Research Article |
Corresponding author: Rannyele Passos Ribeiro ( rannyele.passos@uam.es ) Academic editor: Greg Rouse
© 2018 Rannyele Passos Ribeiro, Paulo Ricardo Alves, Zafira da Silva de Almeida, Christine Ruta.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ribeiro RP, Alves PR, Almeida ZS, Ruta C (2018) A new species of Paraonis and an annotated checklist of polychaetes from mangroves of the Brazilian Amazon Coast (Annelida, Paraonidae). ZooKeys 740: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.740.14640
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The polychaete fauna from the mangroves of the Amazon Coast in Maranhão state, Brazil, is reported in this study. Fourteen species are listed, namely Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847); Arabella (Arabella) iricolor Montagu, 1804; Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780) complex; Exogone (Exogone) breviantennata Hartmann-Schröder, 1959; Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède, 1864); Isolda pulchella Müller, 1858; Mediomastus californiensis Hartman, 1944; Namalycastis fauveli Nageswara Rao, 1981; Namalycastis geayi (Gravier, 1901); Namalycastis senegalensis (Saint-Joseph, 1901); Nephtys simoni Perkins, 1980; Paraonis amazonica sp. n.; Sigambra bassi (Hartman, 1945); and Sigambra grubii Müller, 1858. Among them, Namalycastis fauveli and Namalycastis geayi are recorded for the first time in Brazil. Paraonis amazonica sp. n. is a new species for science, characterized by a rounded prostomium, 4–8 pairs of foliaceous branchiae, absent eyes, and two types of modified neurochaetae, acicular and hook-shaped.
annelid, mangrove, Maranhão, new records, Paraonis , taxonomy
The two largest rivers that drain South America, the Amazon and the Orinoco, are respectively, the first and third largest rivers in the world in terms of water volume (
Most of what is known about the marine biodiversity of the Brazilian Amazon Coast is related to fishing and mangrove habitats Nevertheless, the REVIZEE Program – Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone provided important information regarding the continental shelf and offshore area (
In this study, polychaetes collected in the mangrove of São Marcos Bay in the Gulf of Maranhão were examined. The current study contributes to increasing the knowledge of polychaetes in the South Atlantic, particularly in the Amazon coastal zone. This is the first taxonomic study with a focus on the polychaete fauna from Maranhão and includes new records and the description of a new species.
Mangrove specimens from the Gulf of Maranhão were collected between April of 2010 and June of 2012 from two creeks in São Marcos Bay: Buenos Aires at the São Luís (02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W) and Tronco at the Caranguejos Island (02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W) (Fig.
Polychaetes were identified at the species level using stereo (Olympus SZX-16) and light microscope (Olympus CX31). Specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by critical point drying, prior to being mounted on stubs and coated with gold (200 A thick). These specimens were observed and analyzed in the Jeol JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (
The specimens and type material referent to the new species were deposited in the research collection Coleção Científica de Invertebrados Marinhos e Costeiros (NPM) of the Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Macaé, Brazil, and in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (
Other abbreviations cited in this study:
BMHN British Museum (Natural History), London.
IBUFRJ Coleção de Polychaeta do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
MCEM-BPO Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná.
POLY-UFPB Coleção de Invertebrados Marinhos Paulo Young, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba.
UK United Kingdom.
USA United States of America.
A total of eight families, eleven genera, and 14 species were identified; new records of Namalycastis geayi and Namalycastis senegalensis (Nereididae) and a new species of Paraonis (Paraonidae) are reported from Brazil.
Devonshire, England, United Kingdom (50°34'N, 3°34'W; estimated geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°211'1.8"W: two specimens, 18 March 2012 (NPM-Pol 115); one specimen, 1 June 2012 (NPM-Pol 090); one specimen, 18 November 2011 (NPM-Pol 886); complete and incomplete specimens.
Pacific Ocean: New Zealand, Philippines, USA, Peru. Indian Ocean: Red Sea. Atlantic Ocean: Ireland, UK, France, Mediterranean Sea, Marmara Sea (Turkey), Mauritania, South Africa, USA, Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (states of Maranhão, Bahia, São Paulo and Paraná, see Suppl. material
Arabella (Arabella) iricolor was described to the south coast of Devonshire (UK) as Nereis iricolor (Montagu, 1804). The description of specimens from the Caribbean Sea (
Hutchinson Island, Florida, USA (27°21.6'N, 80°13.2'W; original geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: one specimen, 23 April 2010 (NPM-Pol 868); four specimens, 21 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 869); one specimen, 27 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 870); four specimens, 27 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 871); one specimen, 6 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 872); one specimen, 18 December 2011 (NPM-Pol 873); complete and incomplete specimens. Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: 31 specimens, 20 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 874); 12 specimens, 17 March 2012 (NPM-Pol 455); six specimens, 5 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 875); complete and incomplete specimens.
Atlantic Ocean: Mediterranean Sea, USA, Mexico, Brazil (states of Pará, Maranhão, São Paulo, see Suppl. material
First record for Maranhão. The specimens present the characters that define Nephtys simoni Perkis, 1980, such as interramal branchiae from the third chaetiger; proboscis with long middorsal and midventral subdistal papilla and 23 conical papilla distal, dorsal cirrus linked to pre-chaetal cirrus, short and finger-like lobes. Individuals that have one pair of eyespots and median reddish pigmentation in the prostomium were reported for juveniles by
Helgoland and Cuxhaven, Germany (53°53'N, 8°37'E; estimated geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: one specimen, 6 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 083); two specimens, 27 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 876); complete and incomplete specimens. Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: one specimen, 20 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 877); complete and incomplete specimens.
Pacific Ocean: Australia, New Zealand, USA, Mexico. Indian Ocean: Red Sea. Atlantic Ocean: North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Canada, USA, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (state of Pará, Maranhão, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, see Suppl. material
This species was described as Nereis succinea (
Estuary of Tachin River, Thailand (13°44'N, 100°30'E; original geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: one specimen, 6 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 883). Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: one specimen, 26 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 086); three specimens, 28 March 2011 (NPM-Pol 109); one specimen, 22 April 2010 (NPM-Pol 878); three specimens, 17 August 2010 (NPM-Pol 879); two specimens, 2 June 2012 (NPM-Pol 880); four specimens, 5 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 881). Complete and incomplete specimens.
Indian Ocean: Thailand, India. Atlantic Ocean: Brazil (Maranhão state).
Body widest mid-anteriorly. Prostomium anteriorly shallowly cleft or cleft absent. Antennae minute. Notochaeta present. Heterogomph setae with boss extremely prolonged. Supra-neuroacicular falcigers in chaetiger 10 with blades slightly curved (
Based on specimens NPM-Pol 878 and 883. Complete specimen with 17.3 mm long, 0.72 mm wide (chaetiger 10), and 79 chaetigers (Fig.
Specimens in alcohol yellow. No pigment visible throughout the body.
First species record for the America. These specimens present some differences from the original description (
Ouanary, French Guiana (4°12'N, 51°39'W; estimated geolocation).
Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: one specimen, 17 December 2011 (NPM-Pol 082); one specimen, 27 March 2011 (NPM-Pol 882); one specimen, 20 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 884); all incomplete specimens.
Atlantic Ocean: French Guiana, Brazil (state of Maranhão).
Prostomium anterior end smooth or with a shallow cleft. Antennae extending short of the palpophore tip or of the prostomium tip. Two pairs of eyes nearly longitudinally arranged. Dorsal cirri short, similar in length throughout the body. Notochaetae present (
Based on specimen NPM-Pol 884. Incomplete specimen with 4.93 mm long, 1.1 mm wide and 18 chaetigers. Body widest mid-anteriorly, tapering gradually anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig.
Namalycastis geayi, fixed specimen, NPM-Pol 882 and 884. A Anterior end, dorsal view B Parapodia sub-birramous, anterior region, dorsal view C Supra-acicular spiniger, arrow point to fine serrations proximally to the base of chaetae blades, parapodium 17, dorsal view of chaetae. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.01 mm (C).
Specimens in alcohol yellow. No pigment visible throughout the body.
First species record for Brazil. The collected specimens of this study were not complete, but they present the same characters of Namalycastis geayi (Gravier, 1901) based on the anterior end (Fig.
Marsassoun, Senegal (13°59'N, 16°43'W; estimated geolocation).
Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: one specimen, incomplete, 22 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 105).
Namalycastis senegalensis, fixed specimen, NPM-Pol 105. A Anterior end, dorsal view B Parapodia of 10th chaetiger, anterior view C Sub-acicular neurochaetae spiniger of 10th chaetiger D Sub-acicular neurochaeta falciger of 10th chaetiger. Scale bars: 2.3 mm (A), 0.2 mm (B), 0.02 mm (C, D).
Atlantic Ocean: Senegal, Nigeria, Congo, Suriname, Brazil (states of Pará and Maranhão, see Suppl. material
First record for Maranhão. Complete specimens were not found in this study; however, the features of the anterior body are very similar to the re-description of
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: one specimen, complete, 6 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 111).
Pacific Ocean: USA, Mexico, Chile. Atlantic Ocean: USA, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (state of Maranhão and São Paulo, see Suppl. material
First record for Maranhão. The specimens examined in this study present a long medium antenna reaching up to setiger 5–12; a dorsal hook beginning in the posterior chaetigers supports the identification as Sigambra bassi. The records in the Caribbean and Brazil include estuaries and beaches (
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27°36'30”S, 48°26'30”W; original geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: one specimen, 18 August 2010 (NPM-Pol 110); one specimen, 27 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 887). Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: one specimen, 22 April 2010 (NPM-Pol 888). Complete and incomplete specimens.
Atlantic Ocean: USA, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (states of Pará, Maranhão, Sergipe, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, see Suppl. material
First species record for Maranhão. The presence of notopodial hooks distally curved appearing in setiger 20 and a medium antenna reaching the second chaetiger are characteristics that support the identification of the species based on the original description by
Estero Jaltepeque, El Salvador (13°18'N, 88°52”W; estimated geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: one specimen, 18 August 2010 (NPM-Pol 889); three specimens, 27 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 890); one specimen, 29 March 2011 (NPM-Pol 112); one specimen, 6 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 891); five specimens, 18 December 2011 (NPM-Pol 892); all complete specimens.
Pacific Ocean: Australia, Panama, Ecuador. Indian Ocean: Seychelles, Red Sea, Australia. Atlantic Ocean: Spain (Canary Islands), South Africa, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (states of Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Espírito Santo, and São Paulo, see Suppl. material
First species record for the Brazilian Amazon Coast. The features that confirm these specimens as Exogone (Exogone) breviantennata Hartmann-Schröder, 1959 are median and lateral antennae of similar size, compound spinigers and falcigers with bidentate blades (subdistal tooth larger than distal tooth) and falcigers in the anterior body with 3–4 relatively thick spines. This species is found worldwide in several habitats such as in seagrass in the intertidal zone, rocky shores, algae asSEMblages, soft bottoms (
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27°36'S, 48°27'W; estimated geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56" S, 44°21'11.8"W: seven specimens, 6 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 849); two specimens, 18 December 2012 (NPM-Pol 067); 14 specimens, 18 December 2012 (NPM-Pol 848). Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: one specimen, 17 December 2012 (NPM-Pol 850). Complete and incomplete specimens.
Pacific Ocean: Australia, USA. Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Australia. Atlantic Ocean: Portugal, Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, USA, Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (states of Pará, Maranhão, Sergipe, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, see Suppl. material
The presence of two groups of four branchiae, post-branchial notopodium with sharply curved hooks; twelve or thirteen thoracic segments with pectinate uncini with four to seven teeth support the identification of these specimens as Isolda pulchella Müller, 1858. This species was described in south Brazil and is found along the coast inhabiting estuarine environments, including mangroves and coastal lagoons. The specimens described by
Uummannaq, West Greenland (71°6.5'N, 51°17'W; original geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: six specimens, 29 March 2011 (NPM-Pol 069); one specimen, 23 September 2012 (NPM-Pol 102); 17 specimens, 18 December 2011 (NPM-Pol 851). Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: five specimens, 17 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 852); two specimens, 26 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 853); two specimens, 17 December 2011 (NPM-Pol 854). Complete and incomplete specimens.
Arctic Ocean: Greenland. Pacific Ocean: China, Japan, Australia, USA, Mexico, Costa Rica. Indian Ocean: Red Sea. Atlantic Ocean: North Sea, Ireland, UK, Germany, Netherlands, France, Spain, Mediterranean Sea, Ukraine, South Africa, USA, Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (states of Pará, Maranhão, Ceará, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, see Suppl. material
First record for Maranhão. The specimens examined in this study are similar to the neotype description of Capitella capitata by
Port-Vendres, France (42°30'N, 3°07'E; estimated geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: one specimen, incomplete, 6 September 2011 (NPM-Pol 070); two specimens, 27 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 852); four specimens, 18 December 2011 (NPM-Pol 856); one specimen, 18 March 2012 (NPM-Pol 857); complete and incomplete specimens.
Pacific Ocean: New Zealand, USA, Costa Rica. Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Mozambique. Atlantic Ocean: Ireland, UK, Belgium, France, Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, USA, Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (states of Pará, Maranhão, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, see Suppl. material
Heteromastus filiformis from São Marcos Bay share the same characters of the specimens described by
Tomales Bay, California (38°18'N, 122°56'W; estimated geolocation).
São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W: two specimens, 21 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 73); three specimens, 18 August 2010 (NPM-Pol 858); one specimen, 18 March 2012 (NPM-Pol 859). Caranguejos Island, 02°49'33.6"S, 44°28'51.1"W: one specimen, 22 April 2010 (NPM-Pol 860), three specimens, 26 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 861); three specimens, 28 March 2011 (NPM-Pol 862); eight specimens, 28 March 2011 (NPM-Pol 863); one specimen, 17 December 2011 (NPM-Pol 864); four specimens, 2 July 2012 (NPM-Pol 865). Complete and incomplete specimens.
Pacific Ocean: Australia, USA, Mexico. Atlantic Ocean: Caribbean Sea, Brazil (states of Pará, Maranhão, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, see Suppl. material
First record for Maranhão. The specimens examined in this study have triangular prostomium with cylindrical palpodium, in dorsal view; peristomium devoid of setae with a pair of ocelli; 10 chaetigers in thoracic region; only capillaries in chaetigers 1–4; abdominal chaetigers only with hooded hooks defining them as Mediomastus californiensis (Hartman, 1944). In the present study, we found specimens exceeding 100 segments as observed by
Brazil, Maranhão: São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W, mangrove, 21 October 2010, R.P. Ribeiro.
Holotype: São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W, one specimen, complete, 21 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 906). Paratypes: São Luís, 02°35'56"S, 44°21'11.8"W, one specimen, incomplete, 18 August 2010 (NPM-Pol 907); 80 specimens, all incomplete, 27 January 2011 (NPM-Pol 908); two specimens, both complete, 21 October 2010 (NPM-Pol 929); two specimens, both incomplete, 18 March 2012 (
Only known from the type locality.
Rounded prostomium, clearly wider than longer. Dorsal brownish pigmentation reaching the beginning of the prostomium. Rounded to foliaceous branchiae (4–8 pairs), from the fourth segment. Neurochaetae of two types: acicular chaeta with lateral spine beginning in pre-branchial segments, and hook-shaped chaeta with terminal spines in post-branchial segments.
Complete holotype, 2.68 mm long, 0.17 mm wide (chaetiger 8), and 46 chaetigers. Three complete paratypes with 2.43–2.94 mm long, 0.18–0.20 mm wide and 36–54 chaetigers. Incomplete paratypes up to 4.607 mm long, 0.283 mm wide, and 16–61 chaetigers. Fixed individuals with brown pigmentation that reaches the distal end of the prostomium and extends along the body. Anteriorly flattened body, wider than longer, cylindrical from the 8th chaetiger and in all middle body region (Fig.
Paraonis amazonica sp. n., SEM. A Anterior end, arrow point to the nuchal organ, dorsal view B Anterior parapodium of chaetiger 3, arrow point to the acicular lateral spine, dorsal view C Parapodium of setiger 35, acicular chaeta with a lateral spine (sl) hook-shaped chaeta with a terminal spine (st) D Acicular chaeta with a lateral spine enlarged. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A), 20 µm (B), 10 µm (C), 1 µm (D).
Paraonis amazonica sp. n., chaetae. A Acicular chaetae with a lateral spine of anterior setiger 3 B Posterior hook-shaped chaeta with terminal spine and acicular chaetae with a lateral spine (left) in setiger 30 C Hook-shaped chaeta with a terminal spine in the last setiger, 36 D Pygidium with three anal cirri, ventral view. Scale bars 50 µm (A–C), 0.25 mm (D).
Specimens in alcohol show brownish pigment spots all over the body, two pairs of reddish brown lateral spots in the pygidial lobes of some specimens.
Named after the Amazon Coast, region where type locality is located.
Paraonis amazonica sp. n. differs from all other species by the presence of acicular and hook-shaped modified neurochaetae. Currently, there are five valid species named in the genus Paraonis: Paraonis fulgens (Levinsen, 1884); Paraonis paucibranchiata Cerruti, 1909; Paraonis pycnobranchiata Fauchald, 1972; Paraonis pygoenigmatica Jones, 1968; and Paraonis strelzovi Hartmann-Schröder, 1980 (see Table
Key features of Paraonis based on original descriptions and redescriptions. NI: no information.
Features | Species | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. amazonica sp. n. | P. fulgens (Levinsen, 1884) | P. paucibranchiata Cerruti, 1909 | P. pycnobranchiata Fauchald, 1972 | P. pygoenigmatica Jones, 1968 | P. strelzovi Hartmann-Schröder, 1980 | |
Eyes | absent | present | present | present | present | absent |
Prostomial ciliated bands | absent | present | absent | absent | present | NI |
First chaetiger with branchiae | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
Number of branchiae pairs | 4–8 | 16–25 | 4 | 20 | 15–19 | 4 |
Branchiae shape | foliaceous to rounded | foliaceous to oval | cylindrical | thick and distally blunt | Lanceolate | large, smooth and ciliated |
Prostomium | rounded | conical | ovoid | rounded pentagonal | Conical | conical |
Number of chaetigers | 36–54 | 110–120 | at least 20 | at least 48 | 62–81 | > 27 |
Notochaetae | capillary | capillary | capillary | capillary | capillary or limbate | capillary and capillary fringed |
Pre-branchial and branchial neurochaetae | capillary and acicular with lateral spine | capillary and hook-shaped with fringe | capillary and hook-shaped | capillary | capillary or limbate | capillary and capillary fringed and hooded spine |
Post-branchial neurochaeta | acicular with lateral spine and hook-shaped with terminal spine | hook-shaped with fringe | hook-shaped | curved and pilose without aristae | capillary or limbate and modified | hooded spine |
Number of anal cirri | 3 | 3 | 3 | NI | 3 to 8 | 3 |
Habitat | estuarine, intertidal | marine, intertidal | marine | deep sea | marine, subtidal | estuarine, subtidal |
Bottom | muddy | sand bottom | NI | NI | sand bottom | NI |
Type locality | Amazon Coast, Brazil | Denmark | Mediterranean Sea | Gulf of California, USA | Cape Cod Bay, USA | Australia |
Among the five valid species of Paraonis, P. fulgens, P. paucibranchiata, and P. strelzovi also have the first pair of branchiae in the fourth chaetiger as seen in P. amazonica sp. n. However, P. fulgens has more than 25 pairs of branchiae and the first post-chaetal lobe starts in the third chaetiger, whereas P. amazonica sp. n. has 4–8 pairs of branchiae and first post-chaetal lobe in the 9th chaetiger. In addition, P. fulgens (about 120 chaetigers in total) seems to be longer than P. amazonica sp. n. (up to 54 chaetigers in complete individuals). However, longer animals could be found, since incomplete individuals of P. amazonica sp. n. showed up to 61 chaetigers. Only four pairs of branchiae are described in P. paucibranchiata and P. strelzovi whereas P. amazonica sp. n. has 4–8 pairs of branchiae. Moreover, P. paucibranchiata differs from P. amazonica sp. n. by the presence of eyes and longer and straighter branchiae. The other two species mainly differ on the first chaetiger with branchiae and post-chaetal lobe. Paraonis pygoenigmatica has approximately 20 pairs of branchiae that begin in the sixth chaetiger, joined to the first dorsal lobes. In P. pycnobranchiata, the branchiae (about 19) are present from chaetiger 6–25. P. amazonica sp. n. and P. pycnobranchiata have the same pigmentation pattern consisting in small pigment spots scattered along the body.
Species of Paraonis are usually reported in marine, inshore and continental shelf environments (
In total, 14 species belonging to eight families and eleven genera were identified in São Marcos Bay, Maranhão, Brazilian Amazon Coast. Two of them were first recorded to Brazilian Coast (N. fauveli, N. geayi) and one new species was described (P. amazonica sp. n.). Two other species are new records for the Brazilian Amazon Coast (E. (E.) breviantennata and S. bassi), and five species are new records for the Maranhão Coast (C. capitata complex, M. californiensis, N. senegalensis, N. simoni, and S. grubii).
This study expands the occurrence of N. geayi to the Brazilian Amazon Coast (in estuarine muddy sediments) because the type specimens of N. geayi were collected in freshwater and muddy bottoms in the Ouanary Stream in French Guiana (
In summary, this checklist increases the number of recorded species in the Brazilian Amazon Coast. Further studies targeting sampling beyond mangroves and soft bottoms, including deep sea, seagrasses, and algal mats, can lead to the discovery of higher diversity of annelids in the Brazilian Amazon Coast. We assume that other new species can be found in this region or described from the worldwide species reported here, since they probably correspond to species complexes.
We are grateful to a number of colleagues from LabPEA (UEMA) and LABIN (UFRJ-Macaé) for assistance in the field and lab work, in particular, Alana Leitão, Allana Cutrim, Carlos Rodrigues, Marco Antônio Gomes, and Lorena Sousa. We thank the reviewers and Dr. Cinthya Santos (Universidade Federal Fluminense) for helpful comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript. We also thank Verônica Oliveira for a review of the early draft of our manuscript. We acknowledge the Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (CMEV), Museu Nacional/UFRJ for the SEM service. RPR and PRA thank respectively the research institutions CNPq and CAPES for funding their scholarship. ZSA received support from FAPEMA and MPX-Energia. CR was supported by CNPq (PROTAX-562343/2010-5).
Brazilian records of the species identified from Amazon coast, Maranhão
Data type: species data
Explanation note: Information on deposit number, record, state, coordinates, habitat, substrate and depth and references of the records are provided.