Research Article |
Corresponding author: Laura Likov ( laura.likov@dbe.uns.ac.rs ) Academic editor: Martin Hauser
© 2018 Ante Vujić, Snežana Radenković, Laura Likov.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Vujić A, Radenković S, Likov L (2018) Revision of the Palaearctic species of the Merodon desuturinus group (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys 771: 105-138. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.771.20481
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This revision of material belonging to the Merodon desuturinus group from the Palaearctic Region resulted in the delimitation of four species: Merodon cabanerensis Marcos-García, Vujić & Mengual, 2007; Merodon desuturinus Vujić, Šimić & Radenković, 1995; Merodon neolydicus Vujić, nom. n.; and Merodon murorum Fabricius, 1794. Merodon murorum is redescribed. A neotype for Merodon auripilus Meigen, 1830 is designated, which is a new junior synonym of Merodon murorum. The related Afrotropical species Merodon cuthbertsoni Curran, 1939 is re-evaluated and compared to its sibling Palaearctic taxon Merodon desuturinus. An identification key for the Merodon desuturinus group is provided.
Merodon auripilus , Merodon cuthbertsoni , Merodon murorum , Merodon neolydicus nom. n.
The genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Syrphidae) comprises more than 160 species distributed across the Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions (
Initial research on the phylogeny of the Merodon genus was conducted by
One in particular, the so-called “desuturinus group” of range-restricted species, is of special conservation interest as it has members in both the Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions.
The aim of this paper is to present a revision of the Palaearctic species of the Merodon desuturinus group in order to clarify its taxonomy with the support of morphological characters, and to present an identification key for the adults of the species within this group.
This study is based on the examination of all available material of the Merodon desuturinus species group (published and unpublished data), which has been deposited in the museums, universities and private collections listed below. The following acronyms for museums and entomological collections are used in the text:
AEU University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
KBIN Royal Belgian Institute for the Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
NHMB Prirodnjački Muzej Beograd, Serbia
ZMHB Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt University, Berlin, Deutschland
coll. C. Palmer Private collection of Chris Palmer, United Kingdom
coll. E. Gilasian Private collection of Ebrahim Gilasian, Iran
coll. M. Taylor Private collection of Mike Taylor, United Kingdom
coll. V. Weyer Private collection of Guy Van de Weyer, Belgium
The characters used in the key, descriptions, and drawings follow the terminology established by
The following abbreviations are used: f = female, m = male.
All information on the specimens (locality, collector, coordinates, etc.) is presented under the description of the respective examined material. The capture locations (geographical coordinates) were entered into the GenGIS (v2.5.1) software to generate the distribution map (
Diagnoses of species were made according to unique characters attributable to the group, complex, and species considered here, and also to combinations of characters that enabled taxa to be distinguished and recognised. The type material of the included species was examined by Ante Vujić. Drawings were made with an FSA 25 PE drawing tube and digital photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 320 digital camera, both of which were attached to a Leica MZ16 binocular microscope.
The M. desuturinus species group sensu
Merodon neolydicus Vujić, nom. n. male genitalia. A Epandrium, lateral view B Epandrium, ventral view C Hypandrium, lateral view D Aedeagous. Abbreviations: al-anterior surstyle lobe, pl-posterior surstyle lobe, c-cercus, e-ejaculatory apodeme, p-phallapodeme, s-lateral sclerite of aedeagus, it-inner thorn on medial part of surstylus, dp-distal prolongation on anterior surstyle lobe, vms-ventral margin of surstylus, vr-ventral ridge of theca, t-theca. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
The M. desuturinus group consists of two clearly separate lineages, Palaearctic and Afrotropical based on both adult morphological and molecular data (
The Afrotropical lineage of the M. desuturinus group (
Male. Head (Figs
Thorax (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Male genitalia: Posterior surstyle lobe triangular, usually pointed apically (pl in Figs
Female: Similar to the male except for typical sexual dimorphism (Figs
Length: medium-sized species, body 10–13 mm, wing 6–9 mm.
Small (8–11 mm) dark species with narrow abdomen, oral margin notched, evident, basoflagellomere small, 1-1.1 times as long as broad, legs dark. Terga mostly black, terga 2–4 with or without only a trace of transverse pair of microtrichose fasciae. Males: eye contiguity 8–10 facets long. Male genitalia with smooth thecal ridge, posterior surstyle lobe very narrow in apical half with parallel margins (Fig.
Type material. Holotype: male, pinned, in
Paratypes: Spain: 1m+1f, Ciudad Real, Canalejas, P. N. de Cabañeros, 39°24'17.03"N, 4°30'35.73"W, 19.iii.2004, leg. A. Ricarte (
Morocco: 1m, Azilal, Ait Mhamed, 31°52'19.39"N, 6°29'6.72"W, 1700m, 26.iii.2013, leg. J. Dils, J. Faes (V.Weyer coll.).
Iberian Peninsula and Morocco (Fig.
Small (8–11 mm) dark species with dark legs; small and short basoflagellomere, 1–1.1 times as long as broad (Fig.
Type material. Holotype: male, pinned, in NHMB. Original label: “Srbija, Kopaonik, Čukara-Jablanova ravan, 43°12'15.00"N, 20°50'13"E, 22.v.1993, leg. Vujić”.
Paratypes: Serbia: 18m+3f, Kopaonik, Čukara-Jablanova ravan, 43°12'15.00"N, 20°50'13"E, 1300-1400m, 22.v.1993, leg. Vujić (
Serbia: 1f, Kopaonik, Jasle-Čukara, 43°16'36.91"N, 20°46'37.09"E, 8.vi.1998, leg. Vujić (
High mountains of the Balkan Peninsula (Fig.
New name for M. lydicus Hurkmans in an unpublished manuscript, cited in
Dark species with broad abdomen. Oral margin only slightly notched (Fig.
Type locality: Greece: Chios, Kato Fana, 38°12'27.72"N, 25°55'37.2"E.
Holotype: male, pinned, in
Paratypes: Israel: 2 specimens, Jerusalem, Bet Hakerem, 31°46'31.72"N, 35°10'0.44"E, 17.iii.1951, leg. O. Theodor (
Turkey: 1f, Afyon, Suhut, 38°31'52"N, 30°32'45"E, 1000m, 9.v.1995 (
Male.Head (Figs
Thorax: Scutum and scutellum black with bronze lustre, covered with dense, erect gray-whitish or yellow pile. Scutum with barely visible 2 longitudinal microtrichose vittae. Wing hyaline with dark-brown veins, and densely covered with microtrichia, except basal edges of cells BM and CuP. Femora and tibiae brown-black, except for paler knees and base of tibiae; tarsi dark brown dorsally (except for usually paler tarsal segments on pro- and mesolegs), light brown ventrally. Pile on legs yellow. Metafemur (Figure
Abdomen: Terga 2 and 3 can have small reddish lateral triangular fasciae or maculae; terga 2-4 each with more or less distinct white transverse fascia of microtrichia interrupted in the middle (lacking in some specimens); pile on terga erect and whitish yellow on lateral sides, but terga 2 and 3 medially with adpressed black pile, except for white pile on microtrichose bands (Figure
Male genitalia (Figure
Female (Figs
Merodon cabanerensis male genitalia. A Epandrium, lateral view B Epandrium, ventral view C Hypandrium, lateral view D Part of hypandrium, ventral view. Abbreviations: al-anterior surstyle lobe, pl-posterior surstyle lobe, c-cercus, s-lateral sclerite of aedeagus, it-inner thorn on medial part of surstylus, dp-distal prolongation on anterior surstyle lobe, t-theca, vr-ventral ridge of theca. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
The epithet lydicus is Latin, meaning “from Lydia”, and refers to the region of origin of the holotype, viz. western Turkey, which once was included in the Kingdom of Lydia and neo refers to the new name for this species known from unpublished manuscript. It is to be treated as an adjective.
Species distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean and Iran (Figure
Merodon desuturinus male genitalia. A Epandrium, lateral view B Epandrium, ventral view C Hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: al-anterior surstyle lobe, pl-posterior surstyle lobe, c-cercus, it-inner thorn on medial part of surstylus, dp-distal prolongation on anterior surstyle lobe, s-lateral sclerite of aedeagus. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Merodon auripilus Meigen, 1830: 354 (syn. n.)
Merodon murorum is redescribed and a neotype for M. auripilus is designated. Moreover, M. auripilus is considered a junior synonym of M. murorum.
Syrphus murorum Fabricius, 1794:
North-West Africa [as “Barbaria”], historically a region that included Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.
Type material of M. murorum. Holotype: male, pinned, in
Morocco, Essaouira [as “Mogador”].
Holotype: Type presumably lost. Neotype: designated here, identified by Sack as M. auripilus: Algeria: 1m, Foret de Baïnen, 36°47'56.06"N, 2°58'20.11"E, 17.vi.1910, leg. Dr. J. Bequaert, det. M. auripilus by Sack (
Additional material. Algeria: 1m, Santa Cruz, Oran, 35°42'24.71"N, 0°39'46.35"W, leg. Dr. J. Bequaert, det. M. auripilus by Vujić 2008 (
Reddish species with long pale pile on the lateral sides of terga (Figs
Male.Head (Figs
Thorax: Scutum and scutellum black with bronze lustre, covered with dense, erect yellow or whitish pile. Wing hyaline with dark-brown veins, and dense microtrichia. Femora brown-black, knees and most of tibiae (or at least both ends) yellow-red; tarsi usually yellow dorsally and light brown ventrally (in some specimens all tarsi can be brown). Pile on legs yellow. Metafemur thick, slightly curved (Figure
Abdomen: Lateral sides red-orange to red-brown, medially black; terga 2 and 3 can have reddish triangular vittae or maculae; terga 2–4 each with more or less distinct white transverse fascia of microtrichia interrupted in the middle (lacking in some specimens) (Figure
Male genitalia (Figure
Merodon murorum male genitalia. A Epandrium, lateral view B Epandrium, ventral view C Part of hypandrium, ventral view D Hypandrium, lateral view, lateral view; ag-apical globule, al-anterior surstyle lobe, pl-posterior surstyle lobe, c-cercus, s-lateral sclerite of aedeagus, it-inner thorn on medial part of surstylus, dp-distal prolongation on anterior surstyle lobe, vr-ventral ridge of surstylus, t-theca. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Female (Figs
Distribution. Species distributed in North Africa (Figure
Below, we redescribe an Afrotropical species of the Merodon desuturinus species group that is morphologically closely related to M. desuturinus.
Holotype: male, in
Face covered with microtrichia; black terga without lateral orange maculae, and terga 3 and 4 each with very narrow microtrichose fascia, approx. 1/10 of tergal length. Morphologically related to the species M. desuturinus from which it can be distinguished by the following features: eye contiguity is approx. 8 facets long (Figure
Male.Head (Figure
Thorax: Scutum and scutellum black with bronze lustre, covered with dense, erect yellow pile. Pleuron covered with grey-green microtrichia and the following parts with long yellow pile: posterior part of anterior anepisternum, posterior anepisternum (except anteroventral part), anepimeron, metasternum, and anterior, posterodorsal and posteroventral parts of katepisternum; katatergum with short, dense, erect, light-brown pile. Wing hyaline, with dense, brown microtrichia. Calypter pale yellow. Haltere with light brown pedicel and yellow capitulum. Femora dark brown-black, except for usually paler apex; tibiae dark brown with pale basal and apical parts; all tarsi yellow. Metatrochanter without processes. Metafemur (Figure
Abdomen: Black with bronze reflections, as long as mesonotum. Terga 2-4 each black with more or less distinct white transverse fascia of microtrichia, interrupted in the middle; pile on terga erect and yellow, except for central parts of terga 2-4 that are covered with adpressed black pile. Sterna blackish brown, covered with long pale yellow pile.
Male genitalia (Figure
Merodon cuthbertsoni, holotype, male genitalia. A Epandrium, lateral view B Epandrium, ventral view C Hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: al-anterior surstyle lobe, pl-posterior surstyle lobe, c-cercus, s-lateral sclerite of aedeagus, it-inner thorn on medial part of surstylus, dp-distal prolongation on anterior surstyle lobe, vms-ventral margin of surstylus, vr-ventral ridge of theca. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Female. Unknown.
Distribution. Species endemic to Zimbabwe.
Males
1 | Eyes connected (Fig. |
3 |
– | Eyes separated or almost touching (Figs |
2 |
2 | Basoflagellomere elongated, 1.5 times as long as wide (Fig. |
Merodon flavocerus Hurkmans |
– | Basoflagellomere shorter, 1.1 times as long as wide (Fig. |
Merodon desuturinus Vujić, Šimić & Radenković, 1995 |
3 | Oral margin reduced, covered by microtrichia (Fig. |
Merodon planifacies subgroup |
– | Oral margin notched, slightly produced forward | 4 |
4 | Male genitalia: hypandrium with folded thecal ridge (Figs |
5 |
– | Male genitalia: hypandrium with smooth thecal ridge (Fig. |
6 |
5 | Scutum with fascia of black pile between wing bases; male genitalia: ventral margin of surstylus (Figs |
Merodon capensis Hurkmans |
– | Scutum entirely with pale pile; male genitalia: ventral margin of surstylus and hypandrium angular (Fig. |
Merodon cuthbertsoni Curran, 1939 |
6 | Male genitalia: posterior surstyle lobe with parallel margins (Figs |
7 |
– | Male genitalia: posterior surstyle lobe triangular or with hook-like apex (Figs |
8 |
7 | Small species (8-11 mm) with narrow abdomen (Fig. |
Merodon cabanerensis Marcos-García, Vujić & Mengual, 2007 |
– | Large species (10-13 mm) with broad abdomen (Fig. |
Merodon neolydicus Vujić, nom. n. |
8 | Male genitalia: posterior surstyle lobe long and narrow (Figs |
9 |
– | Male genitalia: posterior surstyle lobe broad and triangular (Fig. |
10 |
9 | Male genitalia: posterior surstyle lobe with small apical ridge (Fig. |
Merodon drakonis Vujić & Radenković |
– | Male genitalia: posterior surstyle lobe without apical globule (Fig. |
Merodon murorum Fabricius, 1794 |
10 | Tergum 2 with orange lateral maculae; male genitalia: anterior surstyle lobe with almost straight ventral margin (Fig. |
Merodon melanocerus Bezzi, 1915 |
– | Tergum 2 usually black; male genitalia: anterior surstyle lobe with convex ventral margin (Fig. |
Merodon commutabilis Radenković & Vujić |
Surstylus, lateral view. A Merodon flavocerus B Merodon capensis C Merodon drakonis D Merodon melanocerus (lateral and ventral view) E Merodon commutabilis. Abbreviations: al- anterior surstyle lobe, pl-posterior surstyle lobe, it-inner thorn on medial part of surstylus, vms-ventral margin of surstylus. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Females
(Note: female of Merodon cuthbertsoni is unknown, but most probably keys with M. capensis).
1 | Oral margin reduced, covered by microtrichia (Fig. |
Merodon planifacies subgroup |
– | Oral margin evident, notched, shiny | 2 |
2 | Tergum 2 black or at least lateral sides dark (Fig. |
3 |
– | Tergum 2 with orange lateral maculae extending along lateral sides (Fig. |
6 |
3 | Legs partly pale, at least at both ends of tibiae pro- and mesolegs, and the basal tarsomeres 1–2 of pro- and mesolegs; scutum with fascia of black pile between wing bases (Republic of South Africa) | Merodon capensis Hurkmans |
– | Legs black, exceptionally tarsi of metalegs brown dorsally; pilosity of scutum variable, can be covered with pale or mixed black and pale pile | 4 |
4 | Basoflagellomere elongated, 1.3 times as long as wide (Fig. |
Merodon commutabilis Radenković & Vujić |
– | Basoflagellomere shorter, 1.1 times as long as wide (Fig. |
5 |
5 | Distribution: Balkan Peninsula | Merodon desuturinus Vujić, Šimić et Radenković, 1995 |
– | Distribution: Western Mediterranean | Merodon cabanerensis Marcos-García, Vujić & Mengual, 2007 |
6 | Basoflagellomere elongated, more than 1.5 times as long as wide (Fig. |
7 |
– | Basoflagellomere shorter, 1.1 times as long as wide (Fig. |
8 |
7 | Frons with very narrow microtrichose vittae along eye margins (Fig. |
Merodon flavocerus Hurkmans |
– | Frons with broad lateral microtrichose vittae (Fig. |
Merodon murorum Fabricius, 1794 |
8 | Body pile very short (Fig. |
Merodon neolydicus Vujić, nom. n. |
– | Body pile long (as on Fig. |
9 |
9 | Frons shiny, almost without microtrichia; distance between posterior ocelli and upper eye corner larger than distance between posterior and anterior ocellus (Fig. |
Merodon melanocerus Bezzi, 1915 |
– | Frons with broad lateral microtrichose vittae along eye margins; distance between posterior ocelli and upper eye corner less than distance between posterior and anterior ocellus (Fig. |
Merodon drakonis Vujić & Radenković |
The Merodon desuturinus clade was first mentioned by
The main morphological diagnostic character that separates these two lineages is the presence of a dense and strong yellow-to-red brush of pile on the metatrochanter in Afrotropical species, which is lacking in Palaearctic taxa. The Afrotropical lineage comprises the M. melanocerus subgroup of five taxa (
Our revision of the Palaearctic species from the M. desuturinus group has resulted in the delimitation of four species. This lineage consists of closely related yet clearly morphologically distinct species. The most distinctive species is M. murorum, based on the shape of the male genitalia and its reddish abdomen.
Two of these Palaearctic taxa are endemo-relicts; M. cabanerensis is known only from a restricted area in central Spain and Morocco and M. desuturinus is found only on four high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, of which two are in Montenegro (Durmitor and Orijen) and two are in Serbia (Kopaonik and Stara planina). Merodon neolydicus Vujić, nom. n. is present in several countries of the Eastern Mediterranean (Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and Iran, while M. murorum is distributed in North-West Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) (Fig.
Based on the distributions of the Palaearctic lineage of the M. desuturinus species group on high mountains of North Africa, in the Eastern Mediterranean and on the Iberian and Balkan peninsulas, they can be considered as oromediterranean relicts (Fig.
We thank the curators of several museums listed in the Material and Methods that facilitated visits and loans for the study of specimens in their care. We thank John O’Brien for English-editing. Financial support was provided by the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (project III43002, OI173002) and the Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development (“Evaluation of Ecological Networks in AP Vojvodina as support for nature conservation”).