Fecenia species differ from Psechrus in the following characters: AME larger than all other eyes (in Psechrus, AME smaller or at most as large as other eyes); ventral side of opisthosoma centrally with pair of two white or beige patches, never with light median line like in Psechrus; clypeus flatter than in Psechrus, not or just slightly higher than diameter of AME, hence cephalic part of carapace rather flat; leg IV always shorter than leg II (in Psechrus, leg IV slightly longer or as long as leg II); in contrast to Psechrus, males with RTA, RPA, VPA and MA; females with clearly divided median septum of epigyne, vulva always lacking spherical spermathecal heads (in Psechrus females, median septum simple and spherical spermathecal heads generally present).

Medium sized to large Psechridae, body length in males: 7.2–13.2 mm; females: 7.7–20.2 mm. Cephalic part of carapace not distinctly narrower than broadest (thoracic) section. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior row straight (or at least almost straight). Chelicerae strong, shorter than in Psechrus, basal article at most 2.5 times longer than broad. Cheliceral furrow with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Basal article of chelicerae ventrally with long field of short, transverse striae. Ventral surface of former distally with semicircular lobe with long, curved hairs (Fig. 6). Labium slightly longer than broad (Fig. 5). Gnathocoxae ca. twice as long as broad, distal section slightly broader than basal one (Fig. 5). Serrula with ca. 130–170 (size-dependant) very small, dark, apically blunt teeth, very densely arranged. Sternum slightly longer than broad, with pointed posterior ending and broad-angled (160°) anterior ending (Fig. 4). Pedipalp in females with single claw (Fig. 51) containing 8–12 teeth. Legs extremely long in males (metatarsus I ca. three times longer than carapace (Fig. 117), relatively long in females (metatarsus I ca. 1.5–2 times longer than carapace, Fig. 119). Leg formula 1243. Coxae of legs I, II broader than III, IV. Calamistrum dorso-retrolaterally on metatarsus IV consisting of 3–4 rows of setae (inner rows irregular). Spination of palp and legs: Highly variable within each species. Therefore, no species-specific and no common genus-specific spination pattern could be found. Consequently the spination will only be listed for the primary type specimen in the species descriptions. At the following positions spines are always absent: All patellae, dorsal surface of all tibiae and all metatarsi. Palpal femur spination varies from 000, 010, 110, 120, 130, which are the most common ones, to 141. Palpal patella, tibia and tarsus mostly without spines, if present, then very small, the most common patterns in this case are: patella 110, tibia 0100, tarsus 1004. Femora of legs I and II with even more variable spination, e.g. 100, 110, 210, 300, 310, 312, 320, 401, 412, 501, or 613. The most common one is 310. The same for those of legs III and IV, but here the number of spines is lower on average, most common is 010. The tibial spination pattern in Fecenia includes a characteristic aspect: Legs I and II: retrolateral spines absent; legs III and IV: prolateral ones absent. At each opposite side the number of spines varies from 0 to 4, with legs I and II mostly having one to two spines more than III and IV. Ventrally at tibiae I and II there are mostly 6, at tibiae III and IV mostly 4 spines (paired spines at all tibiae). The spination of metatarsi is more conservative: I–II 2015, III 1025 or 1015, IV 1015 (ventrally the four proximal spines are paired). But there are exceptions, too. Colouration: Chelicerae, carapace and sternum yellowish brown to dark brown. In rare cases specimens exhibiting a darker carapace margin and a median longitudinal band. Sternum unicoloured. Legs from yellowish brown or light brown to brown, may be annulated. Tibiae I and II in some cases darker than other limbs/legs. Femora at distal third often with dark, annulated patches. Opisthosoma dorsally greyish-brown with yellowish patches. Heart region with darker lanceolate patch with light centre (Fig. 119). Distal half of opisthosoma dorsally with two converging rows of dark brown spots. Lateral surface of opisthosoma is covered with 3–4 larger yellowish patches running diagonally. Opisthosoma ventrally dark brown to black, centrally with a pair of white to beige patches (Figs 116, 118), which differ intraspecifically in size and shape. In some cases those patches are fused, in extremely rare cases absent. Additionally, with white to beige transverse patch in front of spinnerets/cribellum (Fig. 116). The whole body is covered with grey hairs (Fig. 116). Spinnerets are relatively short and conical, except for median ones, which are distinctly smaller, slender and cylindrical. Bipartite character clearly visible in posterior spinnerets. Copulatory organs: Male palp with almost round tegulum (T). Embolus (E) filiform, arising in prolateral half of tegulum (T) and at least twice as long as conductor (C). The latter membranous, mostly arising centrally on upper half of T (Fig. 8) and mostly shorter than median apophysis (MA). T next to E-base (Fig. 8) with membranous process (MP). MA relatively large with general retrolateral direction (e.g. Fig. 89). Cymbium distinctly broader than palpal tibia and patella (e.g. Fig. 62). RTA differently shaped among the particular species, DRTA only present in Fecenia macilenta (Simon, 1885) (Figs 53–54). VPA often slightly bent anteriorly (e.g. Fig. 87). RPA mostly small and inconspicuous. Palpal femur modifications, e.g. ventral bulge as present in some Psechrus species, absent in all Fecenia species. Scopula dorsally on cymbium present in the same form in all Fecenia species (Figs 99–101), but less distinct than in most Psechrus species. Female epigyne generally broader than long, with folded median septum (e.g. Fig. 55). Anterior part of median septum (AS) larger than posterior part (PS). Anterior margins of lateral lobes (AML) iin some species strongly sclerotised (Fig. 108). Vulva simple, with internal duct system divided in three sections: Transversal section (TSI), strongly sclerotised section (SSI) and fertilisation duct (FD) (Fig. 83). Borderline (BL) between TSI and SSI clearly recognisable and often of taxonomic importance.

The pseudo-orbweavers are found in shrubs and trees, and also in the canopy (Deeleman, pers. comm.). Fecenia suspends its vertical pseudo-orbweb (Fig. 120) in the vegetation, mostly between twigs. The web possesses an enrolled leaf at the hub serving as a retreat. This is true for adults and later instar juveniles of all Fecenia species. Earlier instars build an elongate cone-shaped tube as a retreat, which is disguised with small prey remains and soil- and leaf-particles. The very early instars do not even build a pseudo-orbweb, but a rather conical or dome-shaped web with the retreat at the top of the cone. This web can be found in the herb layer too (Robinson and Lubin 1979). The pseudo-orbweb (Fig. 120) is more irregular than the webs of araneids and related families building orb-webs. In Fecenia there is no regular spiral of capturing thread(s) as in araneids etc. In Fecenia, one cannot speak of a real spiral as the distance between the threads and their orientation differs. The irregularity applies to the radii too. In many cases they are not continuous.

Predatory behaviour was observed in the lab using several Fecenia cylindrata and Fecenia protensa specimens. In each case the spider was transferred to a large cylindrical glass (30 cm high, diameter 20 cm) with a leaf, already partly enrolled, placed at the bottom. The next day the leaf was suspended by threads in the middle of the glass, a day later it was already fixed at the top. The pseudo-orbweb was completed another day later. After placing a house fly into the lower area of the web it took a few seconds until the spider stretched its two forelegs out of the retreat, and after ca. 1 minute it came out. The fly was grabbed with the chelicerae and immediately dragged into the retreat. A few centimetres before the leaf entrance the spider turned and crawled backwards into the retreat. In the case of larger prey items like crickets, the spider was extremely shy and careful. It took two or three attempts of coming out of the leaf and escaping back into it, sometimes interrupted by 5–15 minutes within the retreat. During the last attempt the cricket was bitten for about 7 minutes at the capturing site of the web before it was dragged to the retreat. Binding behaviour, as described in Robinson and Lubin (1979), was observed after providing an even larger cricket. But in addition to their observations I could recognise that Fecenia took threads out of the web, too, in order to bind its prey. An attack-wrapping behaviour like in Araneidae does not exist.

Robinson and Lubin (1979) observed the mating behaviour of a male Fecenia ochracea (however in their publication identified as Fecenia sp.) approaching the female retreat, which I corroborate observing (raised) Fecenia cylindrata from Champasak Province, Laos (males SB 509, 510 and females SB 486–487, 511, 514, see list in description of Fecenia cylindrata, additional material examined). These were maintained in cylindrical glasses (see above) and fed on house flies and crickets. A few days after one male's final moult its web was reduced to a few frame threads. In two corners of that thread-framework sperm webs were found (Fig. 123). The bulb filling procedure was not observed. A female was transferred into a terrarium (30 cm high, diameter 20 cm) and offered a small “cone” of transparent film as retreat, which was accepted and later on integrated in the new web. In the respective trial the male was placed into the female's terrarium. After a while it approached the retreat from the top of the terrarium by roping down onto it. There it tapped and stroked the retreat carefully (Fig. 121). Later on it moved to the margin of the opening of the leaf retreat and repeated this behaviour. After some more repeats it stayed there motionless. Unfortunately, neither the moment of entering the retreat nor the copulation itself could be observed. The next day the male was sitting within the leaf retreat, together with the female (Fig. 122). In another trial a raised Fecenia protensa male from Flores (SB 196, see description of Fecenia protensa, list of additional material examined) was transferred to a terrarium with an already adult conspecific female from Bali. The behaviour was the same as described above, but in this case the next day saw the male half digested lying at the bottom underneath the retreat, which means it had been attacked and killed by the female. In one further trial a Fecenia protensa male was put into the terrarium of a Fecenia cylindrata female. The approaching behaviour upon the leaf was executed up to the point when the male reached the leaf opening. Here he turned and disappeared to an upper corner of the terrarium and stayed there motionless for more than one day.

The first description of Doleschall (1859) lacks any remarks concerning deposition of the type specimen. Generally, material recorded by naturalists of the “Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie” has been deposited either in RMNH or in ZMA. Lehtinen (1967) stated that the type deposition was unknown (to him). Levi (1982) mentioned a personal communication from Van der Hammen, the curator of the arachnid collection in RMNH at that time, who stated that the type was lost. At present, the colleagues of the arachnid collection of RMNH still cannot find any type material of Tegenaria ochracea there (K. van Dorp and J. Miller, RMNH, pers. comm.). In the arachnid collection of ZMA there is also no type specimen of Tegenaria ochracea (B. Brugge, pers. comm.). During a stay at the natural history museum in Vienna in April 2009 I recognised a syntype specimen of Psechrus argentatus (Doleschall, 1857). Both Lehtinen (1967) and Levi (1982) believed that the syntypes of this species had been lost. However, for this latter species found on Ambon, too, and recorded and described by the same author just two years before, it is evident that at least a part of the original syntype series was once deposited in RMNH (Van Hasselt 1877). After consulting Jürgen Gruber and Verena Stagl (both NHMW) I learned that Doleschall sent only a part of his spider- and insect material collected on Ambon to the museum in Leiden; a large part of the material was sent to the museum in Vienna (Stagl 1999). In the spider collection of NHMW I found a Fecenia female (SB 94), which was labelled “Fecenia - Insel Ambon” (oldest label). According to Gruber (pers. comm.) the handwriting is that of E. Reimoser, the curator of NHMW from 1923–1940. It is well known that Reimoser often discarded old labels and substituted them with new ones (Gruber pers. comm.). It is most likely that in this case the same had happened. Assuming that the handwriting on the original label from Doleschall was unclear, it is likely that Reimoser discarded that label, determined the female as Fecenia and just added the locality on the new label. Anyway, it is evident that before 1950 nobody other than Doleschall sent spider material from the island Ambon to the natural history museum in Vienna (Gruber pers. comm.). Hence, the female SB 94 (see synonymy list above) can be considered the holotype of Tegenaria ochracea.

(4 ♂♂, 73 ♀♀, 4 s.a. ♂♂, 7 s.a. ♀♀, 2 p.s.a. ♀♀, 11 juvenile specimens). PHILIPPINES: Luzon: Laguna Prov.: Los Baños; Baker leg.; 1 ♀ (SB 153), MCZ 82529. MALAYSIA: Borneo: Sabah Prov.: Kinabalu N.P., Poring Hot Springs, 5°02'N, 116°42'E, 600–700 m, primary forest; A. Floren leg. 03.III.1996 by canopy fogging “ridge”; 1 ♀ (SB 518), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. INDONESIA: Sumatra: Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Prov.: Ketambe, Gunung Leuser N.P., 3°51'N, 97°37'E, ca. 1300 m, primary forest, from leaves; S. Djojosudharmo leg. 03.V.1986; 1 ♀ (SB 127), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. Halmahera: Maluku Utara Prov.: Jailolo Distr., Kampung Pasir Putih, 0°53'N, 127°41'E; A.C. Messer, P.M. Taylor leg. 1981; 1 ♂ (SB 187), USNM. Maluku Utara Prov.: Ternate Isl.; A. Raffray leg.; 1 s.a. ♂ (SB 465), MNHN. Maluku Prov.: Buru Isl., station 1; L. J. Toxopeus leg. 1921; 1 ♀ (SB 419), ZMA. Ceram Isl.; 6 ♀♀ (SB 470–473, 475–476), 1 s.a. ♂ (SB 467), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 469), 1 juv. (SB 468), MNHN AR193. Ambon Isl.; 1 ♀ (SB 474), MNHN AR193. Aru Isls; 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 80), Roewer Coll. 1819 in SMF. Irian Jaya Barat Prov.: Manokwari, Dorey; A. Raffray leg.; 1 ♀ (SB 466), MNHN. Papua Prov.: Sentani; leg. IV. 1903; 1 ♀ (SB 661), MIZ. Mindiptana; B. Monulf leg. 1958-1965; 3 ♀♀ (SB 96-98) Coll.-No. 8474, 1 ♂ (SB 95), 1 ♀ (SB 442) Coll.-No. 8476, all RMNH. Merauke; B. Monulf leg. 1956-1957; 16 ♀♀ (SB 426-441) Coll.-No. 8475, 8 ♀♀ (SB 443-447, 450, 452-453), 1 s.a. ♂ (SB 444) Coll.-No. 8477, 4 ♀♀ (SB 99-102) Coll.-No. 8478, all RMNH. Java: Jawa Barat Prov.: Gunung Gedeh N.P., Cibodas Nature Reserve, 6°44'S, 107°00'E, 1450 m; S. Djojosudharmo leg. 06.XII.1986; 1 ♂ (SB 120), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: West Sepik Prov.: Aitape, Seleo; 1 ♀ (SB 662), MIZ. Morobe Prov.: Wau, 7°20'S, 146°43'E; M. Robinson leg. 10–15.IV.1977, 5 ♀♀ (SB 163–166, 484), 2 juvs (SB 482–483); H. Levi, Y. Lubin, M. Robinson leg. 07.–12.III.1979, MCZ 82521, 5 ♀♀ (SB 156–157, 162, 479–480), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB158), MCZ 82533, J.E. Carico leg. 22.–29.VI.1982, 2 ♀♀ (SB 154–155), 1 p.s.a. ♀ (SB 478), 1 juv. (SB 477), MCZ 82531. Wau; 7°20'S, 146°43'E; J.E. Carico leg. 05.–06.VII.1982; 1 ♂ (SB 180), USNM. Wau, Ecology Center; E.I. Schlinger leg. 17.II.1978; ♀ (SB 947), CAS 9032225. East New Britain Prov.: “Putie Bucht”, South coast; Dr G. Ducker leg. 05.-19.II.1909, Hamburg Südsee Exp., No. 300; 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 896), ZMH. Jacquinot Bay, ca. 5°34'S, 151°26'E; Dr G. Duncker leg. 19.-20.XII.1908, Hamburg Südsee Exp., No. 261; 2 ♀♀ (SB 892-893), ZMH. Keravat, 4°21'S, 152°07'E, 300 m, lowland tropical rain forest; I. Agnarsson leg. 03.–07.IV.2009; 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 540), 1 juv. (SB 541), SMF. Keravat, Laes; Y.D. Lubin leg. 01.VII.1980; 1 ♀ (SB 167), MCZ 82525. Kokopo, Ralum, ca. 4°20'S, 152°15'E, ca. 50 m; F. Dahl leg. 12.X.1896; 1 ♀ (SB 801), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 794), 4 juvs (SB 795–800), ZMB 15472, 19244–19248. “Dörper Spitze, S.O. Bucht”: Dr G. Duncker leg. 14.V.1909, Hamburg Südsee Exp., No. 534; 2 ♀♀ (SB 894-895), ZMH. New Ireland Prov.: New Ireland, Lemkamin; Nocna Dan Exp. 1961-1962; 1 ♀ (SB 887), ZMUC 5728. Feni Isls, Ambitle Isl. (Anir); E. Wolf leg. 04.V.1909; 1 ♀ (SB 86), SMF 2769/1. Papua New Guinea [no other locality data]: L. Biro leg.; 1 ♀ (SB 668), 1 p.s.a. ♀ (SB 669), 2 juvs (SB 670-671), MIZ 46/51U. SOLOMON ISLANDS: New Georgia Group; J.F. P. leg. 1965; 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 392), NHM. Auki; W.M. Mann leg. 1916; 3 ♀♀ (SB 159–161), MCZ 82524.

Distinguished from other Fecenia species by the epigyne with diverging anterior margins of lateral lobes (AML) (Fig. 1). Males differ from all other Fecenia species by RTA at least as long as width of palpal tibia, MA large and massive, at least as long as width of tegulum (T) (Fig. 8).

MALE:Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 4.2–4.7, carapace width 2.8–3.4, anterior width of carapace 1.7–2.1, opisthosoma length 4.8–7.1, opisthosoma width 2.0–3.3. Eyes: AME 0.28–0.33, ALE 0.20–0.23, PME 0.20–0.23, PLE 0.20–0.22, AME–AME 0.17–0.28, AME–ALE 0.06–0.13, PME–PME 0.22–0.28, PME–PLE 0.28–0.42, AME–PME 0.14–0.17, ALE–PLE 0.11–0.17, clypeus height at AME 0.28–0.42, at ALE 0.21–0.34. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 5.2–6.1 [2.0–2.4, 0.8–1.1, 0.7–0.8, 1.3–1.8], I 46.6–55.9 [12.6–15.6, 1.9–2.2, 12.3–15.5, 13.4–16.9, 5.2–5.7], II 21.7–26.8 [5.8–6.7, 1.5–1.8, 6.0–7.6, 6.0–7.0, 2.4–3.0], III 12.1–14.2 [3.4–4.1, 1.1–1.4, 3.0–3.6, 3.1, 1.4–1.7], IV 20.6–24.0 [5.4–6.8, 1.4, 5.4–6.5, 6.2–6.5, 2.2–2.6]. Leg formula: 1243. Copulatory organ: Ventral patellar apophysis (VPA) arising in basal third of palpal patella (Figs 11–18), retrolateral patellar apophysis (RPA) mostly inconspicuous (Figs 9, 17). RTA distally not or just slightly broader than basally (Fig. 10). MA ventrally in basal third with distinct bulge (Figs 8–9, 96). Distal part of MA bent prolaterally. General direction of MA 1:00 or 1:30-o'clock. Embolus (E) arising in ca. 9-o'clock-position on T, at most as long as width of T (Figs 7–10, 96). T with corner-like lobe ventrally in prolateral half, T slightly longer than broad. MP with differing lengths (Figs 7–10, 96). Conductor (C) small, arising centrally in upper third of T.

FEMALE(Measurements of holotype (SB 94) first, those of other specimens given as ranges in parentheses; Holotype misses both legs I as well as all limbs of legs IV from tibia on): Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 6.4 (3.2–6.9), carapace width 4.2 (2.2–4.3), anterior width of carapace 3.0 (1.7–3.1), opisthosoma length 9.1 (4.5–9.3), opisthosoma width 4.8 (2.2–5.2). Eyes: AME 0.33 (0.20–0.33), ALE 0.23 (0.15–0.23), PME 0.23 (0.15–0.23), PLE 0.25 (0.15–0.25), AME–AME 0.29 (0.22–0.29), AME–ALE 0.17 (0.09–0.17), PME–PME 0.36 (0.24–0.36), PME–PLE 0.48 (0.33–0.48), AME–PME 0.30 (0.15–0.30), ALE–PLE 0.24 (0.14–0.24), clypeus height at AME 0.44 (0.27–0.44), at ALE 0.42 (0.20–0.42). Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 6.3 (3.5–6.7) [2.2 (1.3–2.4), 1.1 (0.5–1.1), 1.2 (0.7–1.3), 1.8 (1.0–2.0)], I 17.2–40.7 [4.6–10.8, 1.3–2.9, 4.7.7–11.3, 4.5–11.4, 2.1–4.3], II 23.5 (10.8–24.5) [6.4 (3.0–6.6), 2.2 (1.1–2.2), 6.4 (2.9–6.8), 5.9 (2.50–6.2), 2.6 (1.3–2.7)], III 13.6 (6.6–14.6) [4.0 (1.9–4.3), 1.6 (0.8–1.7), 3.3 (1.5–3.5), 3.2 (1.5–3.4), 1.5 (0.9–1.7)], IV 10.0–21.4 [5.7 (2.7–5.8), 2.0 (1.0–2.1), 2.6–5.8, 2.5–5.3, 1.2–2.4]. Leg formula: 1243. Palpal claw with 10 (8–11) teeth. Spination (holotype from Ambon [except for leg I as well as tibia and metatarsus of leg IV, which are lost in holotype: spination of SB 474 from Ambon is listed instead]). Palp: 110, 000, 0000, 0000; legs: femur I 533(423), II 313, III 213, IV 111; patella I–IV 000; tibia I 3008, II 3006, III 0025, IV 2024; metatarsus I 2025, II 2025, III 1025, IV 1026. Copulatory organ: Anterior part of median septum (AS) of epigyne broad-“nose-like”, slightly broader than its posterior part (PS). Lateral lobes massive (Fig. 1, 102). Epigynal muscle sigillae (EM) mostly integrated in epigynal field (EF). Slit sense organs (SO) mostly outside EF. Vulva with relatively short and narrow transparent section of internal duct system (TSI). Strongly sclerotised section (SSI) compact, duct with two curves (Figs 2–3), apex of first one directed posterio-medially, of second anterio-laterally. Primordial copulatory organs: Pre-epigyne: Already strongly resembling the adult epigyne (Figs 20–21, 104). All major structures present in adult epigyne are recognizable in the pre-epigyne, too (of course much smaller). Epigynal field not or only poorly developed, EM far outside epigynal field (Fig. 21). Pre-pre-epigyne (antepenultimate instar): AML far shorter than in pre-epigyne and transversal ridge/edge of median septum (TR) hardly recognisable (Fig. 22, fine dotted line). Pre-vulva: Pre-receptacula bulbous/spherical and relatively close to each other. Distance between centres of pre-receptacula less than 3 times of diameter of one pre-receptaculum (Figs 23–24). Colouration: Male and female: As described for Fecenia in general, but white to beige patch in front of spinnerets may be rather unclear (Fig. 118), smaller or even absent. In one (SB 98, from Mindiptana, Eastern Papua Province, Indonesia) out of 103 specimens the light patches ventrally on opisthosoma are absent. Variation of copulatory organs: Among male specimens examined, cymbium differing at most slightly in length (Figs 11–18). In some specimens MA may be more massive (Fig. 10) or T slightly broader (Figs 9–10) than in others. Shape of prolatero-ventral lobe variable (Figs 7–10, 96). One specimen differing slightly more from the paralectotype of Fecenia buruana (Figs 8, 12, 16) from Buru island (which is the closest male record to the type locality, Ambon) than the others. This is SB 95 from Mindiptana, Eastern Papua Province of Indonesia: MA directed to 2:30-o'clock position (Fig. 9), embolus (E) slightly longer than in the other males examined, RTA broadest distally (Fig. 9). Additionally, T protruding a bit more out of cymbium (Fig. 13) than in the other specimens. In females intraspecific variation is higher. The shape of AS (Figs 1, 19, 27–33, 102) as well as the course of AML are highly variable. Number of SO varying among specimens without geographical dependence. Vulvae of the specimens examined show less variation than epigynes. The initial part of SSI may be slightly more prominent (Fig. 38). Further on, the position of SSI seems slightly shifted in some specimens (Figs 25, 34). Pre-epigynes also differing in shape of AS and in course of AML (Figs 20–21). Based on almost 80 females examined, all the variation described so far is neither geographically fixed, nor are there distinct forms of variants which recur here and there. In some cases females from exactly the same recording site show clear differences. And on the other hand females which are recorded in different localities, partly hundreds of km away from each other, look strikingly similar. Anyway, the following ‘form of females' has to be discussed separately (see remark below).

The vulvae of the holotype of Fecenia cinerea (SB 404) (Fig. 40) and the specimens recorded from Mindiptana, Eastern Papua Province of Indonesia (SB 96–98, 442) (SB 98 illustrated in Fig. 44) differ from all other females examined. The duct of SSI is somewhat longer, especially the second curve (Figs 40, 44). Consequently, the course of the internal duct system of these specimens (Figs 41, 45) differs from the remaining Fecenia ochracea females (Figs 3, 35, 37, 39, 43, 47). However, the vulvae of the holotype of Fecenia cinerea (SB 404) and female SB 98 do not correspond completely. In SB 404 the second curve of SSI protrudes more strongly in a lateral direction. In one specimen (SB 97, not illustrated) from Mindiptana the second curve of SSI is a bit shorter than in the others from this locality. The epigynes of SB 96-98, 404 and 442 differ in shape (SB 404: Fig. 28; SB 98: Fig. 32; others not illustrated). According to the differences in the shape of the vulvae (see above) it may be justified to revalidate Fecenia cinerea Hogg, 1914. However, the difference is little (second curve of SSI slightly longer than in Fecenia ochracea) and thus does not provide evidence for a clear species delimitation; especially considering that in one specimen from Mindiptana the second curve is again slightly shorter. In addition, if the females from Mindiptana should be regarded as Fecenia cinerea, then the male (SB 95, Figs 9, 13, 17), which was recorded from exactly the same locality, should be placed here, too. However, as discussed above, the palp structures of this male only slightly differ from the ones of other Fecenia ochracea males (though these differences are worth mentioning as intraspecific variation). Moreover, no males have been recorded from the type locality of Fecenia cinerea so far. Consequently, I refrain from changing the taxonomic status of Fecenia cinerea. More material from the type locality of Fecenia cinerea, especially males may enlighten this “problematic case”.

Philippines, Malaysia [Borneo], Indonesia [Sumatra, Borneo, Moluccas, West Papua, Java], Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Australia [Northern Queensland].

(1 ♂, 2 ♀♀). MALAYSIA: Selangor Prov.: Banting; W. Corley leg. VIII. 1981; 1 ♂ (SB389), 1 ♀ (SB 390), NHM. INDONESIA: Sumatra: Sumatera Barat Prov.: Panti (Road to Lubuk Sikaping & Bukittinggi), Rimba Panti Nature Reserve, primary rainforest; C. Deeleman leg.; 1 ♀ (SB 124), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH.

Males differ from other species by prominent dorso-retrolateral tibial apophysis (DRTA) (Figs 53–54, 95, 101) and slender and rather inconspicuous median apophysis (MA) (Fig. 53). Furthermore, ventral patellar apophysis (VPA) larger and retrolateral patellar apophysis (RPA) extending more clearly than in all other Fecenia species (Fig. 53–54, 95). Females distinguished from other species by epigyne with anterior margins of lateral lobes (AML) hardly visible and by posterior half of anterior part of median septum (AS) being distinctly darker than surrounding parts of epigyne (Fig. 114). Moreover, AS with permanent semicircular posterior half (Figs 48, 114).

MALE(Holotype (SB 395) is the largest of the males examined; consequently its measurements appear as maximum in each range. Eye measurements differ only insignificantly, so only those of the Holotype are listed): Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 5.4–5.8, carapace width 3.5–4.1, anterior width of carapace 2.3–2.7, opisthosoma length 5.4–7.4, opisthosoma width 2.8–3.2. Eyes: AME 0.47, ALE 0.34, PME 0.31, PLE 0.29, AME–AME 0.27, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.35, PME–PLE 0.40, AME–PME 0.15, ALE–PLE 0.19, clypeus height at AME 0.67, at ALE 0.54. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 7.3–8.5 [2.8–3.3, 1.2–1.4, 1.1–1.3, 2.2–2.5], I 53.5–67.4 [14.7–18.8, 2.3, 15.3–19.2, 16.7–19.9, 4.5–7.2], II 27.9–35.0 [7.5–9.4, 1.9–2.2, 7.7–9.7, 7.7–9.9, 3.1–3.8], III 15.9–19.4 [4.6–5.6, 1.5–1.7, 3.8–4.8, 4.1–4.9, 1.9–2.4], IV 25.1–30.9 [6.8–8.3, 1.7–2.0, 6.4–8.2, 7.4–8.9, 2.8–3.5]. Leg formula: 1243. Male chelicerae differing from general appearance of Fecenia: Basal limb ca. 4 times longer than broad. Spination (holotype from Kinta river, Malaysia). Palp: without any spines; legs: femur I 410(300), II 100, III 010, IV 001; patella I–IV 000; tibia I–II 2004, III 0000(0001), IV 0013; metatarsus I 3014(1014), II 1015, III 1015(1014), IV 1015. Copulatory organ: Ventral patellar apophysis (VPA) arising centrally on palpal patella (Figs 52, 54), RTA small, less than 1/3 of the length of the massive DRTA. Median apophysis (MA) distally slightly bent. General direction of MA is 12:30 or 1:00-o'clock. Embolus (E) arising in ca. 6:30-o'clock-position on tegulum (T), broader than in all other Fecenia species and almost twice as long as width of T. The latter slightly longer than broad. Membranous process (MP) of tegulum directed proximally (Figs 53, 95). Conductor (C) longer than MA, arising centrally in upper third of T.

FEMALE (The two females examined differ not or only marginally in almost all measurements, so only those of SB 390 are listed, except for opisthosoma measurements [ranges, SB 390 from Banting, Malaysia first]): Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 5.3, carapace width 3.7, anterior width of carapace 3.0, opisthosoma length 7.6–8.3, opisthosoma width 4.5–4.9. Eyes: AME 0.34, ALE 0.27, PME 0.27, PLE 0.22, AME–AME 0.26, AME–ALE 0.12, PME–PME 0.34, PME–PLE 0.46, AME–PME 0.22, ALE–PLE 0.24, clypeus height at AME 0.44, at ALE 0.41. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 5.9 [2.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.9], I 30.2 [8.1, 2.3, 8.5, 7.9, 3.4], II 19.7 [5.4, 1.9, 5.3, 4.7, 2.4], III 12.4 [3.6, 1.5, 2.9, 2.8, 1.6], IV 17.7 [4.9, 1.7, 4.6, 4.4, 2.1]. Leg formula: 1243. Palpal claw with 12 teeth (Fig. 51). Copulatory organ: Anterior part of median septum (AS) of epigyne “nose-like”, broader than posterior part (PS) (Fig. 48). Lateral lobes voluminous (Figs 48, 114). Epigynal muscle sigilla (EM) integrated in epigynal field. Slit sense organs (SO) outside epigynal field. Vulva with voluminous sclerotised section of internal duct system (SSI) (Fig. 49) and short and narrow transparent section (TSI), which is in dorsal view partly covered by SSI. The latter almost in contact with each other. Duct of SSI with three curves (Fig. 50). Fertilisation duct (FD) narrow. Colouration: Male and female: As described for Fecenia in general, but white to beige patch in front of spinnerets in one female rather unclear and smaller. Variation of copulatory organs: Males varying only insignificantly. Females: In female from Banting, Malaysia (SB 390) dark section of AS reaching further anteriorly (dotted line within AS in Fig. 48) than in SB 124 (Fig. 114). Number of SO among specimens varies from two to four. Distance between SSI slightly longer in SB 124 (Fig. 115).

Malaysia, Indonesia [Sumatra].

(6 ♂♂, 38 ♀♀, 2 s.a. ♂♂, 5 s.a. ♀♀, 10 juvenile specimens). THAILAND: Nakhon Nayok Prov.: Khao Yai N.P. located ca. 120 km North-East of Bangkok, evergreen tropical rainforest, ca. 150 m; P. Hillyard leg. 12.III.1984; 1 ♀ (SB 393), NHM. Khao Yai N.P., forests surrounding Park Headquarters, 800-900 m; P. Dankittipakul leg. 15.XI.2006; 1 ♂ (SB 218), MHNG. Nakhon Ratchasima Prov.: Khao Yai N.P., rainforest; C.L. and P.R. Deeleman leg. 28.XII.1988; 1 ♂ (SB 128, died directly after adult moult), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. Chantaburi Prov.: Chantaburi Distr.: Nam Tok Phliu N.P., 50 m; P. Schwendinger leg. 11.IX.1993; 1 ♂ (SB 136), MHNG. Trat Prov.: Koh Chang Isl.: Khlong Chao Luam, 12°06'30"N, 102°17'49"E, 30–150 m, secondary forest along stream, in shrubs; P. Jäger and S. Bayer leg. 3.XI.2009; 1 ♂ (SB 512), 1 ♀ (SB 458), 2 juvs (SB 328, 350), SMF. Surat Thani Prov.: Khao Nan N.P.; P. Dankittipakul leg. 17.VIII.2006; 1 ♀ (SB 202), MHNG; P. Dankittipakul leg. 27.X.2006; 1 ♀ (SB 206), SMF. Krabi Prov.: Krabi Distr.: Thab Khaek, Hang Nak Hill Nature Trail, 8°05'43"N, 98°45'11"E, 300 m, semi-evergreen rainforest; P. Schwendinger leg. 6.VI.2009; 1 ♀ (SB 195), SMF. Phuket Prov.: Phuket, Ton Sai Waterfall, 8°01'N, 98°25'E, 150–200 m; M. Andersen, O. Martin and N. Scharff leg. 12.X.1991; 3 ♀♀ (SB 888–890), 1 s.a. ♂ (SB 891), ZMUC 4536. Song Khla Prov.: Khao Khor Hong, a small mountainous area behind Prince of Song Khla University campus; B. Phongsee leg. 15.IX.2005; 1 ♀ (SB 215), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 216), 3 juvs (SB 782–784), MHNG. MALAYSIA: Pahang Prov.: Cameron Highlands at Tanah Rata, 4°28'N, 101°23'E; V. and B. Roth leg. 14.-20.IV.1990; 1 ♀ (SB 184), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 185), USNM, 1 ♀ (SB 949), CAS ENT9032226. Selangor Prov.: Gombak, field station, forest; C.L. Deeleman leg. 6.VII.1992; 1 ♀ (SB 117); C.L. Deeleman and J.C. van Kempen leg. 2.VII.1992, by night; 1 ♀ (SB 112), both Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. Borneo: Sarawak Prov.: Northern Sarawak; P. Nabawi leg.; [ex Coll. Wunderlich]; 1 ♀ (SB 1142), SMF. Gunong Mulu N.P., Environs Camp I, 1150 m, shrubs; F. Wanless leg. by net sweeping, R.G.S. Mulu Exped. 1977–78; 1 ♀ (SB 391), NHM. Gunong Mulu N.P., rain forest; C.L. and P.R. Deeleman leg. 4.X.2003; 1 ♀ (SB 131), s.a. ♀ (SB 897), 1 juv. (SB 898), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. Kuching: Matang Reserve, primary forest, big old tree in clearing; C.L. and P.R. Deeleman leg. 25.III.1986; 2 ♀♀ (SB 107–108), 1 s.a. ♂ (SB 899), 3 juvs (SB 900–902), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. Sabah Prov.: Kinabalu N.P., Poring Hot Springs, 5°02'N, 116°42'E, 600–700 m, primary forest; A. Floren leg. 3.III.1996 by canopy fogging “Ridge”; 1 ♀ (SB 519), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. SINGAPORE: Singapore (no further details); H.N. Ridley leg.; 7 ♀♀ (SB 408–414), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 407), NHM. Singapore: Sime Road: secondary forest; J. Koh leg. 1998; 1 ♀ (SB 186), USNM. INDONESIA: Sumatra: Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Prov.: Simeulue Isl.; E. Jacobson leg.; 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 462), NHMW 12387. Sumatera Barat Prov.: Lubuk Sikaping, Panti Reserve; C.L. and P.R. Deeleman leg. 14.VIII.1982; 1 ♀ (SB 125), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. Borneo: Kalimantan Timur Prov.: 40 km NNW of Balikpapan, Sepaku, isolated stand of rainforest; C.L. and P.R. Deeleman leg. 5.VIII.1980; 1 ♀ (SB 126), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. Bali Prov.: Air Terjung Waterfall, c/o Munduk, 8°15'27.8"S, 115°04'14.1"E, ca. 1000 m; S. Huber leg. 11.IV.2011; 5 ♀♀ (SB 1013–1017), SMF. Ubud, 8°29'51"S, 115°15'18.4"E, ca. 330 m; S. Huber leg. 30.III.2011; 1 ♀ (SB 1028), SMF. Candi Dasa, creek forest, 8°30'13"S, 115°33'47"E; S. Huber leg. 16.–20.III.2009; 1 ♂ (SB 137), 2 ♀♀ (SB 196, 256), 1 juv. (SB 906), SMF. Nusa Tenggara Barat Prov.: Flores Isl., East of Labuan Bajo, rainforest, 8°33'60"S, 120°00'02"E; S. Huber leg. 24.III.2009; 1 ♂ (SB 196, only left palp and a few body parts remained), SMF.

Females distinguished from other Fecenia species except Fecenia travancoria by having anterior margins of lateral lobes (AML) anteriorly more or less converging and surrounding epigynal pit partly and the anterior part of median septum (AS) comprising a longitudinal, anteriorly pointed folding (Fig. 55); moreover, by having a notched transversal edge (TR) of median septum. Distinguished from Fecenia travancoria by borderline (BL) between strongly sclerotised section of internal duct system (SSI) and transparent section (TSI) running almost transversal (Fig. 56). In males RTA short, at most ½ the width of palpal tibia, and knobbed, almost as broad as long (Figs 62–63, 98). Median apophysis (MA) almost semicircular and shorter than width of tegulum (T) (Fig. 62, 98). In contrast to the similar male of Fecenia cylindrata embolus (E) without basal apophysis (bEA) and ventral patellar apophysis (VPA) arising proximally on patella (Figs 60–61, 99).

MALE:Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 3.1–4.4, carapace width 2.1–3.0, anterior width of carapace 1.4–1.9, opisthosoma length 4.1–6.4, opisthosoma width 1.6–2.6. Eyes: AME 0.25–0.27, ALE 0.17–0.18, PME 0.18–0.19, PLE 0.17–0.19, AME–AME 0.14–0.22, AME–ALE 0.07–0.19, PME–PME 0.18–0.25, PME–PLE 0.25–0.34, AME–PME 0.13–0.19, ALE–PLE 0.10–0.18, clypeus height at AME 0.29–0.35, at ALE 0.21–0.26. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 4.0–5.2 [1.5–2.1, 0.7–0.9, 0.5–0.7, 1.3–1.6], I 34.7–52.5 [9.1–14.2, 1.4–2.1, 9.5–14.6, 10.6–16.2, 4.1–5.4], II 16.3–25.1 [4.3–6.7, 1.2–1.6, 4.5–7.0, 4.3–7.0, 2.0–2.8], III 9.2–14.0 [2.6–4.0, 0.9–1.3, 2.2–3.6, 2.3–3.4, 1.2–1.7], IV 15.5–23.1 [4.1–6.3, 1.1–1.6, 4.1–6.2, 4.4–6.5, 1.8–2.5]. Leg formula: 1243. Copulatory organ. Retrolateral patellar apophysis (RPA) rather inconspicuous (Figs 61–63, 98–99). Median apophysis (MA) with tip in ca. 1:00-o'clock-position (Fig. 62) and in retrolateral view almost straight (Figs 61, 99). Embolus (E) arising in ca. 7:30-o'clock-position on tegulum (T), distally thicker than in Fecenia cylindrata and at most as long as width of T. The latter almost round. Membranous process of tegulum (MP) reaches far up, mostly 10:00–10:30-o'clock-position. Conductor (C) small, size and shape similar like in Fecenia ochracea, arises medially in upper third of T.

FEMALE: Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 3.3–4.7, carapace width 1.9–3.1, anterior width of carapace 1.6–2.3, opisthosoma length 5.5–8.1, opisthosoma width 2.4–4.2. Eyes: AME 0.22–0.28, ALE 0.15–0.21, PME 0.17–0.22, PLE 0.16–0.19, AME–AME 0.19–0.26, AME–ALE 0.10–0.14, PME–PME 0.23–0.29, PME–PLE 0.29–0.40, AME–PME 0.23–0.24, ALE–PLE 0.16–0.19, clypeus height at AME 0.33–0.41, at ALE 0.29–0.38. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 3.5–5.1 [1.2–1.7, 0.6–0.9, 0.6–1.0, 1.1–1.5], I 19.2–26.8 [4.8–7.0, 1.5–2.0, 5.4–7.8, 5.1–7.2, 2.4–2.8], II 11.3–16.5 [3.0–4.3, 1.1–1.6, 3.1–4.7, 2.7–4.0, 1.4–1.9], III 7.1–10.6 [2.1–3.1, 0.8–1.3, 1.8–2.6, 1.5–2.3, 0.9–1.3], IV 10.7–16.0 [2.8–4.4, 1.1–1.7, 3.1–4.6, 2.5–3.6, 1.2–1.7]. Leg formula: 1243. Palpal claw with 8–11 teeth. Spination (immature holotype of Fecenia protensa from Nicobar Islands in poor condition! spination of holotype of Fecenia sumatrana from Palembang, Sumatra listed instead). Palp: 110, 110, 0100, 1004 (spines on patella, tibia and tarsus with only half the size as those of femur!); legs: femur I 310, II 320, III 011, IV 020; patella I–IV 000; tibia I–II 3006, III 0023, IV 0024; metatarsus I 2025, II–III 2015, IV 1015. Copulatory organ: Epigyne in general appearance characteristically rounded-“W”-shaped (Figs 55, 64, 108). AML mostly strongly sclerotised, converging anteriorly and surrounding epigynal pit partly. AS clearly broader than PS. Epigynal muscle sigilla (EM) integrated in epigynal field or at least located very close by, same for slit sense organs (SO) (Figs 55, 64). Vulva with medium sized (longer than in Fecenia ochracea, Fecenia macilenta and Fecenia travancoria, shorter than in Fecenia cylindrata) and broad TSI (56, 65, 109). SSI more slender than in all other Fecenia species, duct with 2–3 curves (Fig. 57). Primordial copulatory organ: Pre-epigyne: “Crown”-like (Figs 58, 66, 69, 110). Primordium of AS already recognisable, broad “W”-like. Epigynal field not or only poorly developed, EM far outside epigynal field (Fig. 69). Pre-pre-epigyne: Prongs of the “crown” small (Fig. 70). Pre-vulva: Pre-receptacula bulbous/spherical (Figs 59, 67–68). Distance between centres of pre-receptacula more than three times diameter of one pre-receptaculum. Variation of copulatory organs: Cymbium length of male palp differing slightly among specimens examined (Figs 60–63, 98–99), MA may be extending further beyond retrolateral cymbium margin (Figs 63, 98). T in some specimens slightly broader (Fig. 98) than in others. RPA may be slightly larger (Fig. 63) than in general. In females the shape of AS may vary, e.g. the posterior notch is larger and the anteriorly pointed longitudinal folding is as such hardly recognisable (Fig. 64). Number of SO among specimens varying without geographical dependence. TSI varying in length (Fig. 56, 65). In dorsal view BL direction of vulva varies from 8:30 (Fig. 65) to almost 9:30-o'clock-position (Fig. 56). Pre-epigynes differing in shape of TR (Figs 58, 66). The most frequent shape seems to be the one of SB 216 (Fig. 69) and holotype SB 620 (Figs 58, 110). Number of SO varying strongly.

Pre-vulva may be slightly more structured (Fig. 67).

The reasons for revalidation of Fecenia protensa and the synonymy of Fecenia sumatrana with the former are as follows: In Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and on Bali at several localities subadult Fecenia females were collected together with adult females respectively, which showed the characteristic rounded-“W”-shaped epigyne. The pre-epigyne of the subadult female holotype of Fecenia protensa (SB 620) matches the ones of the subadult females mentioned above. In 1908 Kulczyński described Fecenia sumatrana. The (adult) female holotype of this species exhibits the characteristic rounded-“W”-shaped epigyne. The adult females mentioned above match the holotype of Fecenia sumatrana. Fecenia protensa is the oldest name available and hence the valid name for this taxonomical species. It is distinguished from Fecenia travancoria by the BL of the vulva running almost transversal. Consequently, Fecenia sumatrana is not a junior synonym of Fecenia travancoria as postulated in Murphy (1986), but a junior synonym of Fecenia protensa. Both, Fecenia protensa and Fecenia travancoria are regarded as valid species (see also remarks sub species description of Fecenia travancoria).

Reason for synonymy of Fecenia nicobarensis with Fecenia protensa: Although the types of Psechrus nicobarensis were not available on request it became obvious that Tikader (1977) dealt with Fecenia protensa. The drawing of the female epigyne in Tikader (1977: 208, fig. 27B) is not very informative, however, the rounded-“W”-shaped character of the epigyne is very clear. His fig. 27E of the right male palp is more detailed. However, the proportions probably do not reflect the real situation. Additionally, this illustration does not represent an exact ventral view of the palp. If the left palps of the males examined herein (SB 128, 136, 137, 218, 219, 512) were arranged in the same way/position, they would match the (mirrored) drawing in Tikader (1977).

India [Nicobar Islands], Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia [Sumatra, Borneo, Bali].

(3 ♀♀, 2 s.a. ♀♀, 2 juvenile specimens). INDIA: Kerala Prov.: Ernakulam; K. S. Jose leg. 23.III.2001; 1 ♀ (SB 863, checked via photo of entire specimen, ventral view, kindly provided by K. S. Jose), SJPC. SRI LANKA: Sabaragamuwa Prov.: Ratnapura, peak wilderness area; W. Sedgwick leg. 11.VIII.1979; 1 juv. (SB 481), MCZ 82528. Pitadeniya, Sinharaja Nature Reserve, 6°21'40.2"N, 80°29'03.6"E, ca. 300 m, primary forest, in palm, 1.5 m above ground; V. Hartmann leg. 16.I.2011 as immature, raised in laboratory, adult 05.IV.2011; 1 ♀ (SB 982, from this specimen the exuviae of the subadult instar, thus its pre-epigyne, was kept and preserved), SMF. THAILAND: Kanchanaburi Prov.: Erawan Waterfall in Erawan N.P., evergreen rainforest; C.L. & P.R. Deeleman leg. 15.III.1986; 1 ♀ (SB 118), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 119), 2 juvs (SB 903–904), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH.

Females distinguished from other Fecenia species except Fecenia protensa by having anterior margins of lateral lobes (AML) anteriorly more or less converging and surrounding epigynal pit partly and the anterior part of median septum (AS) comprising a longitudinal, anteriorly pointed folding (Fig. 76); moreover, by having a notched transversal edge (TR) of median septum. Females are distinguished from Fecenia protensa by the almost longitudinal borderline (BL) between strongly sclerotised section (SSI) and the transparent section of internal duct system (TSI) in vulva (Fig. 77).

MALE: unknown.

FEMALE(measurements of holotype first, those of other females in parentheses): Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 5.9 (4.4–5.2) , carapace width 4.0 (3.0–3.3), anterior width of carapace 2.9 (2.2–2.5), opisthosoma length 7.8 (7.2–12.3), opisthosoma width 4.3 (4.0–5.4). Eyes: AME 0.36 (0.23–0.28), ALE 0.20 (0.12–0.18), PME 0.24 (0.14–0.21), PLE 0.23 (0.14–0.20), AME–AME 0.37 (0.22–0.31), AME–ALE 0.15 (0.09–0.13), PME–PME 0.47 (0.26–0.39), PME–PLE 0.48 (0.39–0.43), AME–PME 0.37 (0.22–0.30), ALE–PLE 0.26 (0.21–0.24), clypeus height at AME 0.43 (0.36–0.40), at ALE 0.39 (0.32–0.34). Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 6.2 (4.5–5.7) [2.1 (1.5–1.9), 1.1 (0.8–1.0), 1.1 (0.8–1.0), 1.9 (1.4–1.8)], I 33.3 (24.4–29.7) [8.8 (6.4–7.9), 2.4 (1.9–2.1), 9.0 (7.1–8.0), 9.2 (6.2–8.1), 3.9 (2.8–3.6)], II 21.3 (15.0–18.9) [5.9 (4.0–5.1), 2.0 (1.5–1.9), 5.7 (4.1–5.0), 5.2 (3.5–4.6), 2.5 (1.9–2.3)], III 13.1 (9.8–11.8) [3.9 (2.8–3.4), 1.6 (1.3–1.5), 3.1 (2.4–2.8), 2.9 (2.1–2.7), 1.6 (1.2–1.4)], IV 19.8 (14.5–17.9) [5.5 (4.0–4.9), 2.0 (1.5–1.7), 5.2 (4.1–4.8), 4.8 (3.3–4.5), 2.3 (1.6–2.0)]. Leg formula: 1243. Palpal claw with 9 (9–10) teeth. Spination (holotype from Madatory, India). Palp: 110, 000, 0000, 0000; legs: femur I 412, II 312, III 113, IV 011; patella I–IV 000; tibia I 2006, II 3004, III 0013, IV 0013; metatarsus I–II 2015, III 1015, IV 1014. Colouration: As described for the genus Fecenia. Sebastian and Peter (2009, plate 94) show a photo of female habitus. Copulatory organ: In epigyne AS clearly broader than PS (Figs 76, 111). AML strongly sclerotised. Epigynal muscle sigilla (EM) integrated in epigynal field. Female holotype with four slit sense organs (SO) on each side outside the epigynal field (EF) (Fig. 76), ♀ SB 982 from Sri Lanka with three SO on each side, all in EF and ♀ SB 118 from Thailand with one on each side outside EF (Fig. 71). In contrast to Fecenia protensa, folding of AS may be extending further anteriorly than AML (Figs 76, 111), but not always. Vulva with short (shorter than in all Fecenia species but Fecenia macilenta) and broad TSI (Fig. 77). SSI may be darker than in Fecenia protensa and with ca. 2 curves (Figs 78, 112). Primordial copulatory organ: Pre-epigyne: Very similar to Fecenia protensa, but lateral prongs of the “crown” narrower (Fig. 74, in Fig. 113 hard to recognise). Pre-vulva: Very similar to Fecenia protensa in having bulbous/spherical pre-receptacula (Figs 59, 67–68, 75), with centres of the latter being rather far away (more than three times the diameter of one pre-receptaculum). Fecenia travancoria is hard to distinguish from Fecenia protensa by the characters of the pre-vulva. In Fecenia travancoria the receptacula are rather oval in shape (Fig. 75), in Fecenia protensa round. Variation of copulatory organs: In ♀ SB 118 (Fig. 71) from Erawan, Thailand the distance between AS and AML is shorter than in holotype. In ♀ SB 118 (Fig. 71) and in ♀ SB 982 from Sri Lanka the folding of AS extending not as far anteriorly than in holotype (Fig. 76). The vulvae of the ♀♀ examined as well as the primordial copulatory organs of the s.a. ♀♀ showed no significant variation.

This species is very similar to Fecenia protensa. There are only fine differences in characters of the vulva (see diagnosis). Up to now, no intermediate forms concerning the shape of vulva have been found. Though it cannot be fully excluded, it seems rather unlikely that Fecenia travancoria is a junior synonym of Fecenia protensa. Generally, in Fecenia species the vulva shows less intraspecific variation than the epigyne. By now I consider Fecenia travancoria as valid species. But with more material from the southern Provinces of India, especially males, it may be possible to clarify this ‘difficult taxonomic case'.

India [Kerala Prov.], Sri Lanka, Thailand.

(10 ♂♂, 35 ♀♀, 5 s.a. ♂♂, 15 s.a. ♀♀, 1 p.s.a. ♀, 12 juvenile specimens). CHINA: Hainan Prov.: Mount Jainfeng; 20.IV.1990, ded. D.X. Song; 1 ♂ (SB 111), 1 ♀ (SB 110), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH. MYANMAR: Sagaing Prov.: Chattin Wildlife Sanctuary, Takontaing camp, 22°37'20"N, 95°31'52"E; J. Coddington & R.L.C. Baptista leg. 7–12.X.1998 by night; 2 ♀♀ (SB 182, 188), USNM. Bago Prov.: Palon; L. Fea leg. 1885–1889, “Viaggio in Birmania”; T. Thorell det. 20.X.1896; 2 ♂♂ (SB 289–290), 5 ♀♀ (SB 282–286), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 287), 1 s.a. ♂ (SB 288), NRS Thorell-Coll.-No. 70b; 5 ♀♀ (SB 915–919), 3 s.a. ♀♀ (SB 910–912), 2 s.a. ♂♂ (SB 913–914), ZMH; 1 ♂ (SB 928), 4 ♀♀ (SB 929–932), 8 s.a. ♀♀ (SB 920–927), 2 s.a. ♂♂ (SB 933–934), 1 juv. (SB 935), ZMUC 5772. The following material has the same dates as above, but was checked via photos of copulatory organs kindly provided by P. Dankittipakul: 2 ♂♂ (SB 827–828), 5 ♀♀ (SB 822–826), MCSN. THAILAND: Chiang Mai Prov.: Doi Suthep N.P.; P. Dankittipakul leg.; 1 ♀ (SB 205), MHNG. Lamphun Prov.: Mae Tha Distr.: Doi Khuntan N.P., 800 m; P. Schwendinger leg. 22.IX.1994; 1 ♀ (SB 135), MHNG. Loei Prov.: Na-Haeo, field research station; J. Constant, K. Smets & P. Frootaart leg.15.–19.V.2003; 1 ♀ (SB 11), IRSN. Chaiyaphoom Prov.: Phu Kradung N.P., 1200-1300 m, flat plateau with mixed deciduous + pine + evergreen forest; P. Dankittipakul leg. 15.VIII.2006; 1 ♂ (SB 204), MHNG. LAOS: Luang Prabang Prov.: near Luang Prabang: Tham Sieng Mang, 19°54'09"N, 102°08'32"E, 270 m, sunny + dry area, low shrubs; P. Jäger & S. Bayer leg. 15.XI.2009; 1 ♀ (SB 485), SMF. Luang Prabang: Phou Si, 19°53'23"N, 102°08'04"E, 300 m, dry secondary forest in town, in shrubs; P. Jäger & V. Vedel leg. 12.XI.2004; 3 juvs (SB 938–940); P. Jäger leg. 25.III.2007; 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 62), 1 p.s.a. ♀ (SB 937); P. Jäger & S. Bayer leg. 14.XI.2009; 1 ♂ (SB 488, deformed, died during adult moult), all SMF. SE of Luang Prabang: Nam Khan, Xieng Ngeun Distr., Ban Keng Koung, 19°40'963"N, 102°18'442"E, ca. 370 m, along river bank; P. Jäger leg. 24.II.2008; 1 juv. (SB 936), SMF. Champasak Prov.: Muang Bachieng: That Paxuam, 15°10'35"N, 105°55'21"E, 200 m, secondary forest; P. Jäger & S. Bayer leg. 25.XI.2009; 1 ♀ (SB 318), 2 juvs (SB 40–401), SMF. Ban Lak 38, That Fane, 15°11'03"N, 106°07'37"E, 950 m, coffee plantation; P. Jäger leg. 11.–16.III.2010; 1 ♀ (SB 528), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 535), 3 juvs (SB 527, 532–533), SMF. Near Pakse: Ban Ke, 15°07'57"N, 105°48'54"E, 100 m, dry shrubs; P. Jäger & S. Bayer leg. 27.XI.2009, by night; 1 juv. (SB 351), SMF. Muang Pathoumphone: Vat Phou Salao, 15°05'39"N, 105°48'35"E, 150 m, dry bed of stream, dry shrubs; P. Jäger & S. Bayer leg. 24.XI.2009, by night; 3 ♀♀ (SB 48–487, 514), 3 juvs (SB 349, 398, 526), SMF. Ban Nog Hoy, N slope of Phou Malong, 15°03'14"N, 105°49'07"E, 115 m, dry bed of stream, dry shrubs; P. Jäger leg. 23.XI.2009; 2 ♂♂ (SB 50–510), 1 ♀ (SB 511), 1 s.a. ♀ (SB 420), 2 juvs (SB 39–397), SMF. Ban Tha Hou, 14°46'10"N, 105°59'35"E, 130 m, dry forest, near summit of a prominent hill; P. Jäger & S. Bayer leg. 22.XI.2009; 2 ♀♀ (SB 513, 525), SMF.

Females distinguished from other Fecenia species except Fecenia protensa and Fecenia travancoria by having anteriorly converging anterior margins of lateral lobes (AML) partly surrounding epigynal pit; distinguished from Fecenia protensa and Fecenia travancoria by the even and unfolded anterior part of median septum (AS) and by transverse edge of median septum (TR) lacking distinct notch (Figs 79, 105). In vulva transparent section of internal duct system (TSI) larger than strongly sclerotised section (SSI) (Figs 83, 92, 106). Males distinguished from other Fecenia species except Fecenia protensa by having short (at most half as long as width of palpal tibia) RTA; distinguished from Fecenia protensa in having RTA, which is longer than broad, and ventral patellar apophysis (VPA) arising centrally on patella (Fig. 88). Median apophysis (MA) running almost in transversal plane (Figs 87–88, 100). Embolus (E) with pointed basal apophysis (bEA) (Fig. 89).

MALE:Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 3.6–4.4, carapace width 2.2–2.8, anterior width of carapace 1.6–1.9, opisthosoma length 4.8–6.5, opisthosoma width 1.9–2.5. Eyes: AME 0.23–0.29, ALE 0.17–0.22, PME 0.17–0.22, PLE 0.18–0.21, AME–AME 0.16–0.23, AME–ALE 0.09–0.14, PME–PME 0.17–0.25, PME–PLE 0.28–0.35, AME–PME 0.12–0.16, ALE–PLE 0.10–0.15, clypeus height at AME 0.30–0.41, at ALE 0.24–0.35. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 4.0–5.0 [1.6–2.0, 0.6–0.7, 0.4–0.5, 1.4–1.8], I 35.1–48.3 [9.5–12.9, 1.5–2.1, 9.3–13.6, 10.5–14.9, 4.3–4.8], II 16.6–22.0 [4.3–5.9, 1.3–1.6, 4.6–6.4, 4.3–5.6, 2.1–2.5], III 8.7–11.8 [2.5–3.4, 1.0–1.2, 2.0–2.9, 2.1–2.8, 1.1–1.5], IV 15.0–20.2 [4.2–5.4, 1.2–1.6, 3.8–5.6, 4.0–5.4, 1.8–2.2]. Leg formula: 1243. Copulatory organ: Retrolateral patellar apophysis (RPA) mostly more clearly visible (Fig. 89) than in Fecenia protensa and Fecenia ochracea. Tip of MA in ca. 2:30–3:00-o'clock-position, MA shorter than width of tegulum (T) (Figs 89–90, 97) and in pro- and retrolateral view curved distally (Figs 87–88, 100). E very slim, especially distally, arising in ca. 7:30-o'clock-position on T and clearly longer than width of T (Figs 89–90, 97). The latter almost round. Membranous process of tegulum (MP) reaches at most to 8:30-o'clock-position (Figs 89–90, 97). Conductor (C) longer than in Fecenia ochracea and Fecenia protensa, shorter than in Fecenia macilenta, arises medially (or slightly shifted retrolaterally) in upper third of T (Figs 89–90). Cymbium in relation a bit longer than in all other Fecenia species (Figs 87–88, 97, 100). Scopula dorsally on cymbium slightly less developed than in other Fecenia species.

FEMALE: Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 3.7–7.2, carapace width 2.2–4.2, anterior width of carapace 1.7–3.2, opisthosoma length 7.3–13.0, opisthosoma width 3.5–6.0. Eyes: AME 0.20–0.27, ALE 0.15–0.24, PME 0.16–0.22, PLE 0.16–0.22, AME–AME 0.18–0.34, AME–ALE 0.07–0.18, PME–PME 0.20–0.29, PME–PLE 0.33–0.54, AME–PME 0.14–0.27, ALE–PLE 0.12–0.27, clypeus height at AME 0.27–0.54, at ALE 0.25–0.48. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 3.8–6.5 [1.3–2.3, 0.6–1.1, 0.7–1.1, 1.2–2.0], I 22.7–39.3 [6.0–10.8, 1.6–2.9, 6.3–10.8, 6.1–10.7, 2.7–4.1], II 13.1–23.7 [3.3–6.4, 0.9–2.3, 3.7–6.8, 3.1–5.7, 1.6–2.5], III 7.5–14.1 [2.2–4.1, 0.9–1.9, 1.8–3.4, 1.6–3.1, 1.0–1.6], IV 12.3–21.4 [3.3–5.9, 1.2–2.3, 3.5–6.2, 2.9–4.9, 1.4–2.1]. Leg formula: 1243. Palpal claw with 8–11 teeth. Spination (remaining immature syntype from Tharrawaddy in poor condition! Spination of female SB 285 from Palon, Birma (Myanmar) listed instead). Palp: 110, 000, 0100, 2004 (spines on tibia and tarsus with only half the size as those of femur!); legs: femur I 300(200), II 210, III 221(111), IV 010; patella I–IV 000; tibia I 0006(1005), II 2004(3005), III–IV 0024; metatarsus I 2015(2016), II–III 2015, IV 1018. Copulatory organ: Anterior part of AS divided from posterior part of AS by a differently developed folding (asterisk in Fig. 91). AS broader than PS (Fig. 79). Epigynal muscle sigilla (EM) clearly outside epigynal field (Figs 79, 91). Slit sense organs (SO) outside epigynal field. Vulva with large and broad TSI (Fig. 83), mostly larger than SSI. The latter with longer duct than in Fecenia protensa, Fecenia travancoria and Fecenia ochracea, with 3–4 curves (Fig. 84). Border line (BL) between TSI and SSI of vulva in ca. 7:00-8:00 o' clock position (Figs 83, 92, 106). Primordial copulatory organs: Pre-epigyne: TR continuous (Fig. 81, 107), slightly recurved. AML anteriorly bent sharply, running medially and (almost) meeting each other (Figs 81, 94, 107). Epigynal field not or only poorly developed, EM far outside epigynal field. Pre-pre-epigyne: AML similar to pre-epigyne, TR hardly recognisable (Fig. 82). Pre-vulva: Pre-receptacula with lateral extension (Figs 85, 93). Distance between centres of pre-receptacula more than three times the diameter of one pre-receptaculum (Figs 85, 93). Variation of copulatory organs: In males position of VPA may shift retrolaterally (Fig. 90). Direction of MA (Figs 89, 90, 97) may vary. Anterio-medial section of C differs among specimens examined (Figs 89, 90, 97). RTA in some specimens basally broader (Fig. 90). In females the folding which divides (or partly divides) the anterior from the posterior part of AS differently developed (Figs 79, 91). TR rarely with a very small, flat and indistinct notch (Fig. 91). AS and PS in some specimens less broad than in others. Number of SO among specimens varying without geographical dependence. Anterio-lateral section of SSI may differ in shape (Figs 83, 92). Pre-epigynes differing in length and direction of AML (Figs 81, 94), further in shape of TR (Figs 81, 94). The most frequent pre-epigyne type is the one of SB 911 (Fig. 81). Number of SO varying strongly. SB 535 from Champasak Province, Laos (Fig. 80) is an exception, which is discussed explicitly (see discussion below).

The pre-vulvae differ only slightly (Figs 85, 93). SB 535 (Fig. 86) is an exception, which is discussed explicitly (see discussion below).

Thorell (1895) described this species based on juvenile types. Two years later Thorell himself redescribed this species based on ♂♂ and ♀♀ recorded just ca. 70 km away from type locality Tharrawaddy (Thorell 1897). This material is deposited in NRS, ZMH and MCSN and was examined (see material list above). Moreover, to date no other Fecenia species than the one described above had been found in Myanmar. For that reason there are no doubts about the identiy of Fecenia cylindrata.

Fecenia hainanensis Wang, 1990 was synonymised with Fecenia cylindrata by Wang and Yin (2001). The female holotype from Tonqian, Hainan Province, China was not available on request. According to the illustrations in Wang (1990), which are not very detailed, it is more likely that his Fecenia hainanensis was in fact conspecific with Fecenia cylindrata. The specimens from Hainan checked in the present study are considered belonging to Fecenia cylindrata, though there are slight differences (see variation of copulatory organs in the description of Fecenia cylindrata). More material from Hainan and also from regions of South East China and Northern Vietnam is necessary to assess the consistency of those slight differences among the different specimens. At the moment Fecenia hainanensis is regarded as junior synonym of Fecenia cylindrata.

China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand.