Checklist of the Clubiona japonica-group spiders, with the description of a new species from China (Araneae, Clubionidae)

Hao Yu; Jianshuang Zhang; Jian Chen

doi:10.3897/zookeys.715.14645

Abstract

In the present paper, a worldwide checklist of Clubiona japonica-group spiders is provided based on published literature and authors’ collections. A new japonica-group species, Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. (♀♂) from Guizhou Province and Hainan Island of China is diagnosed, described, and illustrated. A distribution map of this species is given.

Keywords

catalogue, Japoniona , Sac spiders, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804 contains 495 catalogued species and is widespread throughout most of the tropics and temperate regions of the world (World Spider Catalog 2017). Due to the high species diversity of Clubiona, several infrageneric classifications have been proposed by taxonomists, and therefore Clubiona species were assigned to a series of species-groups and/or subgenera (Simon 1932; Gertsch 1941; Lohmander 1944; Edwards 1958; Dondale and Redner 1976, 1982; Mikhailov 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002; Deeleman-Reinhold 2001; Wunderlich 2011).

Japoniona was established as a subgenus by Mikhailov (1990), including only one species-group: japonica-group. Later, the subgenus Japoniona was suppressed by Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) and reverted to japonica species-group. In the same book, Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) carried out intensive research on this group’s limits, supplemented some characters to support the monophyly of the group, and provided a checklist of C. japonica-group species from Southeast Asia. During the past decade, at least nine species belonging to the japonica species-group were reported and described from southeast Asia, China, and India (Dankittipakul and Singtripop 2008; Jäger and Dankittipakul 2010; Dankittipakul et al. 2012; Keswani and Vankhede 2014; Wu and Zhang 2014). However, a few other known species are not assigned, although they exhibit typical japonica-group features. The first goal of this paper is to provide a checklist as complete as possible of the current japonica-group species.

Various field collections in Guizhou Province, China were carried out by the colleagues of Hubei University in 2014 and 2016. Four males and 20 females were collected in these field explorations, among which one pair were captured during mating; thus, they are conspecific. Additionally, one male collected from Hainan Island was examined, and no differences from the Guizhou specimens were observed. All specimens possess certain characters associated with the japonica-group, but can be easily distinguished from the other japonica-group species. This species is new to science and is described under the name of Clubiona grucollaris sp. n.

Materials and methods

The checklist is based on an examination of specimens deposited in the "Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution" (CBEE) and reviews of the published literature, including several recent world catalogues of spiders (Lin and Li 2016; World Spider Catalog 2017).

Spiders were fixed and preserved in 80% ethanol. Specimens were examined with an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope; details were studied with an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Male palps and female epigynes were examined and illustrated after being dissected. Spermathecae were cleared in boiling KOH solution to dissolve soft tissues. Photos were made with a Cannon EOS70D digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. The digital images were taken and assembled using Helifocus 3.10 software package. The drawings were made using an Olympus drawing tube. Most of the hairs and macrosetae are not depicted in the palp and epigyne images.

All measurements were obtained using an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope and given in millimetres. Eye diameters are taken at widest point. The total body length does not include chelicerae or spinnerets length. Leg lengths are given as total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The type specimens of the new species are deposited in College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

Abbreviations used are:

A epigynal atrium;

AER anterior eye row;

ALE anterior lateral eyes;

AM atrial margin;

AME anterior median eyes;

AME–AME distance between AMEs;

AME–ALE distance between AME and ALE;

BS bursa;

C conductor;

CD copulatory duct;

CO copulatory opening;

E embolus;

FD fertilization duct;

MOQ median ocular quadrangle;

MOQL length of MOQ;

MOQAMOQ anterior width;

MOQPMOQ posterior width;

PER posterior eye row;

PLE posterior lateral eyes;

PME posterior median eyes;

PME–PME distance between PMEs;

PME–PLE distance between PME and PLE;

RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis;

SB spermathecal bases;

SH spermathecal heads;

SP spermatheca;

SS spermathecal stalks;

TA tegular apophysis.

The terminology used in text and figure legends follows Yu et al. (2012).

Taxonomy

Family Clubionidae Wanger, 1887

Genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804

The japonica -group

Diagnosis

In general, members of the japonica-group can be recognized by the following combination of characters (see also Dankittipakul and Singtripop 2008): dark colour pattern of carapace and dorsum of opisthosoma (Figs 1–3); the male retrolateral tibial apophysis small and not branched (Figs 5, 10), the sperm duct is sinuate and distinct (Figs 6–7), the embolus filiform or reduced (Figs 4–9, 11), the conductor sclerotized with variable shapes (e.g. a small tubercle in C. picturata Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, long and filiform in C. biembolata Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and C. filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, large and beak-shaped in C. japonica L. Koch, 1878 and C. grucollaris sp. n., Figs 4–12); the female epigyne has a relatively large atrium situated anteriorly, and the copulatory openings are located in rebordered groove of atrial margin (Fig. 13). The japonica-group resembles the corticalis-group in having the similar simple palp bulb in male, the atrium and copulatory openings located anteriorly in female, however, the latter can be distinguished from the former by: (1) the lack of a colour pattern on the opisthosoma; (2) the presence of a inflated tegulum with indistinct sperm duct; (3) the conductor membranous or absent; (4) the presence of a ventral tibial apophysis in many species; (5) the atrium is significantly smaller or absent; (6) copulatory openings are often located at anterior part of the epigynial plate, instead of close to the middle part in the japonica-group. All the provided corticalis-group characters are according to Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) and recent clubionid papers such as Wu and Zhang (2014) and Liu et al. (2016).

Taxonomic notes

Dankittipakul and Singtripop (2008) divided the Southeast Asia japonica-group into two lineages. It appears that this standard of division may also apply to the japonica-group from China. The species of the 1^st lineage have a large sclerotized and beak-shaped conductor that aligned transversely on apical part of the bulb (Figs 4–6, 15–17), such as C. circulata Zhang & Yin, 1998, C. calycina Wu & Zhang, 2014 and C. grucollaris sp. n., etc. Members of the 2^nd lineage share the following characters: the reduced embolus; a long and filiform conductor; and the embolus and conductor fused with each other, forming an apical appendage together and situated on the apical portion of the tegulum (Figs 7–12). The 2^nd lineage includes C. filicata and C. filoramula Zhang & Yin, 1998.

In spite of the variable conductor in the male palp, the female genitalia of the two different lineages are very similar. The epigynial plate has a large atrium situated anteriorly, and the atrium is bounded by an atrial margin. The posterior atrial margins are often not rebordered. Copulatory openings relatively small, located in rebordered groove of basolateral atrial margin (Figs 13, 18). Vulva consisting of anterior spermathecae and posterior bursae. The bursae are membranous, larger than the spermathecae (Figs 14, 19).

Strictly based on the group characters, figures and text descriptions of 495 Clubiona species were checked one by one. In this work, we focused on ungrouped species, but also considered grouped species based on previous infrageneric revisions (Mikhailov1990, 1991, 1995, 2002; Deeleman-Reinhold 2001). As a result, there are at least 31 japonica-group species all over the world (but mainly distributed in Asia) at present, among which 9 species were recorded from China, including a new species described here as Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. (see Table 1).

Table 1.

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A list of current Clubiona japonica-group species in alphabetical order.

	Species name	Known sex	Distribution
1	C. annuligera Lessert, 1929	♂♀	Congo, Mozambique
2	C. biembolata Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001	♂♀	Borneo
3	C. bilobata Dhali, Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2016	♀	India
4	C. calycina Wu & Zhang, 2014	♂♀	China
5	C. campylacantha Dankittipakul, 2008	♂♀	Thailand
6	C. charleneae Barrion & Litsinger, 1995	♂♀	Philippines
7	C. circulata Zhang & Yin, 1998	♂♀	China
8	C. coreana Paik, 1990	♂♀	Russia, Korea, China
9	C. digitata Dankittipakul, 2012	♂♀	Thailand
10	C. drassodes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874	♂♀	India, Bangladesh, China
11	C. filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874	♂♀	India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, China
12	C. filifera Dankittipakul, 2008	♂♀	Thailand
13	C. filoramula Zhang & Yin, 1998	♂	China
14	C. foliata Keswani & Vankhede, 2014	♂♀	India
15	C. gallagheri Barrion & Litsinger, 1995	♀	Indonesia
16	C. japonica L. Koch, 1878	♂♀	Russia, China, Korea, Japan
17	C. lala Jäger & Dankittipakul, 2010	♀	Laos
18	C. melanosticta Thorell, 1890	♂♀	Thailand, Sumatra, Krakatau, New Guinea
19	C. melanothele Thorell, 1895	♀	Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Sumatra
20	C. munda Thorell, 1887	♀	Myanmar
21	C. nigromaculosa Blackwall, 1877	♂♀	Seychelles, Réunion
22	C. octoginta Dankittipakul, 2008	♂♀	Thailand
23	C. picturata Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001	♂♀	Bali
24	C. pila Dhali, Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2016	♀	India
25	C. pupula Thorell, 1897	♂♀	Myanmar
26	C. scandens Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001	♂♀	Borneo
27	C. submaculata (Thorell, 1891)	♂♀	Nicobar Is.
28	C. suthepica Dankittipakul, 2008	♂♀	Thailand
29	C. vigil Karsch, 1879	♂♀	Russia, Korea, Japan, China
30	C. vukomi Jäger & Dankittipakul, 2010	♂	Thailand, Laos
31	C. grucollaris sp. n.	♂♀	China

Clubiona grucollaris sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/25D9CD29-56E7-4D2E-9FBD-DB7C24DA5F1C

Figs 1–2, 4–5, 6, 13–14, 15–19, 20

Type material

Holotype ♂ (HUBU-GZ-IV-140057): China, Guizhou Province, Tongren City, Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve (578 m; 21°51'12"N, 108°46'45"E), 3 August 2014, Jian Chen and Jianyong Li leg. Paratypes: 2 ♂ and 18 ♀, same data as holotype; 11 ♀, Tongren City, Mayanghe Nature Reserve (394 m; 28°46'53"N, 108°12'32"E), 15 August 2014, Mu Yan and Yaqian Fu leg; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Tongren City, Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve (539 m; 27°50'42"N, 108°46'48"E), 6 April 2016, Hao Yu and Yang Zhong leg. 1 ♂, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County, Limu Mountain Nature Reserve (417 m; 19°50'06"N, 109°47'52"E), 1 October 2009, Hao Yu and Zhenyu Jin leg.

Etymology

The specific name is an adjective and is derived from the combination of two Latin words: gru (crane) + collaris (with neck), referring to the long and cylindrical conductor base, which is like the neck of crane.

Diagnosis

Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. resembles the other japonica-group species by the similar habitus (Figs 1–3), but is consistently separable by its genitalia. Males of Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. appear to be closely related to C. circulata (Zhang and Yin 1998: 9, f. 1–3), C. calycina (Wu and Zhang 2014: 211, f. 1–12), and C. suthepica (Dankittipakul and Singtripop 2008: 42, f. 22–23, 56–58) in having the filiform embolus, and heavily sclerotized distal apex of beak-shaped conductor, but can be easily distinguished from these species by the crane’s neck-shaped conductor base, and by the nearly U-shaped sperm ducts (Figs 4–6, 15–17). Females of C. grucollaris sp. n. are similar to C. circulata (Zhang and Yin 1998: 9, f. 4–5), C. filifera (Dankittipakul et al. 2012: 57, f. 18–19, 23–24) and C. octoginta (Dankittipakul and Singtripop 2008: 39, f. 17–19, 45–46) by the broad atrium situated anteriorly, and the membranous bursae situated posteriorly, but can be recognized by the more or less inverted trapezoidal atrium with M-shaped anterior margin, and by the spiral spermathecae (Figs 13–14, 18–19).

Figures 1–3.

Habitus of Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. and C. filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, dorsal view. 1 C. grucollaris sp. n., male holotype 2 C. grucollaris sp. n., female paratype 3 C. filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, male from Guangxi, China. Scale bars 5 mm (1–2); 2.5 mm (3).

Figures 4–5.

Clubiona grucollaris sp. n., male holotype. 4 left palp, prolateral view 5 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars 0.5 mm.

Description

Male. Total length 6.23–7.75. Holotype (Fig. 1): body 7.54 long; carapace 3.75 long, 2.42 wide; abdomen 3.96 long, 1.76 wide. Carapace brownish red, with a distinctive pattern on pars cephalica consisting of a pair of dark lateral bands and Ψ-shaped markings behind posterior eyes, markings starting from behind PME and PLE almost reaching dark fovea. Fovea longitudinal. In dorsal view, AER recurved and slightly narrowed than procurved PER. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.18, PME 0.16, PLE 0.15; AME–AME 0.14, AME–ALE 0.19, PME–PME 0.38, PME–PLE 0.32. MOQL 0.51, MOQA 0.46, MOQP 0.72. Chelicerae protruding and coloured as carapace, three promarginal teeth and two retromarginal teeth. Endites brown, longer than wide. Labium dark brown, longer than wide. Sternum 2.10 long, 1.45 wide. Abdomen oval, brown, with conspicuous anterior tufts of hairs, dorsum with dense grey hairs and two pairs of muscle impression, and with broken dark median band, reaching half of opisthosoma length, posteriorly with paired dark markings consisting of numerous stripes and spots; venter brown. Legs brownish yellow, all legs with conspicuous dark brown annuli in the distal parts of femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus. Measurements of legs: I 8.60 (2.52, 3.20, 1.70, 1.20), II 9.07 (2.64, 3.46, 2.00, 0.97), III 7.49 (2.20, 2.40, 2.06, 0.83), IV 10.43 (2.86, 3.57, 2.82, 1.19).

Palp (Figs 4–6, 15–17). RTA dark, small but strong, triangular; cymbium longer than wide, bulb nearly spherical and proapically membranous; sperm duct distinct and sinuate, U-shaped or reversed S-shaped; embolus slender and filiform, originated at 8–9 o’ clock position in prolateral view, its tip slightly overpasses the genital bulb; conductor with a heavily sclerotized and beak-shaped apex, its base part membranous and crane’s neck-shaped; tegular apophysis small and petal-shaped in retrolateral view.

Female. Total length 6.53–7.83. One paratype (Fig. 2) measured, body 7.70 long; carapace 3.03 long, 2.08 wide; abdomen 4.55 long, 2.41 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.14, PME 0.15, PLE 0.12; AME–AME 0.14, AME–ALE 0.16, PME–PME 0.34, PME–PLE 0.27. MOQL 0.49, MOQL 0.42, MOQP 0.66. Sternum 1.71 long, 1.18 wide. Measurements of legs: I 6.40 (1.83, 2.36, 1.24, 0.97), II 7.04 (2.02, 2.71, 1.41, 0.89), III 5.02 (1.60, 1.83,1.33, 0.27), IV 8.43 (2.32, 2.82, 2.44, 0.86). General characters as in male, but slightly larger in size and darker in colour.

Epigyne (Figs 13–14, 18–19). Atrium large and nearly inverted trapezoidal, with a shallow depression, located at anterior portion of epigynal plate, anterior atrial margin “M” shaped; spermathecae and burse are prominently through epigynal plate in ventral view; two copulatory openings located at basolateral atrial borders; spermathecae consisting of papilliform base, tubular stalk and ovoid head, ascend spirally; bursae globular and translucent; fertilization ducts short, acicular.

Natural history

Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. mainly inhabit the upper levels of the forest and most specimens were collected by canopy fogging, while a few spiders were obtained by beating twigs and branches of vegetation. The type locality, Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, extending from 27°49'50" to 28°01'30"N and 108°49'30"to 108°18'30"E, is the core zone and the highest peak of the Wuling Mountains, and is known for its high floral biodiversity (Wang et al. 2015). The evergreen broad-leaved forests, where the holotype was obtained, are located in low elevation areas (alt. 300–600 m) of the Reserve.

Distribution

Guizhou Province (Mt. Fanjing, Mayanghe natural reserves) and Hainan Island (Mt. Limu), China (Fig. 20).

Clubiona filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874

Figs 3, 7–8, 9–12

Clubiona filicata O. P.-Cambridge, 1874: 413, fig. 35 (description of ♂, ♀); Gravely 1931: 261, fig. 16d; Tikader and Biswas 1981: 69, figs 120–121; Gong 1989: 109, figs 1–13; Zhang and Hu 1989: 58, figs 7, 22; Majumder and Tikader 1991: 23, figs 30–35; Biswas and Raychaudhuri 1996: 199, figs 27–33; Song et al. 1999: 415, figs 245L–M, 248F–G; Dankittipakul and Singtripop 2008: 37, figs 5–7, 30–33; Dankittipakul et al. 2012: 59, figs 25–31; Yin et al. 2012: 1095, figs 575a–e.

Clubiona distincta Thorell, 1887: 48

Clubiona swatowensis Strand, 1907: 562 (Description of ♀); Strand 1909: 39, fig. 24.

Examined material

1 ♂, China, Guangxi Province, Guilin City, Guilin Tea Science and Research Institute (150 m; 27°17'48"N, 110°21'34"E), 3 October 2010.

Description

Male (Figs 3, 7–12). For details see Dankittipakul and Singtripop (2008).

Figures 6–8.

Left male palp of Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. and C. filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, ventral view. 6 C. grucollaris sp. n., male holotype 7 C. filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, male from Guangxi, China 8 C. filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 from Guangxi, China, apical appendage of tegulum, ventral. Scale bars 0.5 mm (6–7); 0.1 mm (8).

Figures 9–12.

Clubiona filicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, male from Guangxi, China. 9 left palp, prolateral view 10 same, retrolateral view 11 apical appendage of tegulum, prolateral view 12 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars 0.5 mm (9–10); 0.1 mm (11–12).

Natural history

The examined specimen was collected by a pitfall trap set in a tea plantation.

Distribution

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, China (see Table 1).

Figures 13–14.

Clubiona grucollaris sp. n., female paratype. 13 epigyne, ventral view 14 vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Figures 15–19.

Clubiona grucollaris sp. n., male holotype and female paratype. 15 left palp, prolateral view 16 same, venteral view 17 same, retrolateral view 18 epigyne, ventral view 19 vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.5 mm (15–17); 0.2 mm (18–19).

Figure 20.

Distribution of Clubiona grucollaris sp. n. (red circles).

Acknowledgements

The manuscript benefited from comments by Dr. Cor J. Vink (Natural History Canterbury Museum, New Zealand), and two anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31702006/31272268/31172113), the Special Foundation of Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MOST grant no. 2014FY110100), the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (J [2014] 2146) and PhD grant from Guizhou Normal University (11904/0517069). We thank the staff of the Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE, Hubei University) for all their help and support throughout this study.

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