Callosa ciliata sp. n.

The generic name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Gender is feminine.

The copulatory organs in this genus clearly resemble those in Porrhommini, but differ from the similar genera by: embolus in Callosa gen. n. is long and forms one big loop (Figs 1A, 5A), neither a short and curved one as in Porrhomma Simon, 1884, Diplostyla Emerton, 1882, Pacifiphantes Eskov & Marusik, 1994 (Roberts 1987: figs 58a–e, 59a–e; Eskov and Marusik 1994: fig. 42), nor an apically coiled one as in most Bathyphantes Menge, 1866 (Roberts 1987: fig. 70a–e); the embolus in Bathyphantes approximatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) is longer and slimmer, forming more than 2 loops (Ivie 1969: fig. 102); Microbathyphantes Helsdingen, 1985 has coiled, whip-like, and fully exposed embolus (Tu and Li 2006: fig. 2C), unlike the one enveloped in a membranous plate of the convector in Callosa gen. n. The epigyne in Callosa gen. n. is distinguished by its long, spiraling copulatory furrows and the presence of a septum (Figs 3C, 7C); the receptacles are situated farther from atrium in most Bathyphantes species, furrows are not in double-helix; Kaestneria Wiehle, 1956 and Pacifiphantes have shorter copulatory furrows, which fold or curve (Slowik and Blagoev 2012: fig. 6); the copulatory furrows in Microbathyphantes make only half a turn.

Median size, 2.5‒2.8. Chelicerae with three promarginal, and four retromarginal teeth. AME completely lost, PME reduced to small unpigmented spots, ALE and PLE highly reduced (Figs 2C, 2E, 3D, 3F, 6C, 6E, 7D, 7F); ocular area with several rows of short setae (Figs 2C, 6C). Carapace length/leg I 0.13– 0.15. Coxae IV separated by their diameter. Chaetotaxy: 2-2-2-2. TmI 0.15–0.20, TmIV absent. Leg formula I-II-IV-III. Legs yellow without obvious patterns.

Male palp: femur about four times longer than patella; tibia with two trichobothria, one ventral and one retrolateral (Fig. 5B). Cymbium spindle-shaped at dorsal view (Figs 2A, 6A); Paracymbium ‘J’-shaped, stout at base, attenuated and curved at apex (Figs 1B, 5B). Bulb with an oblate subtegulum and a protruding protegulum (Figs 1B, 5B). Convector with a membranous plate enveloping the prolateral side of embolic division (Figs 1A, 5A), and a ribbon-like ventral process (Figs 1B, 2B, 5B, 6B); dorsal projection of convector situated near the base of cymbium in prolateral view (Figs 1A, 5A); distal suprategular apophysis pick-like, broad at base, hooked at apex (Figs 1D, 5D); median membrane with dense membranous short cilia (Figs 4B, 8B); embolus long and belt-like, with a tapering tip, making 1.5 loops along the exterior margin of convector plate (Figs 1A, 5A).

Epigyne: dome-shaped in lateral view, with atrium fully exposed in ventral view (Figs 3A, 4C–D, 7A, 8C–D); septum stretched along the axis of atrium; parmula short with a shallow socket near tip (Figs 4D, 8C); copulatory furrows making a spiral course (Figs 3C, 7C); receptacles oval, with short, tube-like processes (Figs 3C, 7C).

Two species, Callosa ciliata sp. n. (type species) and Callosa baiseensis sp. n.

Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (Fig. 9).

Holotype ♂: CHINA, Yunnan Province: Baoshan City: Tengchong County; Gudong Town; Jiangdong Village; 24°58.103'N, 98°52.104'E, ca 1900 m, Jiangdong Mountain, Luoshui Cave, 26.XI.2013, (Y.C. Li & J.C. Liu). Paratypes: 1♂ 2♀, same data as for holotype.

This specific name is taken from the Latin word ‘ciliatus’, meaning ‘with cilia’, which refers to the median membrane with cilia; adjective.

It is characterised by the subdivided tip of distal suprategular apophysis (Fig. 1D) and in having three coils in copulatory furrows in epigyne (Fig. 3C). Callosa ciliata sp. n. also has a narrower atrium and shorter parmula.

Figure 1. 

Callosa ciliata sp. n., male holotype. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolic division, retrolateral view D Distal suprategular apophysis, retrolateral view. Scale bars: B as A.

Male (holotype). Total length: 2.60. Carapace 1.25 long, 0.94 wide, brownish yellow (Fig. 2C, E), AME and PME entirely lost, ALE and PLE strongly reduced (Figs 2E, 4E). Sternum 0.68 long, 0.63 wide. Clypeus 0.50 high. Eye sizes: ALE 0.02, PLE 0.03. Leg length: I 8.06 (2.10, 0.40, 2.38, 2.05, 1.13), II 7.44 (2.00, 0.38, 2.13, 1.88, 1.05), III 5.74 (1.56, 0.30, 1.50, 1.55, 0.83), IV 6.98 (2.03, 0.31, 2.03, 1.75, 0.86). TmI 0.20. Abdomen pale, with irregular dark patterns (Fig. 2C–E). Palp: paracymbium large, with distal end strongly curved inward; tegulum broad at base, protegulum conical, crooked at tip; distal suprategular apophysis with a small indentation at apex (Fig. 1D); convector with a sharp projection at the 8 o’clock position at prolateral view (Fig. 1A); convector’s ventral process ribbon-like, with a slightly broadened tip (Fig. 1B); embolus coiling from 4 o’clock position in prolateral view (Fig. 1A).

Figure 2. 

Callosa ciliata sp. n., male holotype. A Palp, dorsal view B Palp, ventral view C Habitus, dorsal view D Habitus, ventral view E Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: B as A; C as D.

Female. Total length: 2.80. Carapace 1.25 long, 0.59 wide, same coloration as in male, AME vanished, ALE, PLE and PME reduced to white spots (Fig. 3D, F). Sternum 0.63 long, 0.69 wide. Clypeus 0.34 high. Eye sizes: ALE 0.03, PME 0.02, PLE 0.02. Leg length: I 8.21 (2.25, 0.40, 2.43, 2.00, 1.13), II 7.52 (2.18, 0.40, 2.19, 1.75, 1.00), III 5.79 (1.70, 0.38, 1.55, 1.38, 0.78), IV 7.07 (2.13, 0.35, 2.00, 1.75, 0.84). TmI 0.15. Abdomen with same coloration as in male (Fig. 3D, F). Epigyne: atrium roughly triangular in form, broad at posterior, narrowing towards anterior (Fig. 3A); fovea large, with ridged inner walls; parmula small; receptacles suboval, with digit-like outgrowth, separated by 3 diameters (Fig. 3C); copulatory furrows making 3 coils.

Figure 3. 

Callosa ciliata sp. n., female paratype. AEpigyne, ventral view BEpigyne, dorsal view C Vulva, dorsal view D Habitus, dorsal view E Habitus, ventral view F Habitus lateral view. Scale bars: C as B; D, F as E.

Figure 4. 

Callosa ciliata sp. n., SEM of a male paratype and a female paratype. A Palp of male paratype, ventral view B Detail showing embolus and embolic membrane of palp CEpigyne of female paratype, ventral view D Detail showing parmula of epigyne E Anterior lateral eye and posterior lateral eye of male paratype F Spinnerets of female paratype.

Holotype ♂: CHINA, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise City; Longlin County; De’e Town; Yakou Village: 24°39.130'N, 105°09.557'E, ca 1500 m, Da Cave, 14–15.XII.2012, (Z.G. Chen & Z. Zhao). Paratypes: 1♂ 2♀, same data as for holotype; 1♀, Yumigan Cave, 24°39.145'N, 105°09.430'E, ca 1549 m, 14–15.XII.2012, (Z.G. Chen & Z. Zhao).

This specific name is derived from Chinese Pinyin ‘bǎi sè’ (), referring to its type locality; adjective.

Non-indented apex of distal suprategular apophysis (Fig. 5D), and the broad tip of convector ventral process in male palp (Figs 5B, 6B); it differs from the type species C. ciliata sp. n. by the relatively longer parmula (Figs 7B, 8C) and wider atrium (Fig. 7C).

Figure 5. 

Callosa baiseensis sp. n., male holotype. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolic division, retrolateral view D Distal suprategular apophysis, retrolateral view. Scale bars: B as A.

Male (holotype). Total length: 2.60. Carapace 1.20 long, 1.00 wide, beige, ocular area brownish yellow (Fig. 6C), AME completely lost, ALE, PLE and PME strongly reduced (Fig. 6C, E). Sternum 0.68 long, 0.66 wide. Clypeus 0.44 high. Eye sizes: ALE 0.03, PME 0.02, PLE 0.04. Leg length: I 9.25 (2.50, 0.38, 2.80, 2.41, 1.16), II 8.27 (2.28, 0.38, 2.38, 2.23, 1.00), III 6.33 (1.84, 0.40, 1.68, 1.56, 0.85), IV 8.05 (2.38, 0.38, 2.33, 2.03, 0.93). TmI 0.16. Abdomen pale, with dark yellow markings (Fig. 6C–E). Male palp: protegulum medially expanded, then attenuated at tip (Fig. 5B); distal suprategular apophysis with a small, hooked apex (Fig. 5D); embolus coiling from 8 o’clock position in prolateral view (Fig. 5C).

Figure 6. 

Callosa baiseensis sp. n., male holotype. A Palp, dorsal view B Palp, ventral view C Habitus, dorsal view D Habitus, ventral view E Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: B as A; D as C.

Figure 7. 

Callosa baiseensis sp. n., female paratype. AEpigyne, ventral view BEpigyne, dorsal view C Vulva, dorsal view D Habitus, dorsal view E Habitus, ventral view F Habitus lateral view. Scale bars: C as B; D, F as E.

Female. Total length: 2.50. Carapace 1.19 long, 0.94 wide, same coloration as in male. Sternum 0.55 long, 0.63 wide. Clypeus 0.34 high. Eye sizes: ALE 0.05, PME 0.04, PLE 0.05. Leg length I 8.91 (2.48, 0.40, 2.56, 2.34, 1.13), II 8.30 (2.28, 0.40, 2.34, 2.19, 1.09), III 6.29 (1.88, 0.38, 1.63, 1.59, 0.81), IV 7.91 (2.30, 0.38, 2.15, 2.08, 1.00). TmI 0.18. Abdomen with same coloration as in male (Fig. 7D–E). Epigyne: atrium nearly semicircular, partitioned by a septum along the long axis (Fig. 8C–D); copulatory furrows forming 2 coils; receptacles oval separated by 2 diameters, with curved outgrowths (Fig. 7C–D).

To confirm the species delimitation, the p-distance of COI sequences of C. baiseensis sp. n. and C. ciliata sp. n. was calculated using MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2013), and the result is 0.12, which falls within the genetic distance interval of 0.07 to 0.16 among Bathyphantes species and 0.07 to 0.17 in Porrhomma based on data from NCBI (The National Center for Biotechnology Information https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).

Figure 8. 

Callosa baiseensis sp. n., SEM of a male paratype and a female paratype. A Palp of male paratype, ventral view B Detail showing embolus and embolic membrane C Detail showing scape of epigyne DEpigyne of female paratype, ventral view E Anterior lateral eye, anterior median eye and posterior lateral eye of male paratype F Spinnerets of female paratype.

Figure 9. 

Type localities of new species Callosa ciliata sp. n. (1) and C. baiseensis sp. n. (2).