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Research Article
Two new species of the genus Malaxa Melichar, 1914 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Delphacidae, Tropidocephalini)
expand article infoSha-Sha Lv‡, Hong-Xing Li§, Lin Yang‡, Yu-Bo Zhang|, Xiang-Sheng Chen‡
‡ Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
§ Guizhou Light Industry Technical College, Guiyang, China
| Anshun University, Anshun, China

Corresponding author: Xiang-Sheng Chen ( xschen@gzu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Mike Wilson
© 2025 Sha-Sha Lv, Hong-Xing Li, Lin Yang, Yu-Bo Zhang, Xiang-Sheng Chen.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Lv S-S, Li H-X, Yang L, Zhang Y-B, Chen X-S (2025) Two new species of the genus Malaxa Melichar, 1914 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Delphacidae, Tropidocephalini). ZooKeys 1229: 275-287. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1229.143177
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D1C1F5A9-2DE6-434E-B633-4530EDD23313
Open Access

Abstract

Two new species of the genus Malaxa Melichar, 1914 from Southwest China, M. chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and M. longispina Lv & Chen, sp. nov. from Guangdong Province, are described and illustrated. These bring the total number of species in the genus to 13, with nine recorded from China. A checklist and map of all known species of Malaxa are provided, together with an identification key for Chinese species.

Key words:

Bamboo host, checklist, Fulgoromorpha, identification key, Oriental region, planthopper, taxonomy, Tropidocephalini

Introduction

Melichar (1914) established the delphacid planthopper genus Malaxa with the type species M. acutipennis Melichar, 1914 from the Philippines and placed this genus in the tribe Tropidocephalini of the subfamily Delphacinae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae) (Muir 1915, 1916). Until now, 11 species have been recorded in the genus (Bartlett and Kennedy 2018; Li et al. 2019; Bourgoin 2024). In turn, Muir (1919, 1926) described four new species, M. javanensis Muir, 1919 and M. bispinata Muir, 1926 from Indonesia, M. nigra Muir, 1919 from Philippines, and M. obtusipennis Muir, 1919 from Malaysia. Ding et al. (1986) and Yang and Yang (1986) added three new species from China, M. delicata Ding & Yang, 1986, M. fusca Yang & Yang, 1986 and M. semifusca Yang & Yang, 1986. Chen et al. (2006) and Hou et al. (2013) both reviewed the Chinese species of Malaxa, and added a new species, M. hunanensis Chen, 2006. Bartlett and Kennedy (2018) reviewed the New World species attributed to the genus, redescribed the type species M. acutipennis Melichar, 1914, and transferred M. occidentalis Muir, 1926 and M. gracilis Fennah, 1945 to Lamaxa Bartlett & Kennedy, 2018, and M. microstyla Muir, 1930 to Xalama Bartlett & Kennedy, 2018. Li et al. (2019) described two new species, M. hamuliferum Li, Yang & Chen, 2019 and M. tricuspis Li, Yang & Chen, 2019 from China. This genus is known to occur in the Oriental region, with seven species in China, two species in the Philippines, two species in Indonesia, and one species in Malaysia (Melichar 1914; Muir 1919, 1926; Ding et al. 1986; Yang and Yang 1986; Chen et al. 2006; Ding 2006; Hou et al. 2013; Li et al. 2019; Bourgoin 2024).

Here we describe and illustrate two new species of Malaxa discovered in southern China, and provide a checklist of species, a distribution map, and an updated key to Chinese species.

Material and methods

The external morphology terminologies follow Bourgoin (1987) for male genitalia and Bourgoin et al. (2015) for wing venation. The zoogeographic regionalization scheme follows Holt et al. (2013). Specimens were collected by sweeping. Dry male specimens were used for the descriptions and illustrations. Body length was measured from the apex of the vertex to the tip of the forewings. All measurements are in millimeters (mm). Color pictures for adult habitus were taken using the KEYENCE VHX-6000 system. External morphology and drawings were done with a Leica MZ 12.5 stereomicroscope. The photographs and illustrations were scanned with a CanoScan LiDE 200 and imported into Adobe Photoshop v. 6.0 for labeling and plate composition. The genital segments of the examined specimens were macerated in 10% NaOH, and then transferred to glycerol in small plastic tubes pinned together with the specimens for examination. The distribution map was generated with ArcGIS v. 10.7.

The type specimens examined are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China (IEGU).

Taxonomy

Malaxa Melichar, 1914

Malaxa Melichar, 1914: 275; Muir 1926: 7; Metcalf 1943: 103; Fennah 1945: 429; Yang and Yang 1986: 56; Ding et al. 1986: 418, 1999: 443; Chen et al. 2006: 160; Ding 2006: 150; Bartlett 2009: 387; Hou et al. 2013: 866; Bartlett and Kennedy 2018: 514; Li et al. 2019: 44.

Type species.

Malaxa acutipennis Melichar, 1914, original designation.

Diagnosis. For the diagnosis of Malaxa see Hou et al. (2013: 866) and Li et al. (2019: 44).

Host plants.

Bamboo (Poales: Poaceae: Bambusoideae).

Distribution.

China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. 

Geographic distributions of species of Malaxa Melichar, 1914.

Checklist and distributions of species of Malaxa Melichar, 1914

M. acutipennis Melichar, 1914; Philippines (Luzón)

M. bispinata Muir, 1926; Indonesia (Mentawai), China (Hainan)

M. chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov.; China (Guangxi)

M. delicata Ding & Yang, 1986; China (Fujian, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang)

M. fusca Yang & Yang, 1986; China (Taiwan)

M. hamuliferum Li, Yang & Chen, 2019; China (Yunnan)

M. hunanensis Chen, 2006; China (Hunan)

M. javanensis Muir, 1919; Indonesia (Java)

M. longispina Lv & Chen, sp. nov.; China (Guangdong)

M. nigra Muir, 1919; Philippines (Luzón)

M. obtusipennis Muir, 1919; Malaysia (Borneo)

M. semifusca Yang & Yang, 1986; China (Guizhou, Taiwan)

M. tricuspis Li, Yang & Chen, 2019; China (Hainan)

Key to Chinese species of Malaxa Melichar, 1914

(modified from Li et al. 2019)

1 Postclypeus yellow; forewings with apical veins CuA and MP3 diverging apically, posterior half of apical forewings dark brown (Chen et al. 2006: figs 2, 3) M. semifusca Yang & Yang, 1986
– Postclypeus with basal half blackish-brown; forewings with apical veins CuA and MP3 fused, first and second apical cells hyaline 2
2 Anal segment without process; aedeagus with phallobase 3
– Anal segment with a long process; aedeagus without phallobase 6
3 Genae all dark brown; forewings with basal half most yellow, apical half most dark brown 4
– Genae dark brown in part; forewings mostly hyaline 5
4 Forewings (Fig. 7) with basal 1/2 bearing a reverse hyaline V-shaped marking, fifth apical cell dark brown in part; dorsal margin of phallobase (Fig. 11) with a slender horned process M. chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov.
– Forewings with basal 1/2 bearing a hyaline V-shaped marking, fifth apical cell dark brown; dorsal margin of phallobase without a slender horned process (Li et al. 2019: figs 8, 12) M. hamuliferum Li, Yang & Chen, 2019
5 Vertex with apical half and basal half of frons dark brown; middle part of apical half of forewings without grayish-brown markings; pygofer with three medioventral processes very distinct (Hou et al. 2013: figs 1–3, 8) M. bispinata Muir, 1926
– Vertex and frons (Figs 16, 18) grayish-white; middle part of apical half of forewings (Fig. 17) with grayish-brown markings; pygofer (Figs 19, 20) with two medioventral processes not distinct M. longispina Lv & Chen, sp. nov.
6 Genae dark brown; in posterior view, process of anal segment situated in middle of ventral margin (Chen et al. 2006: figs 21, 23, 25) M. hunanensis Chen, 2006
– Genae mostly dark brown but apical with small part yellow; in posterior view, process of anal segment situated on left side of ventral margin 7
7 Gonostyles with apex not forked; aedeagus with three processes (Li et al. 2019: figs 22–24) M. tricuspis Li, Yang & Chen, 2019
– Gonostyles with apex forked; aedeagus with two processes 8
8 Area between lateral carinae of pronotum dark brown; two branches of outer apical angle of gonostyles subequal; aedeagus with a small spine situated near basal third, directed caudally (Chen et al. 2006: figs 30, 37, 38) M. delicata Ding & Yang, 1986
– Area between lateral carinae of pronotum mostly yellow; two branches of outer apical angle of gonostyles unequal; aedeagus with a small tooth situated near middle, directed right (Chen et al. 2006: figs 11, 18, 19) M. fusca Yang & Yang, 1986

Malaxa chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/BB6FCADA-56F5-4854-94F3-16AA5FA5F82E
Figs 2, 3, 6–15, 26

Type material.

Holotype : China • ♂; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongzuo City, Longzhou County, Zhubu Township, Nonggang Village; 22°39'N, 106°57'E; sweeping, 16 August 2024; Sha-Sha Lv and Xiang-Sheng Chen leg.; IEGU. Paratypes: China • 1♂, 4♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; IEGU.

Diagnosis.

The salient features of the new species include: vertex (Figs 2, 6) with apical half brownish-black; frons and genae (Figs 3, 8) black; mesonotum (Figs 2, 6) blackish-brown at middle, rest tawny to reddish-brown; forewings (Fig. 7) with a reversed hyaline V-shaped marking; pygofer (Fig. 15) in ventral view medioventral processes asymmetrical; outer process of gonostyles (Fig. 12) snakelike in lateral view; dorsal margin of phallobase (Fig. 11) with a slender horned process at apical 1/3.

Description.

Measurements. Total length: male 3.5–3.7 mm (N = 2), female 4.1–4.5 mm (N = 4).

Coloration. General color pale yellowish-brown (Figs 2, 3). Vertex (Figs 2, 6) with apical half brownish-black, basal half yellowish-brown. Frons (Fig. 8) and genae (Figs 3, 8) black. Clypeus (Fig. 8) with basal half brownish-black. Eyes (Figs 6, 8) reddish-brown. Pronotum (Figs 2, 6) brown to black except lateral sides yellow. Mesonotum (Figs 2, 6) blackish-brown at middle, rest tawny to reddish-brown. Outer part of tegulae (Figs 2, 6) black brown, inner part yellowish-white. Forewings (Fig. 7) greyish-white, hyaline, veins gray to light yellowish-brown, basal 1/4 light yellowish-brown except areas around bifurcation of Pcu and A1, basal 1/4 to middle part with an arched dark brown stripe, forming a reverse hyaline V-shaped marking, along ScP, ir, RP and area between MP1 and MP2 dark brown.

Head and thorax. Vertex (Fig. 6) slightly longer than wide at base (1.07: 1), width at apex narrower than at base (0.83: 1), submedian carinae uniting slightly beyond middle, apex produced in front of eyes, apical margin straight, greatest length of basal compartment shorter than wide at base of vertex (0.67: 1). Frons (Fig. 8) longer in middle line than wide at widest portion (about 1.28: 1), widest at apex, median carina simple. Postclypeus (Fig. 8) wide at base as wide as frons at apex. Antennae (Figs 6, 8) very long, cylindrical, surpassing apex of clypeus, scape longer than wide, shorter than pedicel (0.46: 1). Pronotum (Fig. 6) with lateral carinae not attaining hind margin, longer than vertex in midline (0.75: 1). Mesonotum (Fig. 6) with lateral carinae not attaining hind margin, longer than 1.67 times pronotum and vertex combined. Forewings (Fig. 7) slender, longer than maximal width (3.02: 1).

Male genitalia. Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 9) ventral margin longer than dorsal margin, in posterior view (Fig. 10) with opening longer than wide, in ventral view (Fig. 15) medioventral processes asymmetrical, concave medially, left process shorter. Gonostyles (Figs 12, 13) long, in lateral view apical half bifurcated into two processes, outer process slender and curved, snakelike, tapering to apex, inner process short and thick, rounded at apex; in posterior view C-shaped. Male genitalia (Fig. 11) with phallobase, aedeagus tubular, vaulted ventrally, tapering to apex; phallobase wide, curved ventrally, tapering to apex, dorsal margin with a slender horned process at apical 1/3. Anal segment (Figs 9, 14) small, ring-like.

Figures 2–5. 

Malaxa chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov., male 2 habitus, dorsal view 3 habitus, lateral view 4, 5 Malaxa longispina Lv & Chen, sp. nov., male 4 habitus, dorsal view 5 habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (2–5).

Figures 6–15. 

Malaxa chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov., male 6 head and thorax, dorsal view 7 forewing 8 frons, ventral view 9 male genitalia, lateral view 10 male genitalia, posterior view 11 anal segment and aedeagus, lateral view 12 gonostyle, lateral view 13 gonostyle, posterior view 14 anal segment, lateral view 15 pygofer, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (6–15).

Host plant.

Indocalamus tessellatus (Munro) P. C. Keng (Poales: Poaceae: Bambusoideae) (Fig. 26).

Distribution.

China (Guangxi) (Fig. 1).

Etymology.

The new species is named after the city in which it was collected (Chongzuo) with the Latin adjectival suffix ‘-ensis’ meaning ‘from’.

Remarks.

This species (Figs 6–15) is similar to M. hamuliferum Li, Yang & Chen, 2019 (Li et al. 2019: figs 5–14), but differs from the latter in: (1) forewings with basal 1/2 bearing a reversed hyaline V-shaped marking (forewings with basal 1/2 bearing a hyaline V-shaped marking in M. hamuliferum); (2) dorsal margin of phallobase with a long horned process (dorsal margin of phallobase without a long horned process in M. hamuliferum); and (3) aedeagus shorter than phallobase (aedeagus longer than phallobase in M. hamuliferum).

Malaxa longispina Lv & Chen, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/5CB9A6AB-56C4-4064-A999-3086A7DC9918
Figs 4, 5, 16–25

Type materials.

Holotype : China • ♂: Guangdong Province, Shixing County, Luoba Town, Dashui Village; 24°46'N, 114°17'E; sweeping, 18 June 2023; Sha-Sha Lv leg.; IEGU. Paratypes: China • 1♂, 3♀♀; Guangdong Province, Shixing County, Luoba Town, Dashui Village; 24°46'N, 114°17'E; sweeping, 18 June 2023; Sha-Sha Lv, Feng-E Li and Yong-Jin Sui leg.; IEGU.

Diagnosis.

The salient features of the new species include: vertex (Figs 4, 16) and frons (Fig. 18) light grayish-yellow; genae (Figs 5, 18) with basal 3/4 black markings; pronotum (Figs 4, 16) with outer sides of lateral carinae with black markings; forewings (Fig. 17) around ScP+R, ir, RP and MP1 with light greyish-brown marking; medioventral process of pygofer (Fig. 25) nearly rectangular in ventral view; gonostyles (Fig. 22) with apical half forming a C-shaped in lateral view; aedeagus (Fig. 21) narrows sharply near the middle, with a slender process.

Description.

Measurements. Total length: male 3.3–3.4 mm (N = 2), female 4.1–4.3 mm (N = 3).

Coloration. General color greyish-white to yellowish-brown (Figs 4, 5). Vertex (Figs 4, 16) and frons (Fig. 18) light grayish-yellow, frons with two indistinct light brown stripes. Genae (Figs 5, 18) with basal 3/4 black markings. Clypeus (Fig. 18) black at base, and rest light yellowish-brown. Eyes (Figs 16, 18) gray to reddish-black. Pronotum (Figs 4, 16) light grayish-brown, outer sides of lateral carinae with black markings. Mesonotum (Figs 4, 16) yellowish-brown, outer sides of lateral carinae with brown to black markings. Apex of tegulae (Figs 4, 16) black brown, rest light yellowish-brown. Forewings (Fig. 17) greyish-white, hyaline, veins gray to brown, areas after bifurcation of Pcu and A1 with yellowish-brown spot, around ScP+R, ir, RP and MP1 with light greyish-brown marking.

Head and thorax. Vertex (Fig. 16) shorter submedially than wide at base (0.96: 1), width at apex narrower than at base (0.62: 1), submedian carinae uniting slightly beyond middle, apex produced in front of eyes, apical margin straight, greatest length of basal compartment shorter than wide at base of vertex (0.59: 1). Frons (Fig. 18) longer in middle line than wide at widest portion (about 2.17: 1), widest at apex, median carina simple. Postclypeus (Fig. 18) wide at base as wide as frons at apex. Antennae (Figs 16, 18) very long, cylindrical, surpassing apex of clypeus, scape longer than wide, shorter than pedicel (0.55: 1). Pronotum (Fig. 16) with lateral carinae not attaining hind margin, longer than vertex in midline (0.71: 1). Mesonotum (Fig. 16) with lateral carinae not attaining hind margin, longer than 1.61 times pronotum and vertex combined. Forewings (Fig. 17) slender, longer than maximal width (3.63: 1).

Figures 16–25. 

Malaxa longispina Lv & Chen, sp. nov., male 16 head and thorax, dorsal view 17 forewing 18 frons, ventral view 19 male genitalia, lateral view 20 male genitalia, posterior view 21 anal segment and aedeagus, lateral view 22 gonostyle, lateral view 23 gonostyle, posterior view 24 anal segment, lateral view 25 pygofer, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (16–25).

Male genitalia. Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 19) ventral margin longer than dorsal margin, ventral angles slightly produced, in posterior view (Fig. 20) with opening longer than wide, in ventral view (Fig. 25) medioventral processes nearly rectangular, concave medially. Gonostyles (Figs 22, 23) moderately long, in lateral view apical half bifurcated into two processes, forming a C-shaped, outer process long and bent, tapering to apex, inner process short, relatively rounded at apex; in posterior view curved, basal angles produced, outer process thick. Male genitalia (Fig. 21) with phallobase, aedeagus tubular, vaulted ventrally, basal part broad, narrows sharply near the middle, with a slender spinous process; phallobase long, curved ventrally, tapering to apex, basal part with two spiniform processes, dorsal margin with an angular process medially. Anal segment (Figs 19, 24) small, ring-like.

Figure 26. 

Adult of Malaxa chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov. resting on the leaf of Indocalamus tessellatus (Munro) P. C. Keng (Poales: Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Photographed by Xiang-Sheng Chen.

Host plant.

Indocalamus sp. (Poales: Poaceae: Bambusoideae).

Distribution.

China (Guangdong) (Fig. 1).

Etymology.

The species name is a combination of the Latin word “long-” and “spina” (with the connecting letter “i”, i.e., “long spine”), referring to the ventral margin of the aedeagus with a long spinous process medially. The name is intended to be feminine.

Remarks.

This species (Figs 16–25) is similar to M. bispinata Muir, 1926 (Hou et al. 2013: figs 1–14), but differs from the latter in: (1) vertex and frons grayish-white (vertex with apical half and basal half of frons dark brown in M. bispinata); (2) middle part of apical half of forewings with grayish-brown markings (middle part of apical half of forewings without grayish-brown markings in M. bispinata); and (3) pygofer with two medioventral processes not distinct (pygofer with three medioventral processes very distinct in M. bispinata).

Discussion

Most members of the Tropidocephalini tribe with documented plant associations primarily feed on bamboo (Poales: Poaceae: Bambusoideae), as reported by Wilson et al. (1994), where this association accounts for 78% of the records. The remaining species are associated with various grasses (e.g., Wilson et al. 1994; Chen 2003; Chen and Tsai 2009; Qin and Zhang 2010). Specifically, species of Malaxa from China that have reported plant associations also feed on bamboo. Specimens have been collected from the leaves of several bamboo genera, including Bambusa, Indocalamus, Fargesia, and Phyllostachys (Yang and Yang 1986; Chen et al. 2006; Hou et al. 2013). We have also collected these two species of Malaxa from bamboo. These species may pose potential threats as pests in bamboo forests.

Based on geographic distribution (Fig. 1), all species of the genus Malaxa are found in the Oriental Realm (Holt et al. 2013), with a particularly rich diversity in China, where nine species are currently recorded. However, the genus is primarily distributed in Central China, South China, and Southwest China, with most species known only from their type localities. We believe that the actual distributions of many species remain unclear, as our findings are predominantly based on type localities, indicating a need for more extensive and in-depth investigations.

Figure 27. 

Forewings of Chinese Malaxa species A M. bispinata Muir, 1926 B M. chongzuoensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov. C M. delicata Ding & Yang, 1986 D M. fusca Yang & Yang, 1986 E M. hamuliferum Li, Yang & Chen, 2019 F M. hunanensis Chen, 2006 G M. longispina Lv & Chen, sp. nov. H M. semifusca Yang & Yang, 1986 I M. tricuspis Li, Yang & Chen, 2019.

Bartlett and Kennedy (2018) redescribed the type species M. acutipennis Melichar, 1914. They observed several differences between M. acutipennis and the Chinese species in the genus Malaxa, the most salient difference is that M. acutipennis has an apically pointed forewing, while the forewings of all other Malaxa species are rounded. Here, we illustrate the forewings of all Chinese species of this genus, as shown in Fig. 27. We find that these forewings are also slightly different when extending towards the apex; some are relatively slender and apex slightly pointed, but the differences are not as pronounced as in the type species. Therefore, the study of this genus still requires more species, and it is highly necessary to expand the collection area for further collection.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the specimen collectors for their hard work in the field.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32460397, 32470479, 32060343, 32260399, 32360131), and the Program of Planting Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (grant no. 152407055).

Author contributions

SSL, LY and YBZ conceived the original idea. SSL and HXL carried out the experiment. SSL wrote the manuscript with support from LY, YBZ and XSC. SSL and HXL offered great in data analysis.

Author ORCIDs

Sha-Sha Lv https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5353-5082

Hong-Xing Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-8875

Lin Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-5156

Yu-Bo Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6118-6190

Xiang-Sheng Chen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9801-0343

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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