Flanged Bombardier beetles from Shanghai, China, with description of a new species in the genus Eustra Schmidt-Goebel (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae)

Xiao-Bin Song; Liang Tang; Zhong Peng

doi:10.3897/zookeys.740.20458

Research Article

Flanged Bombardier beetles from Shanghai, China, with description of a new species in the genus Eustra Schmidt-Goebel (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae)

Xiao-Bin Song^‡, Liang Tang^‡, Zhong Peng^‡

‡ Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China

Corresponding author: Xiao-Bin Song ( bianzitomqiao@sina.com )

Academic editor: Achille Casale

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Song X-B, Tang L, Peng Z (2018) Flanged Bombardier beetles from Shanghai, China, with description of a new species in the genus Eustra Schmidt-Goebel (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae). ZooKeys 740: 45-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.740.20458

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8F000C3F-0C83-4885-B3EE-0F752AAAA019

Abstract

Four paussine species belonging to three different genera are discovered in Shanghai. A new species, Eustra shanghaiensis Song, sp. n., is described, illustrated, and distinguished from the treated congeners. New distributional data or biological notes on Eustra chinensis Bänninger, 1949, Itamus castaneus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846, and Platyrhopalus davidis Fairmaire, 1886 are provided.

Keywords

China, Ectomomyrmes , Eustra , Itamus , Paussinae , myrmecophilous, new species, Pheidole , Platyrhopalus , Shanghai

Introduction

The ground beetle subfamily Paussinae Latreille, 1807 currently contains more than 30 species from China (Nagel 2003; Wrase and Schmidt 2007; Guéorguiev 2014; Maruyama 2014, 2016; Song et al. 2017; Wang 2017), among which only one is known to occur in Shanghai: Eustra chinensis Bänninger, 1949.

During several recent collecting trips conducted in Shanghai, the senior author and his colleagues collected a large series of paussine specimens. The examination of the specimens revealed a new species of ozaenine genus Eustra and three known species.

According to the latest revision of Eustra (Deuve, 2001), the genus contains two species from China: E. chinensis (Shanghai, Taiwan; Type locality: Shanghai, China), E. taiwanica Deuve, 2001 (Taiwan; Type locality: Taiwan, China). In 2014, Guéorguiev described the first Chinese troglobitic Eustra species, E. petrovi from Xianrendong, Yunnan. In this paper, a new Eustra species is described from Shanghai, illustrations provideded of all Shanghainese paussines, and biological information about the habitats and behaviors of Eustra shanghaiensis sp. n., Eustra chinensis, Platyrhopalus davidis, and Itamus castaneus observed in nature and captivity are provided.

Materials and methods

Material used in this study is deposited in the following public and private collections:

SNUC Insect Collection of Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China;

SNHM Shanghai Natural History Museum;

KUM The Kyushu University Museum, Fukuoka;

MNHN The French National Museum of Natural History;

cBWX private collection of Wen-Xuan Bi, Shanghai, China;

cLW private collection of Wei Liu, Zhejiang, China;

cJRX private collection of Ri-Xing Jiang, Shandong, China;

cSXB private collection of Xiao-Bin Song, Shanghai, China;

cWYX private collection of Yong-Xiang Wu, Shanghai, China;

cYZZ private collection of Zhi-Zhou Yu, Shanghai, China.

The following abbreviations are applied in the text:

BL body length, from the anterior margin of the head to the apices of elytra;

HW head width, maximum width of the head;

AL length of antenna;

ACL maximum length of antennal club;

ACW maximum width of antennal club;

PL length of the pronotum along the midline;

PW maximum width of pronotum;

EL length of the elytra along the suture.

All measurements are in millimeters.

Taxonomy

Subfamily Paussinae Latreille, 1807

棒角甲亚科

Tribe Ozaenini Hope, 1838

折缘粗角步甲族

Subtribe Eustrina Jeannel, 1946

双斑粗角步甲亚族

Genus Eustra Schmidt-Gobel, 1846

双斑粗角步甲属

Eustra shanghaiensis Song, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/26391AC8-3D78-41C6-BA55-F3322740E088

Figs 1A, 2, 3, 6A 上海双斑粗角步甲

Type material

Holotype. ♂, (SNUC), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Pudong New District, Shanghai Binjiang Forest Park (上海滨江森林公园), 31°23'25"N, 121°22'10"E, alt. 5 m, 7.v.2017, Song, Peng, Hu, Wang & Liu leg. / HOLOTYPE [red], Eustra shanghaiensis sp. nov., Song det.2017’.

Paratypes. 3♂♂, 3♀♀, (SNHM), same data as holotype; 2♂♂, 2♀♀, (KUM), ditto; 1♂, 1♀, (MNHN), ditto; 5♂♂, 5♀♀, 84 exs, (SNUC), ditto; 74 exs, (cSXB), same data as holotype, but 27.vii.2017, Song, Zhou, Wang, Wang & Zhang leg; 11 exs, (cSXB), same data as holotype, but 24.ix.2016, Zhong Peng leg; 1 ex (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Changning District, Tianshan Park (天山公园), 31°12'45"N, 121°24'10"E, alt. 14 m, 20.iv.2008, Xiao-Bin Song leg.; 1ex, (cSXB), ditto, but 12.iv.2008; 1 ex, (cSXB), ditto, but iv.2008; 1 ex, (cBWX), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Pudong New District, nr. Zhangjianggaoke (张江高科), 31°11'84"N, 121°34'82"E, alt. 4 m, 28.iii.2006, Wen-Xuan Bi leg.; 8 exs, (cSXB), ditto, but 5.ii.2009, Song & Ding leg. / all paratypes, labeled ‘Paratype [yellow], Eustra shanghaiensis sp. nov. Song det. 2017’.

Comparative notes

Eustra shanghaiensis sp. n. is closely allied to E. hammondi Deuve, 2001 from Mindanao, Philippines in sharing similar body size, general habitus and aedeagal structure (Figs 1A, 3A). The new species can be readily separated from latter by the pronotal front angles strongly produced, the wider aedeagus, the apex of aedeagal median lobe much shorter and wider and the relatively long apical portion of right paramere. It differs from its Shanghainese congener E. chinensis by the smaller body size and the different shape of aedeagus.

Figure 1.

Dorsal habitus of Eustra species. A E. shanghaiensis sp. n., male (paratype) B E. chinensis Bänninger, 1949, female. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Description

Body (Fig. 1A) 3.06–3.17 mm; yellowish-brown, head and pronotum somewhat reddish; each elytron with a dark spot.

Head (Fig. 2A) convex, gently covered with yellow setae, microsculpture faint; fully carinate near eyes; clypeus anteriorly gently concave, with 2 pairs of long setae at anterior margin; labrum with anterior margin minutely denticulate, with 12–14 long setae; Eyes somewhat small; antennae (Fig. 2B) submoniliform, with antennomeres I and II clavate, increasing in diameter distally gradually; antennomere I somewhat shorter than 2nd and 3rd combined; antennomeres V–X almost as wide as long; antennomere XI evidently longer than the 1st.

Figure 2.

Diagnostic features of Eustra shanghaiensis sp. n. A Head B Antenna C Prothorax D Foreleg E Pterothorax F Elytron. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, C); 0.5 mm (B, E, F); 0.4 mm (D).

Pronotum (Fig. 2C) sparsely covered with yellow setae; distinctly wider than long, widest at apical third; moderately contracted anteriorly and posteriorly; disc moderately convex medially and reflexed on lateral sides; front angles strongly produced; midline distinct, almost reaching both anterior and posterior borders.

Pterothorax shaped as in Fig. 2E, meso-coxae disjunct, meta-coxae separated in midline of body.

Elytra (Fig. 2F) densely punctulate and pubescent, distinctly wider than prothorax; shoulders rounded and not bordered; each side with an obscurely dark spot; surface moderately covered with short setae, but along the right side of dark spot glabrous.

Hind wings well developed.

Legs (Fig. 1A) relatively long and slender; both spurs of pro-tibiae (Fig. 2D) are terminal, almost equal in length.

Male. Sternite VII (Fig. 3E) wide, widely truncate, slightly acute at middle, with 4 long setae near apex. Median lobe of aedeagus shaped as in Fig. 3A, ends in a blunt tip, with a spoon-shaped sclerite on endophallus; right paramere (Fig. 3B) arcuate, apical portion narrow and elongate; left paramere shaped as in Fig. 3C, large, almost glabrous, rounded at apex.

Figure 3.

Diagnostic features of Eustra shanghaiensis sp. n. A Aedeagus, dorsal view B Right paramere C Left paramere D Gonopod IX E Male Sternite VII. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–D, F); 0.1 mm (E).

Female. Gonopod IX shaped as in Fig. 3D.

Comments

Moore et al. 2011 described and illustrated the larval structure of Eustra chinensis based on larval specimens collected together with some adults from Tianshan Park, Shanghai with no association ants (Fig. 6A). However, all these specimens are now reconsidered as larvae of the new species, Eustra shanghaiensis sp. n. described here.

Measurements

BL, 3.06–3.17; HW, 0.71–0.76; PL, 0.52–0.57; EL, 1.89–1.92.

Distribution

China: Shanghai.

Biological notes

Both adults and larvae are collected under rotten wood or bark during the whole year in Shanghai.

Symbiotic host

Free living, not associated with ant.

Etymology

Named after its type locality of Shanghai Latinized.

Eustra chinensis Bänninger, 1949

Figs 1B, 6B 中华双斑粗角步甲

Eustra chinensis Bänninger, 1949: 134 (original description, type locality: Shanghai, China); Deuve 2001: 570 (diagnosis, new record from Taiwan, China); Teradaet al. 2013: 31 (redescription); Maruyama et al. 2013: 2 (associated with Ectomomyrmes javana).

Material examined

1♂, 1♀, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Xuhui District, Shanghai Normal University (上海师范大学), 31°09'48"N, 121°24'45"E , alt. 4 m, 11.V.2017, Xiao-Bin Song leg., [from colony of Ectomomyrmes javana]’; 1♂, 1 ex, (cSXB), ditto, but 20.ix.2016, Zhong Peng leg.; 1 ex, (cJRX), ditto; 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Changning District, Zhongshan Park (中山公园), 31°13'25"N, 121°25'00"E, alt. 9 m, xi.2006, Xiao-Bin Song leg.’

Other material examined

Zhejiang: 1ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou City, Lin’an District, West Tianmushan (西天目山), 30°19'28"N, 119°26'54"E , alt. 380 m, 16.vii–9.viii.2017, Xiao-Bin Song leg., [F. I. T.].’

Comments

Eustra chinensis is characterized by the large body size and the broad elytra. This is the only known myrmecophilous species of the genus Eustra. Adults are collected from Ectomomyrmes javana (Mayr, 1867) nests under the stone (Fig. 6B), and have been observed feeding on dead insects inside nest of E. javana (Maruyama et al., 2013). Wendy et al. (2011) described an unidentified Eustra larva which collected during the excavation of nest of Ectomomyrmes javana in Taiwan, based on its same special symbiotic host and the reasonable distribution, the larva should belongs to Eustra chinensis.

Measurements

BL, 4.03–4.30; HW, 0.94–0.96; PL, 0.65–0.68; PW, 1.21–1.25; EL, 2.32–2.61.

Distribution

China: Shanghai, Zhejiang (new provincial record), Taiwan; Japan: Yaeyama-shoto.

Symbiotic host

Ectomomyrmes javana (Mayr, 1867) (Figs 6B, 7A, B).

Subtribe Ozaenina Hope, 1838

折缘粗角步甲亚族

Genus Itamus Loew, 1849

伊塔粗角步甲

Itamus castaneus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846

Figs 4, 6C 栗伊塔粗角步甲

Itamus castaneus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846: 67 (original description, type locality: Myanmar); Zhao and Tian 2003: 57 (new record from Guangdong, China).

Material examined

1♂, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Changning District, nr. Zhongshan Park (中山公园), 31°12'59"N, 121°25'17"E, alt. 11m, 28.vii.2017, Xiao-Bin Song leg.’; 3♀♀, (cSXB), ditto, but 22.viii.2017; 4 exs, (cSXB), ditto, but 25.viii.2017; 1 ex, (cSXB), ditto, but 7.ix.2017; 2 exs, (cSXB), ditto, but 27.ix.2017; 1 ex, (cWYX), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Jing’an District, nr. Jiang’an Temple (静安寺), 10.viii.2017, Yong-Xiang Wu leg.’; 1 ex, (cWYX), ditto, but vii.2017.

Figure 4.

Itamus castaneus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846, Male. Scale bar 5 mm.

Other material examined

Yunnan: 1ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (西双版纳植物园), iv-2009, Xiao-Yu Zhu leg.’; Fujian: 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Fujian, Nanping City, Wuyishan (武夷山), Yunvfeng (玉女峰), Zu-Qi Mai leg., under rotten wood.’; Zhejiang: 1 ex, (cLW), labeled ‘CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Botanical Gardern, Taoyuanling (桃源岭), viii-2017, Wei Liu leg.’; 3 exs, (cLW), ditto, but Pujiaxincun (濮家新村), vi-2015, on Broussonetia papyrifera trees.

Comments

Zhao and Tian (2003) first recorded the ozaenine genus Itamus Loew, 1849 in China, with two known Asian species, i.e., I. castaneus from Guangdong and I. dentatus Andrews, 1919 from Guangxi. Itamus castaneus can be readily separated from its Chinese congener I. dentatus by the larger body size, shoulders of elytra almost without denticle and the fore-femur with an obvious projection. All specimens from Shanghai were founded walking on the ground or at light in July to October (Fig. 6C), individuals are observed to feed on amber snails (Suecinea sp. Draparnaud) and dead cave cricket (Rhaphidophoridae). One specimen from Fujian was collected under decaying wood (Mai per. comm.). Three individuals from Zhejiang are collected at night on the trunks of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. trees (Liu per. comm.).

Measurements

BL, 15.62; HW, 3.61; PL, 3.22; PW, 4.28; EL, 8.90.

Distribution

China: Shanghai (new provincial record), Zhejiang (new provincial record), Fujian (new provincial record), Guangdong, Yunnan (new provincial record); Myanmar; Laos; Sri Lanka; Thailand.

Symbiotic host

Free living, not associated with ant.

Tribe Paussini Latreille, 1807

棒角甲族

Subtribe Paussina Latreille, 1807

棒角甲亚族

Genus Platyrhopalus Westwood, 1833

圆角棒角甲属

Platyrhopalus davidis Fairmaire, 1886

Figs 5A, 6D 大卫圆角棒角甲

Platyrhopalus davidis Fairmaire, 1886: 224 (original description, type locality: Kiang-si = Jiangxi, China); Luna de Carvalho 1987: 390 (diagnosis).

Material examined

1♂, 1ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘上海植物园, 3-XI-2007, 毕文烜’; 1ex, ditto, but, 21-IV-2007, pinned with Pheidole ant (1 soldier, 3 workers); 1♀, (cSXB), labeled ‘SH. Botanical Gardern Xuhui District, Shanghai City, 27-VII-2007’; 1 ex, (cSXB), ditto, but 25-VI-2008; 1 ex, (SNUC), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Fengxian District, Shanghai Normal Univeristy (上海师范大学), 30°50'09"N, 121°31'09"E, alt. 6 m, 15.vi.2007, Xiao-Yu Zhu leg.’; 1 ex, (SNUC), ditto, but 20.v.2008, Yu-Di Wang leg.; 1 ex, (SNUC), ditto, but 1.2008; 1♀, (cSXB), labeled ‘ CHINA: Shanghai, Fengxian District, Shanghai Institute of Technology (上海应用技术大学), 30°50'15"N, 121°30'20"E, alt. 5 m, vii.2011, De-Yao Zhou leg.’; 2 ex, (SNUC), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Chongming District, Dongtan N. R. (东滩), 7.v.2007, Jia-Yao Hu leg.’; 1♂, (SNUC), ditto, but 30.vi.2007; 1 ex, (SNUC), labeled ‘CHINA: Shanghai, Chongming District, Beihu (北湖), 1.vii.2008, Jia-Yao Hu leg.’, pinned with 6 Tetramorium caespitum workers; 1 ex (cYZZ), ditto, but Xitan (西滩), 15.vii.2007, Hong-Qiong Li leg.

Figure 5.

Platyrhopalus davidis Fairmaire, 1886. A Individual from Shanghai Botanical Gardern B Holotype. Scale bar 1 mm.

Other material examined

Anhui: 1ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Anhui, Fuyang City, Yingzhou District (颍州), Qiyuhedong Vill. (七渔河村), near dam, from ant nest, nr. 32°54'31"N, 115°46'29"E, 29-VI-2013, J-B Dong leg.’; Fujian: 1 ex, (SNUC), labeled ‘Mt. Wuyi, Fujian, Li-Zhen Li leg., 10~14-VII-2002’; Shandong: 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘鲁, 莱阳, 旌旗山, 14.5.15., JRX.’; Hubei: 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘湖北, 大店林场, 26.v.2016’ ; Hunan: 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘湖南, 长沙, 1980.9, 灯下, 徐慧?’; Yunnan: 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA: Hunan Province, Leiyang City (耒阳), vi-2011, Hao Xu leg.’; 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘云南, 昭通, 黄华, 石水井—花椒地, 2007-8-13’; 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA, Yunnan Prov., Yingjiang County (盈江县), Tongbiguan (铜壁关), alt. 1330 m, 23°36'N, 97°36'E , 23-V-2013, Chao Wu leg.’; Xizang: 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA, Xizang, Linzhi, Motuo County, Beibeng Vill. (背崩乡), alt. 780 m, 10-viii-2010, Wen-Xuan Bi leg.’; 1 ex, (cSXB), labeled ‘CHINA, Xizang, Linzhi, Motuo County, Beibeng Vill. (背崩乡), 29.243469,95. 169677,769.01, 26-vi-2017, Jing-Song Shi leg.’.

Comments

Platyrhopalus davidis is widely distributed in China, and specimens are often collected by light trap. Populations from Shanghai, Shandong, Hubei are recorded to be associated with Pheidole ants (Fig. 6D), but one individual from Beihu (北湖), Shanghai was founded with Tetramorium ants (Hu pers. comm.).

Figure 6.

Habitus of Shanghainese paussines. A Eustra shanghaiensis sp. n. found in rotten wood B Eustra chinensis, with a work of Ectomomyrmes javana C Itamus castaneus, walking on the ground at night D Platyrhopalus davidis, associated with Pheidole ants. Photographs by Xiao-Bin Song (A–C) and Wen-Xuan Bi (D).

Measurements

BL, 6.84–7.55; HW, 1.41–1.56; PL, 1.37–1.46; PW, 1.59–1.80; EL, 4.45–5.00; ACL, 1.70–1.87; ACW, 1.50–1.57.

Distribution

China: Beijing, Shanxi, Shanghai (new provincial record), Jiangsu, Zhejiang (new provincial record), Anhui (new provincial record), Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong (new provincial record), Henan, Hubei (new provincial record), Hunan, Guangdong (new provincial record), Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan (new provincial record), Xizang?, Shaanxi.

Symbiotic host

Pheidole sp. (Figs 6D, 7C, D).

Figure 7.

Host ants of Eustra chinensis and Platyrhopalus davidis. A Ectomomyrmes javana (Mayr, 1867), body, lateral view B ditto, but head, dorsal view C Pheidole sp., soldier, lateral view D ditto, but head, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 0.5 mm (C, D).

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Dr. Thierry Deuve (The French National Museum of Natural History, France) and Prof. Achille Casale (Universita di Sassari, Italy) for critical comments on a previous draft. Authors’ thanks go to Dr. Hong-Liang Shi (Beijing Forestry University) for his help with the holotype photos of Platyrhopalus davidis. We also thank Mr. Wen-Xuan Bi (Shanghai, China), Mr. Chang-Chin Chen (Tianjin, China), Dr. Jia-Yao Hu (Shanghai Normal Univercity, Shanghai, China), Mr. Ri-Xin Jiang (Shandong, China), Mr. Wei Liu (Zhejiang, China), Mr. Zu-Qi Mai (Guangdong, China), Mr. Jing-Song Shi (Beijing, China), Mrs. Dan Wang (Shanghai, China), Yi-Gang Wang (Shanghai, China), Mr. Chao Wu (Beijing, China), Mr. Yong-Xiang Wu (Shanghai, China), Mr. Hao Xu (Chongqing, China), Mr. Zhi-Zhou Yu (Shanghai, China), Mr. Chen Zhang (Shanghai, China), De-Yao Zhou (Shanghai, China), and Xiao-Yu Zhu (Jiangsu, China) for the material and/or their kind assistance in the field work. Shanghai Wildlife Conservation Management Station and Shanghai Binjiang Forest Park provided a variety of support during the field surveys. The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31672252).

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