17 days.

Figure 3.

Zoea III of Plesionika grandis. A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J first maxilliped K second maxilliped L third maxilliped M first pereiopod.

Size (n = 3): CL, 0.52 mm (0.50–0.55 mm); BL, 2.45 mm (2.39–2.53 mm); TL, 2.94 mm (2.81–3.08 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 3A, B, D) rostrum shorter than in previous stages but still curved, 0.85 times as long as carapace length; ventrolateral margin with four spines posterior to pterygostomial spine; other unchanged.

Antennule (Fig. 3E) peduncle 2-segmented: basal segment with two long and three short plumose setae; distal segment with two groups of setae, one consisting of six plumose and other with two simple setae; endopod with one long plumose seta; exopod unsegmented with two aesthetasc, one plumose and one simple setae.

Antenna (Fig. 3F) peduncle unchanged; endopod unsegmented, with one spiniform seta and one simple short seta; exopod distally 4-segmented, with 12 plumose setae and one distolateral seta.

Mandible (Fig. 3G) unchanged.

Maxillule (Fig. 3H) unchanged.

Maxilla (Fig. 3I) scaphognathite margin with six plumose setae; other unchanged.

First maxilliped (Fig. 3J) unchanged.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 3K) unchanged.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 3L) endopod 5-segmented with 2, 1, 0, 2, 5 (one outer + four terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with seven plumose natatory setae; other unchanged.

Pereiopods (Fig. 3M) first pereiopod as bud; second to fifth pereiopods absent.

Pleon (Fig. 3A, C) with six somites; other unchanged.

Pleopods absent.

Uropod (Fig. 3A) biramous. Endopod rudimentary with two plumose setae; exopod well developed with six plumose setae.

Telson (Fig. 3A) with seven pairs of terminal plumose setae and one pair of outermost short, simple, subterminal setae.

Zoea IV (Fig. 4)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 17–21 days.

Figure 4.

Zoea IV of Plesionika grandis, A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J first maxilliped K second maxilliped L third maxilliped M first pereiopod.

Size (n = 2): CL, 0.56 mm (0.54–0.58 mm); BL, 3.03 mm (2.98–3.07 mm); TL, 3.26 mm (3.25–3.26 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 4A, B, D) rostrum not curved and shorter than in previous stages but longer than frontal lobe, 0.35 times as long as carapace length; other unchanged.

Antennule (Fig. 4E) peduncle 3-segmented: basal segment with four (one proximal, one terminal long and two terminal short) plumose setae plus one subterminal strong spiniform seta; medial segment with five (one long, four short) plumose setae; distal segment with two groups of setae, one consisting of six plumose (two subterminal + four terminal) setae and other with two simple setae; endopod unchanged; exopod unsegmented with two aesthetascs and two plumose setae.

Antenna (Fig. 4F) endopod unsegmented with one spiniform seta; exopod unsegmented with one apical spine, 13 plumose setae on inner margin, and one plumose seta on outer margin; other unchanged.

Mandible (Fig. 4G) incisor having four teeth; molar process with numerous small teeth; other unchanged.

Maxillule (Fig. 4H) unchanged.

Maxilla (Fig. 4I) unchanged.

First maxilliped (Fig. 4J) unchanged.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 4K) unchanged.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 4L) unchanged.

Pereiopods (Fig. 4M) first pereiopod as biramous bud; second to fifth pereiopods absent.

Pleon (Fig. 4A, C) unchanged.

Pleopods absent.

Uropod (Fig. 4A, C) protopod without setae; endopod well developed with ten plumose setae; exopod with 12 plumose setae and one simple seta at outermost apex.

Telson (Fig. 4A) less triangular than in zoea III; one lateral simple seta, posterior margin with five pairs of plumoserrulate setae, and two outer simple setae on each side.

Zoea V (Fig. 5)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 21–23 days.

Figure 5.

Zoea V of Plesionika grandis, A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J first maxilliped K second maxilliped L third maxilliped M first pereiopod N second pereiopod O ventral view of anal spine.

Size (n = 3): CL, 0.61 mm (0.59–0.62 mm); BL, 3.05 mm (3.00–3.11 mm); TL, 3.25 mm (3.22–3.29 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 5A, B, D) unchanged.

Antennule (Fig. 5E) peduncle 3-segmented: basal segment with eight (two proximal, one subterminal, one terminal long, four terminal short) plumose seta plus one subterminal strong spiniform seta; medial segment with five (one subterminal long, one terminal long, three terminal short) plumose setae; distal segment with two groups of setae, one consisting of eight (four subterminal + four terminal) plumose setae and other with two simple setae; endopod unchanged; exopod with two aesthetascs and two plumose setae.

Antenna (Fig. 5F) endopod 3-segmented, with 0, 0, 4 simple setae; exopod unsegmented with apical spine, 14 plumose setae on inner margin and one plumose seta on outer margin; other unchanged.

Mandible (Fig. 5G) unchanged.

Maxillule (Fig. 5H) coxal endite with eight (three simple, subterminal + five terminal, plumose) setae; other unchanged.

Maxilla (Fig. 5I) scaphognathite margin with eight plumose setae; other unchanged.

First maxilliped (Fig. 5J) unchanged.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 5K) unchanged.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 5L) endopod 5-segmented with two, one, two (one inner + one outer), four (three inner + one outer), and five (one outer + four terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with eight plumose natatory setae; other unchanged.

First pereiopod (Fig. 5M) coxa without setae; basis with four plumose setae; endopod 5-segmented with two, one, two (one inner + one outer), two, four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with six long, plumose natatory setae.

Second pereiopod (Fig. 5N) as biramous bud.

Third, fourth, and fifth pereiopods absent.

Pleon (Fig. 5A, C, O) anal spine present; shallow notch on lateral margin of fourth pleomere; other unchanged.

Pleopods absent.

Uropod (Fig. 5A, C) protopod unchanged; endopod with 15 plumose setae; exopod with 16 plumose setae plus one simple seta at outermost apex.

Telson (Fig. 5A) almost rectangular; other unchanged.

Zoea VI (Fig. 6)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 23–29 days.

Figure 6.

Zoea VI of Plesionika grandis, A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J first maxilliped K second maxilliped L third maxilliped M first pereiopod N second pereiopod O third pereiopod P ventral view of anal spine.

Size (n = 2): CL, 0.62 mm (0.60–0.65 mm); BL, 3.07 mm (3.04–3.10 mm); TL, 3.26 mm (3.22–3.30 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 6A, B, D) rostrum short 0.25 times as long as carapace length; pterygostomian spine present; ventrolateral margin with seven spines posterior to pterygostomial spine; other unchanged.

Antennule (Fig. 6E) peduncle 3-segmented, basal segment with four proximal plumose setae; other unchanged.

Antenna (Fig. 6F) peduncle 2-segmented, distal segment with two basal spines; endopod five-segmented with zero, zero, zero, one, five simple setae; exopod unsegmented with apical spine, 16 plumose setae on inner margin, and one plumose seta on lateral margin.

Mandible (Fig. 6G) unchanged.

Maxillule (Fig. 6H) coxal endite with eight plumose setae (three subterminal + five terminal); other unchanged.

Maxilla (Fig. 6I) unchanged.

First maxilliped (Fig. 6J) unchanged.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 6K) unchanged.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 6L) endopod 5-segmented with two, two (one inner + one outer), two (one inner + one outer), four (three inner + one outer), and five (one outer + four terminal) setae; other unchanged.

First pereiopod (Fig. 6M) endopod 5-segmented with two, three (two inner + one outer), two (one inner + one outer), three (two inner + one outer), and four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with seven plumose natatory setae; other unchanged.

Second pereiopod (Fig. 6N) coxa without setae, basis with three plumose setae; endopod 5-segmented with one, one (short), zero, two, four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with six plumose natatory setae.

Third pereiopod (Fig. 6O) as biramous bud.

Fourth and fifth pereiopods absent.

Pleon (Fig. 6A, C, P) unchanged.

Pleopods absent.

Uropod (Fig. 6A, C) endopod well developed with 18 plumose setae; exopod with 20 plumose setae plus one plumose seta on outer margin, and one simple seta at outermost apex; other unchanged.

Telson (Fig. 6A) rectangular; other unchanged.

Zoea VII (Fig. 7)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 29–36 days.

Figure 7.

Zoea VII of Plesionika grandis, A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J first maxilliped K second maxilliped L third maxilliped M first pereiopod N second pereiopod O third pereiopod P fourth pereiopod Q ventral view of anal spine.

Size (n = 2): CL, 0.68 mm (0.64–0.72 mm); BL, 3.75 mm (3.40–4.10 mm); TL, 3.98 mm (3.62–4.34 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 7A, B, D) unchanged.

Antennule (Fig. 7E) peduncle 3-segmented, basal segment with 13 (five proximal, two subterminal, one terminal long and five terminal short) plumose setae plus one subterminal strong spiniform seta; other unchanged.

Antenna (Fig. 7F) endopod 8-segmented with 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 5 simple setae; exopod unsegmented with one apical spine, 17 plumose setae on inner margin, outer margin with one plumose and two simple setae; others unchanged.

Mandible (Fig. 7G) unchanged.

Maxillule (Fig. 7H) unchanged.

Maxilla (Fig. 7I) unchanged.

First maxilliped (Fig. 7J) unchanged.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 7K) endopod 5-segmented with three, one, zero, two, six (one outer + five terminal) setae; other unchanged.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 7L) endopod 5-segmented with two, two (one inner + one outer), two (one inner + one outer), four (three inner + one outer), and four (terminal, no outer) setae; other unchanged.

First pereiopod (Fig. 7M) endopod 5-segmented with two, five (inner with two plumose, one simple; outer with one plumose, one simple), three (one inner + one lateral + one outer), five (three inner + two outer), and three (terminal, no outer) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with eight plumose natatory setae; other unchanged.

Second pereiopod (Fig. 7N) coxa without setae, basis with four plumose setae; endopod 5-segmented with two, three (two inner + one outer), two (one inner + one outer), four (two inner + two outer), and four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with seven plumose natatory setae.

Third pereiopod (Fig. 7O) coxa without setae; basis with two plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with one, zero, two, three (one outer + two terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with six plumose natatory setae.

Fourth pereiopod (Fig. 7P) as bud.

Fifth pereiopod absent.

Pleon (Fig. 7A, C, Q) unchanged.

Pleopods absent.

Uropod (Fig. 7A, C) endopod with 22 plumose setae; exopod with 21 plumose setae plus one plumose and one simple setae at outer margin, one simple seta at outermost apex; others unchanged.

Telson (Fig. 7A) unchanged.

Zoea VIII (Figs 8, 9)

Period from hatching to the end of the instar: 36 days.

Figure 8.

Zoea VIII of Plesionika grandis, A dorsal view B carapace lateral view C pleon lateral view D anteroventral margin of carapace E antennule F antenna G mandible H maxillule I maxilla J ventral view of anal spine K uropod and telson.

Figure 9.

Zoea VIII of Plesionika grandis, A first maxilliped B second maxilliped C third maxilliped D first pereiopod E second pereiopod F third pereiopod G fourth pereiopod.

Size (n = 3): CL, 0.84 mm (0.80–0.92 mm); BL, 4.16 mm (3.88–4.37 mm); TL, 4.36 mm (4.06–4.55 mm).

Carapace (Fig. 8A, B, D) unchanged.

Antennule (Fig. 8E) peduncle 3-segmented: basal segment with 15 (six proximal, two subterminal, one terminal long, six short) plumose setae plus one subterminal strong spiniform seta; other unchanged.

Antenna (Fig. 8F) peduncle with one simple seta on outer margin; endopod 18-segmented with 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1, 2 simple setae; exopod unsegmented with one apical spine, 20 plumose setae on inner margin, outer margin with one plumose and four simple setae; other unchanged.

Mandible (Fig. 8G) incisor with four or more terminal teeth; molar process with numerous small teeth; other unchanged.

Maxillule (Fig. 8H) unchanged.

Maxilla (Fig. 8I) scaphognathite margin with 13 plumose setae; other unchanged.

First maxilliped (Fig. 9A) epipod newly appeared; other unchanged.

Second maxilliped (Fig. 9B) unchanged.

Third maxilliped (Fig. 9C) endopod 5-segmented with two, two (one inner + one outer), two (one inner + one outer), six (five inner + one outer), and four (terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with nine plumose, natatory setae; other unchanged.

First pereiopod (Fig. 9D) exopod unsegmented, armed distally with nine plumose natatory setae; other unchanged.

Second pereiopod (Fig. 9E) endopod 5-segmented with two, five (inner with two plumose, one simple; outer with one plumose, one simple), two (one inner + one outer), four (two inner + two outer), and four (terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with nine plumose, natatory setae; other unchanged.

Third pereiopod (Fig. 9F) coxa unchanged; basis with four setae; endopod 5-segmented with two, three (two inner + one outer), two (one inner + one outer), two, four (one outer + three terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with eight plumose natatory setae.

Fourth pereiopod (Fig. 9G) as biramous bud.

Fifth pereiopod absent.

Pleon (Fig. 8A, C, J) unchanged.

Pleopods absent.

Uropod (Fig. 8K) endopod with 27 plumose setae; exopod with 28 plumose setae plus one plumose, three simple setae on outer margin, one simple seta at outermost apex; other unchanged.

Telson (Fig. 8A, K) less rectangular, shaped like inverted triangle, other unchanged.

Discussion

The first eight zoeal stages of Plesionika grandis were obtained in 36 days after hatching, representing the longest larval rearing record for the genus. Previous longest larval culture for Plesionika shrimps was P. edwardsii by Landeira et al. 2009a, lasting 20 days, and reaching the Z7 stage. It is suspected that feeding and/or rearing temperature may be the main causes for the mortality of the larvae as discussed in our previous work on the larval rearing of another deep-sea pandalid shrimp Heterocarpus abulbus Yang, Chan and Chu, 2010 (Jiang et al. 2016).

Features of each larval stage as well as changes in appendage setation and setal types in P. grandis are summarized in Table 1. The major characters of each zoeal stage are: (ZI) sessile eyes, three pairs of maxillipeds, pleon with five somites and telson subtriangular; (ZII) eyes stalked; (ZIII) uropod with exopod well developed, first pereiopod appeared, and pleon with six somites; (ZIV) antennular peduncle segmented, uropod with endopod; (ZV) endopod of antenna 3-segmented, second pereiopod appeared, and anal spine present on sixth abdominal somite; (ZVI) third pereiopod appeared, telson becoming rectangular; (ZVII) endopod of antenna with more than three segments, and fourth pereiopod appeared as a bud; (ZVIII) endopod of antenna with more than ten segments, and fourth pereiopod biramous.

Table 1.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

Characteristics of the zoeal stage of Plesionika grandis. a, aesthetasc; b, basal spine; c, cuspidate seta; d, distolateral seta; s, simple seta; spi, spiniform seta; p, plumose seta; spa, spatulate seta; st, strong seta; sl, slender spine.

	Z1	Z2	Z3	Z4	Z5	Z6	Z7	Z8
Duration (days)	1-8	8-12	12-17	17-21	21-23	23-29	29-36	36
Carapace length (mm)	0.40	0.45	0.52	0.56	0.61	0.62	0.68	0.84
Anterolateral spines	3	3	4	4	4	7	7	7
Antennule
Peduncle	1 tubercle	2p	5p,6p+2s	1spi+4p,5p,6p+2s	1spi+8p,5p,8p+2s	1spi+10p,5p,8p+2s	1spi+13p,5p,8p+2s	1spi+15p,5p,8p+2s
Endopod	1d	1p	1p	1p	1p	1p	1p	1p
Exopod	3a+1d+1s	4a+1s+1spa	2a+1p+1s	2a+2p	2a+2p	2a+2p	2a+2p	2a+2p
Antenna
Peduncle	1b	1b	1b	1b	1b	2b	2b	2b
Endopod	1p+1sl	1p+1sl	1spi+1s	1spi	0,0,4	0,0,0,1,5	0,0,1,0,1,1,1,5	0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2
Exopod	11p+1d	11p+1d	12p+1d	13p+1p	14p+1p	16p+1p	17p+1p+2s	20p+1p+4s
Maxillule
Coxal endite setation	2s+5p	2s+5p	2s+5p	2s+5p	3s+5p	8p	8p	8p
Basial endite setation	2st+3c	4st+3c	4st+3c	4st+3c	4st+3c	4st+3c	4st+3c	4st+3c
Endopod setation	1s+5p	1s+5p	1s+5p	1s+5p	1s+5p	1s+5p	1s+5p	1s+5p
Exopod setation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Maxilla
Coxal endite setation	9p+4p	10p+4p	10p+4p	10p+4p	10p+4p	10p+4p	10p+4p	10p+4p
Basial endite setation	4p+4p	4p+4p	4p+4p	4p+4p	4p+4p	4p+4p	4p+4p	4p+4p
Endopod setation	3+2+1+1+2	3+2+1+1+2	3+2+1+1+2	3+2+1+1+2	3+2+1+1+2	3+2+1+1+2	3+2+1+1+2	3+2+1+1+2
Exopod setation	5p	5p	6p	6p	8p	8p	8p	13p
First Maxilliped
Coxal endite setation	3p	4p	4p	4p	4p	4p	4p	4p
Basis endite setation	12p	12p	12p	12p	12p	12p	12p	12p
Endopod setation	3,1,2,4	3,1,2,4	3,1,2,4	3,1,2,4	3,1,2,4	3,1,2,4	3,1,2,4	3,1,2,4
Exopod setation	4p	5p	5p	5p	5p	5p	5p	5p
Second Maxilliped
Coxal endite setation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Basis endite setation	9p	9p	9p	9p	9p	9p	9p	9p
Endopod setation	3,1,2,5	3,1,0,2,5	3,1,0,2,5	3,1,0,2,5	3,1,0,2,5	3,1,0,2,5	3,1,0,2,6	3,1,0,2,6
Exopod setation	5p	6p	6p	6p	6p	6p	6p	6p
Third Maxilliped
Coxal endite setation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Basis endite setation	3p	4p	4p	4p	4p	4p	4p	4p
Endopod setation	2,1,2,4	2,1,0,2,4	2,1,0,2,5	2,1,0,2,5	2,1,2,4,5	2,2,2,4,5	2,2,2,4,4	2,2,2,6,4
Exopod setation	5p	6p	7p	7p	8p	8p	8p	9p

The early zoeal morphology of P. grandis has the common characters of pandalid larvae, such as eye peduncle narrowed at base, carapace with two dorsal protuberances and anteroventral margin bearing spines, antennule with peduncle strongly concave and exopod bearing spatulate seta, antenna with segmented exopod, rostrum elongated in earlier stages (see Thatje and Bacardit 2000; Landeira et al. 2010; Jiang et al. 2014). Only two species of Plesionika have their larvae reported. They are P. edwardsii by Landeira et al. 2009a [ZI-ZVII] and P. narval by Landeira et al. 2009b, 2014 [ZI-ZV, decapodid]. The zoeae of these three species mainly differ in the following characters:

(1) Number of spines on anteroventral margin of carapace: P. edwardsii with two spines in ZI, but disappeared in ZII and later stages; P. narval with three spines in ZI to ZV; P. grandis with three spines in ZI, increased to four spines in ZIII, and then, seven spines in ZVI.

(2) Number of tubercles on antennule in ZI: P. edwardsii and P. narval with two tubercles, P. grandis with one.

(3) Endopod segmentation of antenna: P. grandis 3-segmented in ZV, 5-segmented in ZVI, 8-segmented in ZVII, 18-segmented in ZVIII; P. edwardsii segmented only in ZVII and 3-segmented; P. narval segmented since ZV and 2-segmented.

(4) Third maxilliped setation in ZI: Basis with three setae in P. edwardsii and P. grandis, whilst P. narval with four setae. Moreoever, P. edwardsii has a somewhat different endopod setation at the third maxilliped (1, 1, 2, 4 vs. 2, 1, 2, 4 in the other two species).

Furthermore, the ZVII of P. grandis appeared to be more developed than that of P. edwardsii by having the first three pairs of pereiopods well developed (vs. only first two pereiopods well developed in the latter). This indicates that the larval development of P. edwardsii may have even longer duration. Although the numerous species in Plesionika are often separated into species groups (see Chan and Crosnier 1991, 1997; Chan 2004) with P. narval and P. grandis belonging to the same species group, their early larval stages are not more similar to each other than to P. edwardsii.

Species of Plesionika likely have very long larval development (see Landeira et al. 2014). Compared to the long larval development in other caridean shrimps such as Rhynchocinetes conspiciocellus Okuno & Takeda, 1992 (eleven zoeal stages to decapodid in 112 days, Matoba and Shokita 1998) and Macrobrachium lar (Fabricius, 1798) (eight zoeal stages to decapodid in 110 days, Lal et al. 2014), their pleopods only firstly appeared at three stages before the final zoeal stage (i.e. R. conspiciocellus in ZVIII; M. lar in ZV). Since the ZVIII of P. grandis still lacking pleopods, it implies that there are likely at least 12 zoeal stages with a duration of more than 120 days for the larval development in this species.

Acknowledgements

Sincerely thanks are extending to the two reviewers J.M. Landeira and M. Terossi, and the subject editor S. De Grave, for their valuable suggestions and comments. This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.

References

Cardoso IA (2011) New species of Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae) from Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 3089: 51–59.

Chan TY (2004) The “Plesionika rostricrescentis (Bate, 1888)” and “P. lophotes Chace, 1985” species groups of Plesionika Bate, 1888, with descriptions of five new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae). Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 191: 293–318.

Chan TY, Crosnier A (1991) CrustaceaDecapoda : Studies of the Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) group (Pandalidae), with descriptions of six new species. Mémories du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 152: 413–461.

Chan TY, Crosnier A (1997) CrustaceaDecapoda: Deep-sea shrimps of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Pandalidae) from French Polynesia, with descriptions of five new species. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 176: 187–234.

Chakraborty RD, Chan TY, Maheswarudu G, Kuberan G, Purushothaman P, Chang SC, Jomon S (2015) On Plesionika quasigrandis Chace, 1985 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from southwestern India. Crustaceana 88(7–8): 923–930. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003451

Chilari A, Thessalou-Legaki M, Petrakis G (2005) Population structure and reproduction of the deep-water shrimp Plesionika martia (Decapoda: Pandalidae) from the eastern Ionian Sea. Journal of Crustacean Biology 25(2): 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1651/C-2513

Clark PF, Calazans DK, Pohle GW (1998) Accuracy and standardization of brachyuran larval descriptions. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 33: 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1998.9652627

De Grave S, Fransen CHJM (2011) Carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen 85(9): 195–589.

Fabricius JC (1798) Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae. Hafniae, 1–572.

Hayashi KI, Koike N (1976) Plesionika binoculus (Bate) and P. izumiae Omori from Japan (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae). Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 12: 46–51.

Holthuis LB (1980) FAO species catalogue. Shrimps and prawns of the world. An annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Circular 125(1): 1–271.

Jiang GC, Chan TY, Shih TW (2014) Morphology of the first zoeal stage of three deep-water pandalid shrimps, Heterocarpus abulbus Yang, Chan & Chu, 2010, H. hayashii Crosnier, 1988 and H. sibogae De Man, 1917 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea). Zootaxa 3768(4): 428–436. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.4.2

Jiang GC, Landeira JM, Shih TW, Chan TY (2016) Larval development to the ninth zoeal stage of Heterocarpus abulbus Yang, Chan and Chu, 2010 (Decapoda: Caridea: Pandalidae), a deep-water shrimp with high fishery potential. Journal of Crustacean Biology 36(3): 310–328. https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002423

Komai T, Tsuchida S (2014) Deep-Sea decapod crustaceans (Caridea, Polychelida, Anomura and Brachyura) collected from the Nikko Seamounts, Mariana Arc, using a remotely operated vehicle “Hyper-Dolphin”. Zootaxa 3764(3): 279–316. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.3

Lal MM, Seeto J, Pickering TD (2014) Complete larval development of the Monkey River prawn Macrobrachium lar (Palaemonidae) using a novel greenwater technique. SpringerPlus 3: 568. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-568

Landeira JM, Lozano-Soldevilla F, González-Gordillo JI (2009a) Morphology of first seven larval stages of the striped soldier shrimp, Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from laboratory reared material. Zootaxa 1986: 51–66.

Landeira JM, Lozano-Soldevilla F, González-Gordillo JI (2009b) Description of the first five larval stages of Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae) obtained under laboratory conditions. Zootaxa 2206: 45–61.

Landeira JM, Chan TY, Aguilar-Soto N, Jiang GC, Yang CH (2014) Description of the decapodid stage of Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) (Decapoda: Caridea: Pandalidae) identified by DNA barcoding. Journal of Crustacean Biology 34(3): 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002234

Landeira JM, Lozano-Soldevilla F, Almansa E, González-Gordillo JI (2010) Early larval morphology of the armed nylon shrimp Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from laboratory culture. Zootaxa 2427: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2427.1.1

Li Z, Chan TY (2013) Pandalid shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) collected from the Philippines PANGLAO 2005 deep-sea expedition. Mémories du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 204: 129–154.

Matoba H, Shokita S (1998) Larval development of the rhynchocinetid shrimp, Rhynchocinetes conspiciocellus Okuno & Takeda (Decapoda: Caridea: Rhynchocinetidae) reared under laboratory conditions. Crustacean Research 27: 40–69. https://doi.org/10.18353/crustacea.27.0_40

Okuno J, Takeda M (1992) Description of a new hinge-beak shrimp, Rhynchocinetes conspiciocellus, from southern Japan, with designation of the lectotype of R. uritai Kubo, 1942. Bulletin of the National Science Museum 18: 63–72.

Thatje S, Bacardit R (2000) Larval development of Austropandalus grayi (Cunningham, 1871) (Decapoda: Caridea: Pandalidae) from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Crustaceana 73(5): 609–628. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854000504697

Yang HJ, Ko HS (2004) Zoeal stages of Conchodytes nipponensis (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) reared in the laboratory. Journal of Crustacean Biology 24(1): 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1651/C-2407