Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ismael A. Hinojosa-Díaz ( hinojosadiaz@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2018 Armando Falcón-Brindis, Ricardo Ayala, María Luisa Jiménez, Ismael A. Hinojosa-Díaz.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Falcón-Brindis A, Ayala R, Jiménez ML, Hinojosa-Díaz IA (2018) A missing piece in the puzzle: the presence of Euglossa viridissima in the Baja California Peninsula (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 726: 15-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.726.19876
|
Orchid bees are a conspicuous component of the neotropical bee fauna, with a few species reaching the northernmost natural distribution for the group in northwestern continental Mexico. Among them, Euglossa viridissima Friese is here reported for the first time in the Cape Region of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico, where no species of the group have been found previously. These records are presented, their biogeographical implications discussed, and some interpretations of the local factors that influence the bees is presented.
Biogeography, Cape Region, oases, orchid bees, neotropics
Under the recent documentation of the decline of local pollinator populations (
The Cape Region of Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico, is a biogeographic province with distinctive floristic and faunistic elements (
Sampling was carried out from May to November 2016 at 14 localities in the Cape Region (Table
Sampled localities in the Cape Region, Baja California Sur State, Mexico.
Locality | Coordinates | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|
Cabo Pulmo | 23°26'06.70"N, 109°25'58.00"W | 24 |
El Triunfo | 23°48'12.90"N, 110°06'31.60"W | 482 |
Las Cuevas | 23°30'52.50"N, 109°41'23.50"W | 125 |
La Ribera | 23°33'21.80"N, 109°33'00.90"W | 35 |
Los Planes | 23°58'41.70"N, 109°58'18.20"W | 24 |
Melitón Albáñez | 23°38'26.80"N, 110°17'02.00"W | 163 |
Santiago | 23°28'37.90"N, 109°42'36.70"W | 113 |
San Antonio de la Sierra | 23°40'22.40"N, 109°55'51.10"W | 947 |
San Bartolo | 23°44'18.07"N, 109°50'48.85"W | 389 |
San Dionisio | 23°32'16.80"N, 109°47'53.60"W | 371 |
Santuario de los cactus | 23°44'45.10"N, 110°06'43.60"W | 435 |
Sierra de la Laguna | 23°33'06.60"N, 109°59'07.00"W | 1752 |
San Pedrito | 23°23'23.40"N, 110°12'26.90"W | 17 |
Todos Santos | 23°26'57.53"N, 110°13'35.35"W | 32 |
Of the 14 Cape Region localities sampled, E. viridissima (Figs
In total, 33 specimens (19 males, 14 females) of E. viridissima were collected. Per locality, 30 specimens (17 males, 13 females) came from Todos Santos; all were collected in August, a single female from San Bartolo collected in April, and two males from Santiago collected in October. Most of the specimens were caught in oases vegetation (96.7%). All the bees were captured while visiting flowers of Tecoma stans. The male specimens of E. viridissima were not attracted to the traps baited with chemical attractants.
Voucher specimens are deposited into in the entomological collection at the
The finding of Euglossa viridissima as the first record of an orchid bee species on the Baja California peninsula has several implications. Biogeographically, E. viridissima has the northernmost natural distribution within Euglosines (Búrquez 1999,
The Cape Region of the Baja California Peninsula is separated from the nearest Mexican mainland by the Gulf of California by around 200 km, much further than the nearly 100 km that a male E. viridissima was registered to fly when attracted to a bait in the Yucatán Peninsula (
Euglossa viridissima appears to be well-established on Baja California, since the three sampled points (Fig.
Our floristic observations of the host plant differ from
It is possible that abiotic factors (e.g. moisture, temperature) have more of an effect on populations than food availability. We do not discard the possibility that natural enemies also play an important role on these boundaries (e.g. more humid places increase likelihood to fungus attacks on immature stages). The new finding of E. viridissima at the Cape Region highlights its biological relevance as an important element of the Neotropical area. In addition, since the oases of the Baja California peninsula are shaped by different factors such as water availability, type of soil, geographical position, and degree of anthropogenic disturbance, the biological communities may respond to such insular-like conditions, presenting variation in structure and abundance (
Overall, the records of E. viridissima in the Cape Region of the Baja California peninsula represent an important piece of information regarding these bee’s distribution and likely dispersal or ecological capabilities. They also bring the opportunity to stress the need to sample the local bee faunas, in a time when pollinators are known to be declining in different parts of the world.
The authors thank to Carlos Palacios C. and Daniel E. Garavito H. for field assistance. Claudia J. Pérez E. for her kind help to take the bee´s photographs. Alfonso Medel N. and Reymundo Domínguez C. for gentle plant identification and supporting information about local vegetation. Funding was provided by CIBNOR. AFB received a scholarship (273254) from CONACyT, México.