Research Article |
Corresponding author: Changfa Zhou ( zhouchangfa@njnu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Ben Price
© 2017 Wei Zhang, Zhen-Xing Ma, Ze Hu, Juan-Yan Luo, Changfa Zhou.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zhang W, Ma Z-X, Hu Z, Luo J-Y, Zhou C-F (2017) A new species of the genus Teloganopsis with setaceous mouthparts and forelegs from Southern China (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). ZooKeys 714: 33-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.714.13646
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The nymph and reared male and female of a new ephemerellid species, which was collected from southern China and named Teloganopsis setosa Zhou, sp. n., are described. The nymph is unique because of its long and dense setae on labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and forelegs as well as the elongated segments II of labial palpi and expanded paraglossae. The male can be differentiated from close relatives by its larger penis lobes with dorsolateral projections, and the more pigmented tergum IV and caudal filaments. The nymph described in this paper represents a new adaptive and ecological type in the family Ephemerellidae.
evolution, filter, Mayfly, new species, taxonomy
In this study, a new ecological type and evolutionary lineage of this genus is found in Hainan Island, southern China. The nymphs have large labia, elongated labial palpi with long setae, and forelegs with rows of long setae. The setaceous mouthparts and forelegs show this species can filter particle food items in running water.
The nymphs were collected by hand net. Some adults were reared from mature nymphs indoor but most were attracted by ultraviolet collecting light. The materials were stored into ethanol (more than 75%) immediately. All specimens were photographed with a digital camera (Single Lens Reflex) and examined under a stereomicroscope. Some small structures, such as mouthparts, claws, and gills were observed and photographed with a microscope camera.
Eggs were dissected out from females. Before being placed on the stage of the SEM (scanning electron microscope) for photographs, they were prepared with a standard protocol: fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde for 4–8 hours, rinsed with PBS (physiological saline) 2–3 times (10–15 minutes each), dehydrated in concentration gradient acetone (30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 10 to 15 minutes each), and coated with gold film in a vacuum.
Comparative material used in this study includes:
Teloganopsis punctisetae (Matsumura, 1931) (=Ephemerella rufa Imanishi, 1937, synonymized by Ishiwata, 2001): 2♂♂3♀♀4L, Xin-Huang county (27°19.10′N, 109°14.05′E, alt. 352 m), Hunan Province, China, collected by Peng LI, Jia-Yong ZHANG, 16 Aug 2004.
Teloganopsis jinghongensis (Xu et al., 1984): 2♂♂3♀♀3L, Er-Yuan town (26°15.26′N, 99°58.55′E, alt. 2093 m), Da-Li, Yunnan Province, China, collected by Hui XIE, Ping CHEN, Yan-Yan JIA, 7 July 2008.
Abbreviations used in text: C, costal vein; Sc, subcostal vein; SEM, scanning electron microscope.
All specimens are deposited in the Mayfly Collection, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China.
♂, Ba-Wang-Ling National Forest Park (19°12.12′N, 109°09.35′E, alt. 300 m), Chang-Jiang county, Hainan Province, China, collected by Qin SI, Jun-Zhi SUN, Juan-Yan LUO, 16 Nov 2015; Paratypes: 2♂♂1♂subimago 2♀♀30L, same as the holotype.
Nymph: Inner margins of forelegs and mouthparts (labrum, mandibles, and labium) have dense and long setae. Paraglossae and palpi of labium are enlarged. Abdominal tergum IV has two dark spots. Male adults: The dorsolateral projections of the penes are visible in ventral view. The caudal filaments have wide reddish-brown bands. Two pigmented spots or dots are on tergum IV.
Nymph (in alcohol, Figs
Mouthparts: labrum with relatively long setae on dorsal surface and free margin, ventral surface with shorter but stouter setae (Figs
Nymphal characters of Teloganopsis setosa sp. n. A labrum (dorsal view on left; ventral view on right) B hypopharynx (dorsal view on left; ventral view on right) C right mandible D left mandible E maxilla F apex of maxilla G labium (dorsal view on left; ventral view on right) H gill I (ventral view) I gill V (dorsal view) J claw K foreleg L midleg M hindleg N articulation of caudal filaments.
Legs (Figs
Abdomen: reddish brown to brown, tergum IV with a pair of clear reddish to dark dots, terga V–VI distinctly paler than others; terga washed with brown to dark pigments without regular markings (Figs
Male imago (in alcohol, Figs
Genitalia (Figs
Female imago (in alcohol). Body length 6.5–7.0 mm, forewing 7.5–8.0 mm, caudal filaments 6.5–7.0 mm. Body pale to pale reddish, washed with reddish brown dots and markings laterally. Forewings transparent but subcostal brace and bulla of Sc with dark pigments; Tergum IV also with a pair of brown dots but much smaller and indistinct than those of male. Sterna dark brown with pairs of pale dots. Tibiae longer than femora, the latter much longer than tarsi. One of claws blunt, the other hooked and sharp.
Male Subimago (in alcohol). Body length 5.0 mm, forewing 6.5–7.0 mm, caudal filaments 5.0 mm; resembles male imago except dull; veins and cross veins of wings much clearer than male imago.
Egg (Fig.
China (Hainan Province).
The name setosa (from Latin epithet setosus) means having numerous setae. It indicates here that the nymphs of the new species have long and dense setae on the mouthparts and forelegs.
Based on the following characters (gills on abdominal segments III–VII, ventral lamellae of gills IV (on segment VI) bifurcated, body without any tubercles or projections, maxillae without palpi and shape of claw), the nymph of this new species belongs to the genus Teloganopsis based on the nymphal keys provided by
In the nymphal key of all known species of the genus Teloganopsis prepared by
Among Chinese ephemerelliids belonging to the genus Teloganopsis, the nymphs of T. setosa sp. n. is closest to T. punctisetae (Matsumura, 1931) and T. jinghongensis (
However, the nymph of T. setosa sp. n. is unique because of its setaceous mouthparts and forelegs. Four diagnostic characters are remarkable: 1) the outer margin of mandible has long setae (Figs
In male imagoes, however, the distinguishing characters of the new species mostly rely on color; 1) the penes and dorsolateral projections of the penes are larger and more distinctive than those of T. punctisetae and T. jinghongensis (Figs
1 | Projection of penis broad, visible in ventral view (Figs |
2 |
– | Projection of penis smaller, invisible in ventral view (Fig. |
Teloganopsis jinghongensis |
2 |
Tergum IV with clear reddish spots (Fig. |
Teloganopsis setosa sp. n. |
– | Tergum without spots; only articulations of caudal filaments with rings | Teloganopsis punctisetae |
1 | Inner margin of forelegs with long setae (Figs |
Teloganopsis setosa sp. n. |
– | Forelegs without long setae; paraglossae of labium and its palpi not enlarged | 2 |
2 | Head to abdominal segment III with three longitudinal pale stripes (Fig. |
Teloganopsis punctisetae |
– | One broad pale line on dorsal body (Fig. |
Teloganopsis jinghongensis |
Mayflies with setaceous mouthparts, elongated maxillary labial palpi, and long setae on the forelegs have been found in several lineages in the order Ephemeroptera, such as Isonychia (Isonychiidae), Nathanella (Leptophlebiidae), Rhoenanthus (Potamanthidae), Oligoneuriella (Oligoneuriidae), Tricorythus (Tricorythidae), and Clypeocaenis (Caenidae). In the Ephemerellidae, as far as we know, no similar form has been reported. This new species represents a new evolutionary type in the family, but compared to related species such as T. punctisetae and T. jinghongensis, their nymphal body patterns are similar, and the adults are alike. Most importantly, the setaceous mouthparts and brush-like maxillae are also found in T. punctisetae at least, so there is no need to erect a new generic level for it. Based on the habit, habitat, and behavioural information provided by
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 31172124 and 31472023), funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and supported by key projects of science-technology basic condition platform from The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (Grant No. 2005DKA21402) and the National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII, 2005DKA21400). Some data in this research is derived from the database of National Digital-Museum of Animal Specimens (http://museum.ioz.ac.cn).