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Research Article
Four new species of the genus Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007 (Araneae, Oonopidae) from China
expand article infoJimeng Ma‡, Qiang Chen‡, Yanfeng Tong‡
‡ Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China

Corresponding author: Yanfeng Tong ( tyf68@hotmail.com )

Academic editor: Alireza Zamani
© 2024 Jimeng Ma, Qiang Chen, Yanfeng Tong.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Ma J, Chen Q, Tong Y (2024) Four new species of the genus Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007 (Araneae, Oonopidae) from China. ZooKeys 1219: 331-346. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1219.138793
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:28598A15-2CD6-4D21-AB49-C667F85A57AB
Open Access

Abstract

Four new species of the genus Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007, Trilacuna guangwu Ma & Tong, sp. nov. (♂), Trilacuna qingliangfeng Ma & Tong, sp. nov. (♂♀), Trilacuna taoyuanyu Ma & Tong, sp. nov. (♂) and Trilacuna yunmeng Ma & Tong, sp. nov. (♂), are described from China. Descriptions, diagnoses, and photographs are provided.

Key words

Distribution, goblin spiders, morphology, taxonomy

Introduction

Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007 is a small genus in Oonopidae Simon, 1890 and currently comprises 44 species (WSC 2024). Known species are from East Asia (22 species in China and one in South Korea), Southeast Asia (15 species), South Asia (five species) and West Asia (one species) (Eichenberger and Kranz-Baltensperger 2011; Grismado et al. 2014; Malek-Hosseini et al. 2015; Seo 2017; Tong et al. 2024). In China, all the known species are recorded in southwestern China, of which seven from Chongqing, two are from Guizhou, and 13 are from Yunnan Province (Tong et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2020, 2021; Wang et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2023). Examination of oonopid specimens preserved in Hebei University (Baoding, China) found four new species of the genus Trilacuna, of which one species was collected from Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces, and three species were collected from Hebei, Fujian, and Sichuan Provinces, respectively. Until now, the record from Hebei is the northernmost record of this genus in the world. This work describes four new Trilacuna species from outside of southwestern China.

Materials and methods

Specimens were examined using a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope. Fine details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Endogynes were cleared in lactic acid. Photomicroscope images were taken with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (24.2 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Raw photos were first stacked with Helicon Focus v. 8.2.0 to get the composite images, which were then processed in Adobe Photoshop CC 2020. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken under high vacuum with a Hitachi S-4800 after critical point drying and gold-palladium coating. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. Taxonomic descriptions follow Tong et al. (2020). Type material is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China (curator: Yanfeng Tong).

The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ap = apodemes; as = anterior sclerite; bep = basal ear-shaped projection; bls = brush-like structure; glo = globular structure; lcb = lateral curved branch; mb = medial branch; mr = membranous region; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior media eyes; psp = posterior spiracle; sar = sclerotized, recurved arches; sdb = slightly curved distal branch; tls = thorn-like structure; tsc = transverse bars.

Taxonomy

Family Oonopidae Simon, 1890

Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007

Type species

Trilacuna rastrum Tong & Li, 2007 from Yunnan, China.

Diagnosis

See Tong et al. (2020).

Composition

48 species, including four described here.

Distribution

Iran to the Korean Peninsula and south to Sumatra.

Trilacuna guangwu Ma & Tong, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/C85D9470-36D7-4DCF-9CD7-3DAF675BBB05
Figs 1, 2, 6C

Material examined

Holotype : China • ♂ (SYNU-1179); Sichuan Province, Bazhong City, Nanjiang County, Guangwu Mountain, Taoyuan Scenic Area; 32°40'48"N, 106°48'12"E; 5.VIII.2014; F. Zhang leg.

Etymology

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Diagnosis

The new species is similar to Trilacuna angularis Tong & Li, 2007, but can be distinguished by the large, thorn-like structure (tls) and brush-like structure (bls) of embolus system (Fig. 2D, E, J, K) vs lacking, but with several strongly sclerotized sclerites (Tong and Li 2007: fig. 15–18), and slightly elevated epigastric region (Fig. 1H) vs flat (Tong and Li 2007: fig. 14).

Figure 1. 

Trilacuna guangwu sp. nov., male holotype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral and lateral views D–F prosoma in dorsal, ventral and anterior views G–H abdomen, ventral and lateral views, arrow shows the elevated epigastric region. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–H).

Figure 2. 

Trilacuna guangwu sp. nov., left male palp, A–F (light) and G–L (SEM) A, G prolateral view B, H dorsal view C, I retrolateral view D, J distal part of palpal bulb, prolateral view E, K distal part of palpal bulb, dorsal view F, L distal part of palpal bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: bls = brush-like structure; lcb = lateral curved branch; mb = medial branch; tls = thorn-like structure. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.05 mm (D–F, J–L).

Description

Male (Holotype). Body: reddish brown, chelicerae and sternum lighter, legs yellow; habitus as in Fig. 1A–C; body length 2.05. Carapace: 1.06 long, 0.81 wide; sides granulate, lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 1D). Eyes: nearly equal sized; posterior eye row straight from above, procurved from front; ALE separated from edge of carapace by 1.4 diameters (Fig. 1D, F). Mouthparts: chelicerae straight; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites slender, distally not branched, with a membranous region (Figs 1E, 6C). Sternum: surface rugose (Fig. 1E). Abdomen: 1.01 long, 0.65 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth; sperm pore situated at level of anterior spiracles; apodemes present, posterior spiracles connected by groove; epigastric region slightly elevated (Fig. 1G, H). Leg spination: legs I-II: tibia: v2-2-2-2-0, metatarsus: v2-2-0. Palp: orange; 0.66 long (0.21, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15); femur greatly enlarged (width/length = 0.74); bulb quadrangular; embolus system with a large, thorn-like structure (tls), a cluster of brush-like structure (bls), a broad median branch (mb) and a narrow lateral curved branch (lcb) (Fig. 2A–L).

Female. Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 11).

Trilacuna qingliangfeng Ma & Tong, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/9A23C7E9-4EB7-431B-8588-3A3DAFBB640B
Figs 3, 4, 5, 6A, B, D

Material examined

Holotype : China • ♂ (SYNU-1181); Anhui Province, Xuancheng City, Jixi County, Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Zhanlingwan; 30°5'53"N, 118°51'59"E; 8.VI.2014; F. Zhang leg.

Paratypes : China • 2 ♂ 8 ♀ (SYNU-1182–1191); same data as holotype • 4 ♂ 6 ♀ (SYNU-1207–1216); same data as holotype; 28.VIII.2014 • 1 ♂ 8 ♀ (SYNU-1217–1225); Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Lantianao; 30°8'2"N, 118°49'42"E; 29.V.2014; F. Zhang leg. • 1 ♀ (SYNU-1227); Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Yezhutan; 30°7'10"N, 118°51'10"E; 30.V.2014; F. Zhang leg. • 1 ♂ 9 ♀ (SYNU-1228–1237); Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Fuling Town, Yonglai Village; 30°9'8"N, 118°51'3"E; 5.VI.2013; Cha and Zhang leg. • 1 ♂ 4 ♀ (SYNU-1202–1206); Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Fuling Town, Yonglai Village; 30°9'8"N, 118°51'3"E; 3.VI.2013; Cha and Zhang leg. • 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (SYNU-1240–1242); Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Fuling Town, Yonglai Village, Qingliangfeng Protection Station; 30°2'32"N, 118°50'27"E; 4.VI.2013; Cha and Zhang leg. • 2 ♀ (SYNU-1238–1239); Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Fuling Town, Yonglai Village, Huihanggudao; 30°7'57"N, 118°48'17"E; 2.VII.2013; Cha and Zhang leg. • 3 ♀ (SYNU-1199–1201); Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Shexian County, Zhupu; 29°50'51"N, 118°25'49"E; 6.VI.2013; Cha and Zhang leg.

Other materials

China • 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (SYNU-536); Anhui Province, Huangshan City, Xiuning County, Qiyun Mountain; 29°48'23"N, 118°2'24"E; 19.IV.2011; Zongxu Li and Luyu Wang leg. • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (SYNU-537); same data as above • 2 ♀ (SYNU-538); same data as above • 1 ♀ (SYNU-1226); Anhui Province, Xiuning County, Lingnan Town, Dawu; 29°25'22"N, 118°8'12"E; 4.VI.2014; F. Zhang leg. • 7 ♀ (SYNU-1192–1198); Zhejiang Province, Tianmushan Mountain, Chanyuan Temple; 30°13'50"N, 119°26'55"E; 10.VI.2014; F. Zhang leg. • 1 ♂ (SYNU-1243); Zhejiang, Tianmushan Mountain, Qianmutian; 30°23'30"N, 119°26'54"E; 10.VI.2014; F. Zhang leg.

Etymology

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Diagnosis

The new species is similar to Trilacuna wenfeng Tong & Li, 2021, but can be distinguished by the slightly elevated epigastric region and a group of strong setae behind the level between posterior spiracles (Fig. 3C, H) vs strongly elevated, with a cluster of densely short setae in front of the level between posterior spiracles (Wang et al. 2021: fig. 6E, G, H), by the ridges on central area of sternum (Fig. 3E) vs lacking (Wang et al. 2021: fig. 6D), and by the small globular structure of endogyne (Fig. 6B) vs spiral-shaped (Wang et al. 2021: fig. 5D).

Figure 3. 

Trilacuna qingliangfeng sp. nov., male holotype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral and lateral views D–G prosoma in dorsal, ventral, lateral and anterior views, arrow shows the small ridges H abdomen, ventral view, arrow shows the clustered setae. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–H).

Description

Male (Holotype). Body: yellow, legs lighter; habitus as in Fig. 3A–C; body length 1.63. Carapace: 0.78 long, 0.63 wide; sides granulate, lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 3D). Eyes: nearly equal sized; posterior eye row recurved from above, procurved from front; ALE separated from edge of carapace by 1.3 diameters (Fig. 3D, G). Mouthparts: chelicerae straight; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites slender, distally branched (Figs 3E, 6D). Sternum: surface finely smooth, with several ridges on central area (Fig. 3E). Abdomen: 0.91 long, 0.57 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth; sperm pore situated at level of anterior spiracles; apodemes present, posterior spiracles not connected by groove; epigastric region slightly elevated, with a group of strong setae (Fig. 3C, H). Leg spination: legs I-II: tibia: v2-2-2-2-0, metatarsus: v2-2-0. Palp: orange; 0.55 long (0.18, 0.11, 0.10, 0.16); femur elongated (width/length = 0.57); bulb kidney-shaped, basally strongly bulged; embolus system with ear-shaped projection (bep) at base, with a lateral curved branch (lcb) and narrow medial branch (mb) (Fig. 4A–L).

Figure 4. 

Trilacuna qingliangfeng sp. nov., left male palp, A–F (light) and G–L (SEM) A, G prolateral view B, H dorsal view C, I retrolateral view D, J distal part of palpal bulb, prolateral view E, K distal part of palpal bulb, dorsal view F, L distal part of palpal bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: bep = basal ear-shaped projection; mb = medial branch; lcb = lateral curved branch. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.05 mm (D–F, J–L).

Female (paratype, SYNU-1184). As in male except as noted. Body: habitus as in Fig. 5A–C; body length 1.98. Carapace: 0.82 long, 0.66 wide. Mouthparts: endites unmodified. Sternum: without ridges on central area (Fig. 5E). Abdomen: 1.24 long, 0.71 wide. Epigastric area: with recurved, strongly sclerotized arches (sar) (Figs 5H, 6A). Endogyne: with narrow, transversally elongated sclerite (tsc); with an anterior T-shaped sclerite (as) and a posterior small globular structure (glo) (Fig. 6B).

Figure 5. 

Trilacuna qingliangfeng sp. nov., female paratype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views D–G prosoma in dorsal, ventral, lateral and anterior views H abdomen in ventral view. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–H).

Figure 6. 

Trilacuna qingliangfeng sp. nov., female paratype (A, B), Trilacuna guangwu sp. nov., male holotype (C), Trilacuna qingliangfeng sp. nov., male holotype (D), Trilacuna taoyuanyu sp. nov., male holotype (E), Trilacuna yunmeng sp. nov., male holotype (F) A, B copulatory organ in ventral and dorsal views C–F endites in ventral view. Abbreviations: ap = apodemes; as = anterior sclerite; glo = globular structure; mr = membranous region; psp = posterior spiracle; sar = sclerotized, recurved arches; sdb = slightly curved distal branch; tsc = transverse bars. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C–F).

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 11).

Trilacuna taoyuanyu Ma & Tong, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/1264BFD5-911F-4D6F-8871-4246597B9858
Figs 6E, 7, 8

Material examined

Holotype : China • ♂ (SYNU-1178); Fujian Province, Wuyishan City, Wuyi Mountain Scenic Area, Taoyuanyu; 27°39'15"N, 117°56'54"E; 9.VI.2013; C. Jin leg.

Etymology

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Diagnosis

The new species is similar to Trilacuna bawan Tong, Zhang & Li, 2019, but can be distinguished by the strongly elevated epigastric region and two strong setae on it (Fig. 7H, I), vs slightly elevated, without strong setae (Tong et al. 2019: fig. 1H, I), and the kidney-shaped palpal bulb (Fig. 8A, C) vs oval, with deeply constriction on distal region (Tong et al. 2019: figs 2A, B, 22A, B).

Description

Male (Holotype). Body: reddish brown, chelicerae and sternum lighter, legs yellow; habitus as in Fig. 7A–C; body length 1.71. Carapace: 0.79 long, 0.63 wide; sides granulate, lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 7D). Eyes: ALE largest, PLE and PME nearly equal sized; posterior eye row recurved from above, procurved from front; ALE separated from edge of carapace by 1.4 diameters (Fig. 7D, G). Mouthparts: chelicerae straight; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites slender, distally branched (Figs 6E, 7E). Sternum: surface rugose, with several ridges on posterior area (Fig. 7E). Abdomen: 0.92 long, 0.56 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth; sperm pore situated at level of anterior spiracles; apodemes present, posterior spiracles connected by groove; epigastric region strongly elevated, with 2 very long, strong setae (Fig. 7H, I). Leg spination: legs I-II: tibia: v2-2-2-2-0, metatarsus: v2-2-0. Palp: orange; 0.54 long (0.19, 0.11, 0.09, 0.15); femur elongated (width/length = 0.59); bulb kidney-shaped, basally slightly bulged; embolus system with ear-shaped projection (bep) at base, with a lateral curved branch (lcb) and narrow medial branch (mb) (Fig. 8A–L).

Figure 7. 

Trilacuna taoyuanyu sp. nov., male holotype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views D–G prosoma in dorsal, ventral, lateral and anterior views, white arrow shows the small ridges H–I abdomen, ventral and lateral views, arrow in H shows the strong setae, and arrow in I shows the strong elevated epigastric region. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–I).

Figure 8. 

Trilacuna taoyuanyu sp. nov., left male palp, A–F (light) and G–L (SEM) A, G prolateral view B, H dorsal view C, I retrolateral view D, J distal part of palpal bulb, prolateral view E, K distal part of palpal bulb, dorsal view F, L distal part of palpal bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: bep = basal ear-shaped projection; lcb = lateral curved branch; mb = medial branch. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.05 mm (D–F, J–L).

Female. Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 11).

Trilacuna yunmeng Ma & Tong, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/B6941EF8-9CE0-486F-A338-2053D7607BD7
Figs 6F, 9, 10

Material examined

Holotype : China • ♂ (SYNU-1180); Hebei Province, Baoding City, Yi County, Yunmeng Mountain; 39°23'52"N, 115°16'17"E; 11.VI.2012; F. Zhang leg.

Etymology

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Diagnosis

The new species is similar to Trilacuna hansanensis Seo, 2017, but can be distinguished by the many ridges on posterior area of sternum (Fig. 9E), vs a pair of ridges (Seo 2017: fig. 1B), and the steeply elevated epigastric region (Fig. 9H) vs flat (Seo 2017: fig. 1B).

Figure 9. 

Trilacuna yunmeng sp. nov., male holotype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral and views D–G prosoma in dorsal, ventral, lateral and anterior views, arrow shows the small ridges H abdomen, lateral view, arrow shows the steeply elevated epigastric region. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–H).

Description

Male (Holotype). Body: yellow, legs lighter; habitus as in Fig. 9A–C; body length 1.57. Carapace: 0.67 long, 0.57 wide; sides granulate, lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 9D). Eyes: nearly equal sized; posterior eye row recurved from above, procurved from front; ALE separated from edge of carapace by 1.3 diameters (Fig. 9D, G). Mouthparts: chelicerae straight; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites slender, distally branched (Figs 6F, 9G). Sternum: surface finely smooth, with many ridges on posterior area (Fig. 9E). Abdomen: 0.84 long, 0.57 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth; sperm pore situated at level of anterior spiracles; apodemes present, posterior spiracles not connected by groove; epigastric region steeply elevated (Fig. 9C). Leg spination: legs I–II: tibia: v2-2-2-2-0, metatarsus: v2-2-0. Palp: orange; 0.50 long (0.14, 0.11, 0.11, 0.14); femur elongated (width/length = 0.62); bulb triangular, basally strongly bulged; embolus system with ear-shaped projection (bep) at base, with a lateral curved branch (lcb) and narrow medial branch (mb) (Fig. 10A–L).

Figure 10. 

Trilacuna yunmeng sp. nov., left male palp, A–F (light) and G–L (SEM) A, G prolateral view B, H dorsal view C, I retrolateral view D, J distal part of palpal bulb, prolateral view E, K distal part of palpal bulb, dorsal view F, L distal part of palpal bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: bep = basal ear-shaped projection; lcb = lateral curved branch; mb = medial branch. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.05 mm (D–F, J–L).

Female. Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 11).

Figure 11. 

Distribution records of four new species from China. 1 = Trilacuna guangwu sp. nov.; 2 = Trilacuna qingliangfeng sp. nov.; 3 = Trilacuna taoyuanyu sp. nov.; 4 = Trilacuna yunmeng sp. nov.

Acknowledgements

The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Alireza Zamani (Turku, Finland), Yucheng Lin (Chengdu, China), and one anonymous referee. We are grateful to Feng Zhang (Hebei University, Baoding, China) for providing the specimens. Abid Ali (University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan) kindly checked the English in the final draft.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-32370479, 31972867).

Author contributions

YT designed the study. JM and QC finished the descriptions and took the photos. YT drafted and revised the manuscript.

Author ORCIDs

Jimeng Ma https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4579-3506

Qiang Chen https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9722-1561

Yanfeng Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4348-7029

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

References

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Jimeng Ma and Qiang Chen contributed equally to this work.
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