The monotypic genus Apulvillasilus was recently described and illustrated from Argentina. The genus shares with Atractocoma Artigas the body covered with abundant squamiform-fusiform setae but can be easily differentiated by the frons with divergent slopes and the legs lacking empodium and pulvillus (a unique condition among the Myaptex group).

Argentina.

The monotypic genus Atractocoma is known only from Chile. It shares with Apulvillasilus the body covered with abundant squamiform-fusiform setae (as mentioned above) (Fig. 1A, B) but can be easily differentiated by the dense mystax, occupying almost the entirely face (Fig. 1C, D); scutum lacking distinct rows of acrostichal setae and anterior dorsocentral setae absent (Fig. 1A, B); scutellum with three pairs of apical macrosetae and dorsally covered with long and abundant white setae; tergites 2–6 in dorsal view with V-shaped pattern formed by squamiform-fusiform setae (Fig. 1B) and sternites lacking macrosetae (Fig. 1E).

Figure 1. 

Atractocoma nivosa Artigas, 1970 (identified male from Chile) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head and thorax, lateral view D head, anterior view E abdomen, ventral view F terminalia, lateral view.

Chile, Chico, Lag. Buenos Aires, Aysen, CHILE, 24–31.xii.1960, Pena (1 ♂, 1 ♀, MZUSP).

Chile.

Cardiasilus aysu sp. nov. by present designation.

From the Greek feminine word kardia = heart + asilus = common epithet of robber flies. The name refers to the distinct inflated epandria, somewhat heart ideogram-shaped in dorsal view. The gender is masculine.

Head. Antenna ~ 3/4 as long as eye height (Fig. 2A). Scape and pedicel subequally long (Fig. 2E). Postpedicel lanceolate, laterally compressed and slightly tapering towards apex, about as long as scape and pedicel combined (Fig. 2E). Stylus slightly longer than postpedicel, composed of two elements (Fig. 2E). Face wide, slightly narrowing at antennal level and slightly gibbous at lower 1/3, mystax restricted to gibbosity (Fig. 2D). Frons with parallel slopes, slightly concave at antennal level, twice wider than higher (Fig. 2D). Palpus one-segmented, short, ~ 1/5 length of proboscis. Proboscis ~ 3.5/5 as long as eye height (Fig. 2C). Thorax. Acrostichal setae indistinct (Fig. 2C). Anterior dorsocentral macrosetae absent, scutum with three to four pairs of posterior dorsocentral macrosetae (Fig. 2C). Scutellum tumid with pair of marginal macrosetae (Fig. 2B). Anatergite bare. Postmetacoxal area membranous. Legs. Femora swollen. Wing. Distinctly shorter than abdomen, with bifurcation of veins R₄ and R₅ placed before apex of discal cell by approx. length of r-m cross vein (Fig. 2G). Distance between apex of veins R₄ and R₅ ~ 1.5–2× longer than distance between apex of veins R₅ and M₁ (Fig. 2G). Cells m₃ and cua closed and petiolate before wing margin (Fig. 2G). Abdomen. Abdominal sternites 2–6 with two to three pairs of pale yellow macrosetae mid-laterally (Figs 2H, 6E, 9E). Sternite 8 with mid-posterior digitiform projection almost as long as sternite 8 length (Figs 3E, 7E, 10E). Terminalia. Epandria inflated laterally and posteriorly, resembling the ideogram of heart in dorsal view. Phallus long and thin, longer than length of hypandrium plus gonocoxite, divided into two prongs along its entire length (i.e., Fig. 3A–C, F–I).

Figure 2. 

Cardiasilus aysu sp. nov. (male holotype) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head and thorax, lateral view D head, anterior view E, F antenna, lateral and dorsal views, respectively G wing H abdomen, ventral view. Abbreviations: d = discal cell; m3 = third medial cell; r1 = first radial cell; r2+3 = second + third radial cell; R2+3 = second branch of radius; R4 = upper branch of third branch of radius; R5 = lower branch of third branch of radius.

Figure 3. 

Cardiasilus aysu sp. nov. (A–C male holotype D–I male paratype) A–C terminalia in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, respectively D tergite 8 E sternite 8 F, G dissected terminalia in dorsal and ventral views, respectively H, I dissected terminalia without inner appendages in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; epand = epandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; sbepand scl = subepandrial sclerite; st 8 = sternite 8; vp epand = ventral process of epandrium.

Cardiasilus gen. nov. is similar to Myaptex Hull by the inflated male epandria (Fig. 14A–D), but can be easily distinguished by the following set of characters: postpedicel lanceolate, approx. as long as length of scape and pedicel combined (Fig. 2E, F); face slightly gibbous at lower 1/3 (Fig. 2C); scutum lacking distinct rows of acrostichal setae; anterior dorsocentral setae absent; femora mostly covered with short black setae (Fig. 2C); male sternite 8 with a long digitiform projection at posterior margin (Figs 2H, 3C, E); gonocoxite L-shaped, with rounded apex and covering the gonostylus versus postpedicel oval, shorter than scape and pedicel combined (Fig. 13C); face distinctly gibbous at lower 2/3 (Fig. 13C); scutum with two distinct rows of acrostichal setae (Fig. 13A, C); three to four pairs of anterior dorsocentral macrosetae; femora mostly covered with long vestiture of white setae (Fig. 13A); male sternite 8 without projections at posterior margin; gonocoxite squared at base, with a digitiform apicoventral projection acute apically (Fig. 14F) in Myaptex. It is also similar to some undescribed Lecania Macquart species, including Nerax eurylabis (Wiedemann, 1828) a species that belongs in Lecania (unpublished data) with inflated male epandria, but can be easily distinguished by the scutellum with one pair of apical macrosetae and the abdominal sternites with macrosetae (scutellum bare in Lecania or at most bearing tiny, short setulae and sternites only with sparse setae).

The new genus is known to occur only in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (Central-West Brazil) and department of Cordillera (Central-West of the Oriental Region of Paraguay), in biomes of Pantanal and Chaco, respectively (Fig. 19).

(males). The new species can be easily distinguished from the congenerics by the yellow postalar macrosetae (Fig. 2B, C), inner dorsal margin of epandrium weakly excavated, and lacking processes (Fig. 3A, F, H) and subepandrial sclerite somewhat diamond-shaped near its middle (Fig. 4D).

Figure 4. 

Cardiasilus aysu sp. nov. (male paratype) A inner appendages B gonocoxite and gonostylus C phallus and ejaculatory apodeme D subepandrial sclerite E hypandrium. Abbreviations: ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme; hypd = hypandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; gonst = gonostylus; ph = phallus.

Male holotype (Fig. 2A). Body Length 12.3 mm; wing length 6.8 mm. Head (Fig. 2A–F). Scape and pedicel orange-yellow, slightly darker at apex; postpedicel dark brown, lanceolate; stylus dark brown, bare, first element very short, second element long and abruptly narrowed at apex. Face golden pruinose, except gibbosity with mixed silvery and golden pruinosity; mystax with few upper slender black macrosetae and strong golden macrosetae below, extending along oral margin. Frons, golden pruinose, with long black orbital macrosetae. Ocellar tubercle dark brown, with one to two pairs of proclinate long and slender ocellar macrosetae; vertex golden pruinose, almost bare of major setae, only with few slender black setae posteriorly; upper-most four to five postocular macrosetae black, remaining macrosetae yellowish-white. Postcranium golden pruinose, with long, slender, and dense white lower occipital setae. Palpus dark brown, with few short white setae. Proboscis black, ventral surface with long white setae, apex with short white setae. Thorax (Fig. 2A–C). Antepronotum with few strong golden macrosetae, covered with golden pruinosity and sparse short and white setae. Scutum wholly covered with short vestiture of black setae and golden pruinosity, except notopleural, supra-alar, and acrostichal area close to scutellum with short white setae, in anterior view with U-shaped dark brown median stripe along acrostichal area, followed by L-shaped dark brown paramedian stripe along dorsocentral and intra-alar areas, with both stripes extending slightly beyond transverse suture. Three to four pairs of black, postsutural dorsocentral macrosetae, two black notopleural macrosetae, one black supra-alar macroseta, two yellow postalar macrosetae (anterior one shorter). Scutellum with one pair of apical pale yellow macrosetae, dorsal surface covered with short white setae. Pleuron mostly silvery pruinose, except anepisternum and katepisternum with golden pruinosity anteriorly, anepisternum, katepisternum, anepimeron and meron with few long white setae posteriorly, katatergite with vertical row of yellow macrosetae. Legs (Fig. 2A). Mostly yellow, except all coxae with dense silvery pruinosity, all femora dorsally with short black setae, apex of mid and hind femora dorsally, apex of all tibiae, apex of all tarsomeres one to four and all tarsomeres five dark brown. Legs with white or golden macrosetae, except when as noted. Leg I. Coxa with long and dense white macrosetae anteriorly. Femur with one posterior black macroseta at middle, ventral surface with long setae at basal 1/2. Tibia with one anterodorsal black macroseta at basal 1/4, three dorsal black macrosetae, one near middle and two at apical 1/2, one antero, one dorsal, one posterodorsal, and one ventral black macrosetae at apex, two anterior long macrosetae at apex (~ 2× longer than remaining apical macrosetae), posterior row of four long macrosetae from basal 1/4 to apex, three ventral long black setae near middle. Basitarsus with one antero and one posteroventral short black macrosetae at apex, one posteroventral long macroseta near base, tarsomeres one to three with crown of long macrosetae at apex: one antero and one posteroventral, one antero and one posterodorsal. Leg II. Coxa with long and slender macrosetae at apical 1/2, some of them reaching lateral surface. Ventral surface of femur with short vestiture of white setae and five to six long ventral macrosetae at basal 1/2, one anterodorsal apical short black macroseta, one posterodorsal preapical short macroseta, anterior row of four macrosetae from base to apex, anteroventral row of short intermixed black and white macrosetae. Tibia with two to three short dorsal black macrosetae at apical 1/2, one ventral long black macroseta at middle, ventral row of short and slender black setae from basal 2/4 to apex, one posterior long and slender black seta at basal 1/3, two ventral strong macrosetae, one black at middle and one white preapical, one posterior strong macroseta at apical 1/3, crown of long intermixed black and white macrosetae at apex: one antero and one posteroventral, one antero and one posterodorsal, one anterior and one posterior. Tarsus with chaetotaxy similar to fore tarsus. Leg III. Coxa laterally with two posterior macrosetae. Femur with two to three anterior macrosetae, anteroventral row of short macrosetae, posteroventral row of long and slender setae at basal 1/2, few long and slender posterodorsal setae near base, one anterodorsal black preapical macroseta, one dorsal preapical macroseta. Tibia with one antero and one posterodorsal short black macrosetae near base, two long anterodorsal black macrosetae: one near middle and one at apical 1/2, two long anteroventral black macrosetae at apical 1/2, crown of black macrosetae at apex: one antero and one posteroventral, one ventral, one anterior and one dorsal. Tarsus with chaetotaxy similar to fore and mid tarsus. Wing (Fig. 2G). Hyaline, veins brown, orangish at base and Sc. Membrane with sparse dark brown microtrichia at apex of cells r₁, r₂₊₃, r₄ and bordering the veins R₄ and R₅. Halter: yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 2A, B, H). Mostly brown, becoming orange from segments five to eight, densely covered with golden pruinosity, except lateral margins of tergites one to four, silvery pruinose. Posterior margin of tergite one with six to seven long black macrosetae, lateral margin with seven to eight white lateral marginal macrosetae, lateral margins of tergites two to six with two strong white lateral marginal macrosetae, tergites mostly clothed by short vestiture of black setae, becoming white laterally. Sternites one to four densely silvery pruinose, sternites five to eight mostly orange, with weak silvery pruinosity, sternites two to six with two to three pairs of pale yellow macrosetae mid-laterally and clothed with short, sparse, white setae. Terminalia (Figs 3, 4). Orange-brown. Tergite eight somewhat saddle-shaped, narrowing at middle of anterior and posterior margins, posterior 1/2 with two to three rows of short setae, longer at posterior corners (Fig. 3D). Sternite eight with short and slender white setae at posterior 1/3, with long digitiform projection at middle of posterior margin, ~ 2/3 as long as sternite eight length, with conspicuous yellow setae (Fig. 3E). Epandrium inflated laterally and posteriorly, resembling the ideogram of a heart in dorsal view, lacking inner and apical projections dorsally, inner ventral margin with a short preapical dentiform process, mostly with short vestiture of brownish setae, except apex with slightly longer yellowish setae (Fig. 3A–C, F–I). Cercus short, digitiform, laterally compressed, covered with short setae (Fig. 3A). Subepandrial sclerite long and narrowing towards apex, with a median subtriangular lateral process (somewhat diamond-shaped near its middle), almost at the same level, internally, with a pair of short, tooth-like processes directed anteriorly, and with a short dentiform preapical process, apex dorsoventrally flattened and covered with short setae (Fig. 4D). Hypandrium subrectangular, with a short concavity at posterior margin, covered with short setae at posterior 1/2 (Fig. 4E). Gonocoxite L-shaped, pointed at base and rounded at apex, with slightly preapical concavity at dorsal margin, few short setae at basal 2/3 of external surface (Fig. 4A, B). Gonostylus ~ 1/2 as long as gonocoxite, somewhat digitiform, with ventral indentation at apical 1/3, apex rounded (Fig. 4A, B). Ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped (Fig. 4C). Phallus long and thin, longer than length of hypandrium plus gonocoxite, divided into two prongs along the entire length (Fig. 4C).

Female (Fig. 5). Similar to male, except as noted: Body length 13.5 mm; wing length 6.8 mm. Abdomen wholly brown, only the segment seven and the basal 1/2 of ovipositor sometimes orange, tergite seven with dark brown macrosetae posteriorly, sternite seven with white macrosetae laterally and posteriorly. Terminalia (Fig. 5C–F). Laterally compressed from middle of tergite and sternite eight, long and slender, almost two times the length of tergite seven, covered with short black setae, longer before the opening of the genital fork, apex of sternite eight curved ventrally, weakly sclerotized, bare, and strongly striated. Tergite 9+10 slightly longer than cercus, mostly bare and shiny, only covered with few short and sparse white setae. Cercus short, digitiform, covered with short and slender white setae. Hypoproct short, V-shaped. Two sclerotized and rugose spermathecae present, membranous at base.

Figure 5. 

Cardiasilus aysu sp. nov. (identified female) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C–E terminalia in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively F spermathecae. Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; hyprct = hypoproct; lat sc = lateral sclerite of genital fork; st = sternite; tg = tergite.

Holotype : • ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “Brasil: MS [state of Mato Grosso do Sul]: Porto Murtinho | Trilha Fazenda Campo Florido | 21°41'52,0"S, 57°45'57,1"W | Ativa | 11.xii.2013 | Lamas & eq. cols. | SISBIOTA | CNPq/FAPESP” “HOLOTYPE | Cardiasilus aysu | Soares, Camargo & Lamas [red label]”. Holotype condition: Good, not dissected. Paratypes: • same data as holotype (2 ♂, one dissected, MZUSP); same data, except: 21°38'15,07"S, 57°42'10,2"W | Coleta manual (rede) | 12.xii.2011 | Lamas, Nihei & eq. col. (1 ♂, MZUSP); same data, except: Fazenda Retiro Conceição – Trilha | da Espinhadeira | 21°40'59,7"S, 57°46'42,5"W | Malaise 31 | 10–25.i.2012 | Lamas, Nihei & eq. col. (2 ♂, MZUSP); same data, except: 21°41'06.2"S, 57°46'35.7"W | coleta manual (rede) | 11.xii.2011 (1 ♂, MZUSP; 2 ♂, NHMW); • Porto Murtinho (norte) | Estrada para Pirizal, km18 | 21°33'05"S, 57°45'35"W | 19–31.i.2008 | Nihei, S.; Figueiredo, R. & Almeida, J. (col.) (2 ♂, MZUSP; 2 ♂, NHMW); • same data, except: 21–30.i.2008 (2 ♂, one dissected, MZUSP); same data, except: 24.i.2008 | F.A. Esteves col. (1 ♂, MZUSP); • same data, except: Faz. São Fernando, km12 | 21°36'30"S, 57°49'02"W | 19–31.i.2008 | Nihei, S.; Figueiredo, R. & Almeida, J. | (col.) (1 ♂, MZUSP); same data, except: Arredores do Hotel dos Camalotes | 21°42'28"S, 57°35'00"W | 21–30.i.2008 (1 ♂, MZUSP).

Brazil, MS [state of Mato Grosso do Sul]: Porto Murtinho (norte), Estrada para Pirizal, km18, 21°33'05"S, 57°45'35"W, 19–31.i.2008, Nihei, S.; • Figueiredo, R. & Almeida, J. (col.) (2 ♀, MZUSP; 2 ♀, NHMW); same data, except: Trilha Fazenda Campo Florido, 21°41'52,0"S, 57°45'57,1"W, Ativa, 11.xii.2013, Lamas & eq. cols. (4 ♀, two dissected, MZUSP).

The new species is easily recognized by the characters presented in the key and diagnosis (see above).

Brazil (state of Mato Grosso do Sul) (Fig. 19).

From the Tupi-guarani aysú = love, referring to the male terminalia, which resembles an ideogram of a heart in dorsal view. The species’ name is treated as a noun in apposition.

The black postalar macrosetae (Fig. 6B), the epandrium strongly excavated at mid-inner dorsal margin (Fig. 7A, F, H), and the subepandrial sclerite somewhat trapezoidal at middle (Fig. 8D) should promptly distinguish this species from its congeners.

Male (Fig. 6A). Body Length: 13.2 mm; wing length: 7.1 mm. Head (Fig. 6A–D). Similar to C. aysu sp. nov. except as noted: Thorax (Fig. 6A, B, D) postalar macrosetae black. Legs (Fig. 6B). Leg I. Tibia with posterior row of four long black macrosetae from basal 1/4 to apex. Leg II. Femur with anterior row of four strong black macrosetae (basalmost white). Tibia with macrosetae wholly black. Leg III. Femur with anteroventral row of short, strong, and sparse black macrosetae (basalmost white). Terminalia (Figs 7, 8). Similar to C. aysu sp. nov., except as noted: Epandrium strongly excavated at mid-inner dorsal margin (Fig. 7A, F); subepandrial sclerite somewhat trapezoidal at its middle (Fig. 8D).

Figure 6. 

Cardiasilus dangeloi sp. nov. (male holotype, before dissection) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head, anterior view D head and thorax, lateral view E abdomen, ventral view F wing.

Figure 7. 

Cardiasilus dangeloi sp. nov. (male holotype) A–C terminalia in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively D tergite 8 E sternite 8 F, G dissected terminalia in dorsal and ventral views, respectively H, I dissected terminalia without inner appendages in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; epand = epandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; sbepand scl = subepandrial sclerite; st 8 = sternite 8; vp epand = ventral process of epandrium.

Figure 8. 

Cardiasilus dangeloi sp. nov. (male holotype) A inner appendages B gonocoxite and gonostylus C phallus and ejaculatory apodeme D subepandrial sclerite. Abbreviations: ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme; hypd = hypandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; gonst = gonostylus; ph = phallus.

Female. Unknown.

Holotype • ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “BRASIL: MS [state of Mato Grosso do Sul]: Porto Murtinho | Faz. São Fernando – km12 | 21°36'30"S, 57°49'02"W | 19–31.I.2008 | Nihei, S., Figueiredo, R. & Almeida, J. | (col.)” “HOLOTYPE | Cardiasilus dangeloi | Soares, Camargo & Lamas [red label]”. Holotype condition: Good, left postpedicel broken off, abdomen glued to thorax with remains of glue obscuring pruinosity of tergites one to three, terminalia dissected and stored in microvial at the same pin.

The new species is remarkably similar to C. aysu sp. nov., differing only in the color of postalar macrosetae black (Fig. 6B), anterior row of macrosetae on mid femur wholly black, only the basalmost macroseta white (Fig. 6A), epandrium strongly excavated at mid-inner dorsal margin (Fig. 7A, F, H) and subepandrial sclerite somewhat trapezoidal at middle (Fig. 8D). In C. aysu sp. nov. the postalar macrosetae are yellow (Fig. 2C), the anterior row of macrosetae on the mid femur is white, the mid-inner dorsal margin of the epandrium is weakly excavated (Fig. 3A) and the subepandrial sclerite is somewhat diamond-shaped (Fig. 4D). The epandrium strongly excavated medially at inner margin and the lack of a dorsal preapical process also differs C. dangeloi sp. nov. from C. ruda sp. nov.

Brazil (state of Mato Grosso do Sul) (Fig. 19).

The new species is named after Gio D’Angelo (INPA), an artist, photographer, and myrmecologist who is the partner of the first author and deeply passionate about scientific illustration. Gio also kindly created the illustration for Fig. 20.

The inner margin of epandrium with a short, dorsal, sub-triangular, pre-apical process followed by a short, ventral, sub-rectangular, anteriorly curved, apical process (Fig. 10A, F, G) separates this species from its congeners.

Male (Fig. 9A). Body Length: 10.3 mm; wing length: 5.7 mm. Head (Fig. 9A–D). Similar to C. aysu sp. nov. except as noted: Thorax (Fig. 9A, B, D). Two pairs of dorsocentral macrosetae. Terminalia (Figs 10, 11). Epandrium with a short, dorsal, sub-triangular, pre-apical process followed by a short, ventral, sub-rectangular, anteriorly curved, apical process (Fig. 10A, F, G). Subepandrial sclerite goblet-shaped (Fig. 11D).

Figure 9. 

Cardiasilus ruda sp. nov. (male holotype, before dissection) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head, anterior view D head and thorax, lateral view E abdomen, ventral view F wing.

Figure 10. 

Cardiasilus ruda sp. nov. (male holotype) A–C terminalia in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, respectively D tergite 8, E sternite 8 F, G dissected terminalia in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; epand = epandrium; dp epand = dorsal process of epandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; sbepand scl = subepandrial sclerite; st 8 = sternite 8; tg 8 = tergite 8; vp epand = ventral process of epandrium.

Figure 11. 

Cardiasilus ruda sp. nov. (male holotype) A inner appendages B gonocoxite and gonostylus C phallus and ejaculatory apodeme D subepandrial sclerite. Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme; hypd = hypandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; gonst = gonostylus; ph = phallus.

Female. Unknown.

Holotype • ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “PARAGUAI | Colônia Piraretá [ca 25°30'09.2"S, 56°59'00.1"W] | 25.xii.1971” “HOLOTYPE | Cardiasilus ruda | Soares, Camargo & Lamas [red label]”. Holotype condition: Both postpedicel and mid legs broken off, terminalia dissected and stored in microvial at the same pin.

The new species is remarkably similar to C. aysu sp. nov., differing only in the shape of epandrium with a short, dorsal, sub-triangular, pre-apical process followed by a short, ventral, sub-rectangular, anteriorly curved, apical process (Fig. 10A, F, G). The epandrium lacks such processes at dorsal inner margin in C. aysu sp. nov., and C. dangeloi sp. nov.

Paraguay (department of Cordillera) (Fig. 19).

Rudá is the deity of love in the pantheon of deities of Tupi-Guarani culture. It alludes to the male epandria that resembles an ideogram of a heart (Fig. 10A). Treated as a noun in apposition.

The genus Martintella was erected to accommodate the species Asilus lestes Williston, 1901, at the time placed in Wilcoxius. Subsequently, Scarbrough (2010) described the second species, Martintella elliptica Scarbrough, 2010, from Trinidad and Tobago. Finally, Vieira et al. (2014) described two new species from Costa Rica, and commented on the possibly dubious position of Martintella elliptica in the genus. According to Fisher (2009), species of Martintella are similar to those of Wilcoxius. However, Martintella is easily recognized by the frons with convergent slopes (Fig. 12A), mystax restricted to middle of face, resembling a mohawk (Fig. 12A, B), sternites lacking macrosetae, and phallus completely concealed versus frons with parallel slopes (Fig. 18D), mystax not restricted to the middle of face and not resembling a mohawk (Fig. 18D), sternites two to five with one to two pairs of macrosetae (Fig. 18E), and phallus exposed (Fig. 18F).

Figure 12. 

Martintella sp. (male from Mexico) A, B Head in anterior and lateral views, respectively. Photographs provided by Frida Bello (INECOL).

Costa Rica, Mexico, and Trinidad and Tobago.

Myaptex is endemic to Chile and comprises only two species (Papavero 2009). The genus resembles Myaptexaria by the face distinctly gibbous, scutum with conspicuous rows of acrostichal setae and anterior dorsocentral macrosetae present, but can be easily segregated by the scutellar disc only with scattered, long setae (Fig. 13B); normally two to four black apical scutellar macrosetae; male terminalia with epandria strongly inflated, their apices curved in apically (Figs 13F, 14A–D) in Myaptex versus scutellar disc with two tufts of abundant, proclinate, long setae (Fig. 15B, C), from two to several apical scutellar macrosetae (sometimes mixed black and white) (Fig. 15C), male terminalia with epandria not inflated, their apices blunt and not curved at apex (Fig. 15F) in Myaptexaria. Myaptex is also superficially similar to Cardiasilus gen. nov. (see remarks under Cardiasilus gen. nov.), but the only feature they both share is the inflated male epandria (a feature that probably arose independently de novo in both genera).

Figure 13. 

Myaptex brachyptera (Philippi, 1865) (identified male from Chile) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively, C head and thorax, lateral view D head, anterior view E abdomen, lateroventral view F terminalia, dorsal view.

Figure 14. 

Myaptex brachyptera (Philippi, 1865) (identified male from Chile) A, B Terminalia in dorsal and ventral views, respectively C, D terminalia without inner appendages in dorsal and ventral views, respectively E inner appendages, lateral view F gonocoxite and gonostylus, lateral view G cercus and subepandrial sclerite, dorsal view.

Figure 15. 

Myaptexaria vexillaria Artigas, 1970 (male paratype) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head and thorax, lateral view D head, anterior view E abdomen, ventral view F terminalia, lateral view.

Chile.

Chile, Maule, Cauquenes, 25.i.1955, L.E. PENA (1 ♂, dissected MZUSP).

Myaptexaria was erect to accommodate three species placed in Myaptex: M. acuta (Artigas), M. vexillaria (Artigas) (type-species) and M. virilis (Artigas). Both genera can be easily segregated by the shape of male epandria (as discussed above under remarks of Myaptex).

Chile.

Chile, Coquim. [Coquimbo] Had [Hacienda] Illapel, 600–1000 m, 24–25.x.1954, L.E. PENA (1 ♂, 2 ♀, MZUSP).

The monotypic genus Papaverellus shares one similarity with Cardiasilus gen. nov., the bifurcation of veins R₄ and R₅ before the apex of discal cell (Artigas and Vieira 2014: fig. 5). However, both genera can be distinguished by the abdominal sternites without macrosetae (Artigas and Vieira 2014: fig. 1) and epandria not inflated and flat ventrally, resembling a goat hoof (Artigas and Vieira 2014: fig. 1) in Papaverellus, whereas Cardiasilus gen. nov. has the abdominal sternites with at least three pairs of macrosetae (Figs 2H, 6E, 9E) and male epandria inflated resembling the ideogram of a heart (i.e., Figs 2B, H, 3A, C).

Brazil (states of Pará and Piauí).

The monotypic genus Rhadinosoma is also known to occur only in Chile. It can be easily segregated from the other genera of the Myaptex group by the characteristics presented in the key above, mainly the mystax composed of few sparse macrosetae (Fig. 16C, D) and the vein R₄ ending at wing apex (Fig. 16B).

Figure 16. 

Rhadinosoma sp. (female from Chile) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head, anterior view D head and thorax, lateral view E abdomen, ventral view. Photographs provided by Denise Montelongo (CAS).

Chile.

(based on photographs). Chile, Atacama, Prov. 70 km. S. Copiapo, X–5–1966, E.I. Schlinger, M.E. Irwin, dune Assoc. (1 ♀, CAS).

The genus Scarbroughia comprises two species from Sonora, Mexico, and can be segregated by the mystax composed of abundant and dense macrosetae (Fig. 17C, D), face flat (Fig. 17C), well-developed anterior dorsocentral macrosetae absent (Fig. 17A) and the vein R₄ ending above wing apex (Fig. 17B).

Figure 17. 

Scarbroughia dorothyae (Martin, 1975) (male holotype) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head, lateral view D face, anterior view E frons, anterior view. Photographs provided by Christopher Grinter (CAS).

Mexico.

(based on photographs). Mexico, 11 mi. South Navojos, Sonora, Hy. 15 Km. 1766, Sept. 3, 1962, Holotype Furcilla dorothyae Cash. H. Martin, California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 12579 (1 ♂, CAS).

According to Fisher (2009) the genus Wilcoxius is similar to Martintella (see remarks under Martintella), but both genera can be promptly distinguished by frons with parallel slopes (Fig. 18D), mystax restricted to the lower 1/2 of face and composed of sparse setae (Fig. 18C, D), abdominal sternites with macrosetae (Fig. 18E) and phallus exposed (Fig. 18F) versus frons with convergent slopes (Fig. 12A), mystax occupying 2/3 of face and restricted to the middle of face, resembling a mohawk (Fig. 12A, B), abdominal sternites without macrosetae (Vieira et al. 2014: figs 1, 17, 29) and phallus concealed (Vieira et al. 2014: figs 1, 17, 29) in Martintella.

Figure 18. 

Wilcoxius truncus (Martin, 1975) (male holotype) A, B habitus lateral and dorsal, respectively C head and thorax, lateral view D head, anterior view E abdomen, lateroventral view F terminalia, lateral view.

Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.

Mexico, 40 mi E, Tehuantepec, Oax. 3.viii.1967, Altitude 500ft., RH & EM Painter collectors, PARATYPE, Wilcoxius truncus, Chas. H. Martin (1 ♂, MZUSP).

Figure 19. 

Known geographical distribution of Cardiasilus gen. nov. species.

Figure 20. 

Illustration of Cardiasilus dangeloi gen. nov. et sp. nov.