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Annotated checklist of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of Jamaica, with new records
expand article infoLatoya Foote-Gordon‡, Eric Garraway‡, Thomas Pape§, Eliana Buenaventura|
‡ University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
§ Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia

Corresponding author: Latoya Foote-Gordon ( footelatoya@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Filippo Di Giovanni
© 2024 Latoya Foote-Gordon, Eric Garraway, Thomas Pape, Eliana Buenaventura.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Foote-Gordon L, Garraway E, Pape T, Buenaventura E (2024) Annotated checklist of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of Jamaica, with new records. ZooKeys 1221: 175-203. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1221.135698
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6B22A82F-C506-4232-8020-72CD1410DB01
Open Access

Abstract

An annotated checklist of the Sarcophagidae of Jamaica is presented based on material collected from 2018 to 2024, supplemented with specimens in museum collections as well as literature records. The checklist comprises 45 species from 21 genera, of which 23 species from 15 genera were collected during the present study and identified based on male terminalia. The following species are recorded from Jamaica for the first time: Bahamiola orbitalis Dodge, Peckia (Sarcodexia) dominicana (Lopes), Tapacura mariarum Tibana & Lopes, and Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) diversipes (Coquillet).

Key words

Caribbean, checklist, diversity, flesh flies, Jamaica, Miltogramminae, Sarcophaginae, taxonomy

Introduction

The family Sarcophagidae or flesh flies is a diverse family of Diptera, currently with 172 genera and 3094 described species (Pape et al. 2011; Buenaventura and Pape 2013), which are classified into three subfamilies: Miltogramminae, Paramacronychiinae, and Sarcophaginae. Members of the family are diverse in their feeding habits, including coprophagy, parasitism, predation and necrophagy (Lopes 1982; Mullen et al. 1984; Ferrar 1987; Bänziger and Pape 2004; Vairo et al. 2015; Buenaventura 2021).

Flesh flies of the large subfamily Sarcophaginae show a variable degree of synanthropy or preference for human-modified environments (Beltran et al. 2012; Yepes-Gaurisas et al. 2013; Valverde-Castro et al. 2017; Buenaventura et al. 2021a), and several species have importance for forensic sciences (Oliveira and Vasconcelos 2010; Segura et al. 2011; Cherix et al. 2012; Szpila et al. 2015; Villet et al. 2017), while others may be mechanical carriers of pathogens (Sukontason et al. 2006) or play a role as general (Howlett et al. 2016) or more specific (Wisniewska et al. 2019) pollinators. Flesh flies are hypothesized to have originated in the Neotropical region (Buenaventura et al. 2021b; Buenaventura 2021; Yan et al. 2021), with species predominantly belonging to the subfamily Sarcophaginae. However, further research is warranted to elucidate their evolutionary history, ecological roles and geographical distribution.

This paper aims to update the list of species of Sarcophagidae from Jamaica based on data obtained from recent collections (2018–2024), specimens in the insect collection in the Department of Life Sciences of the University of the West Indies (DLSUWI) and the Natural History Museum of Jamaica (NHMJ), and literature records. Research on Sarcophagidae diversity from Caribbean islands has yielded the numbers given in Table 1.

Table 1.
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Sarcophagidae diversity of Caribbean Islands.

Caribbean Island Number of Species
Antigua (Pape 1996) 1
Barbados (Pape 2024) 1
Cayman Island (Pape 1996) 1
Curaçao (Pape 2024) 1
Guadeloupe (Pape 1996) 2
Grenadines (Pape 1996) 2
St. Lucia (Pape 1996) 3
St. Vincent (Pape 1996) 5
British Virgin Islands (Pape 1996) 4
United States Virgin Islands (Pape 1996) 4
Turks and Caicos Island (Pape 1996) 7
Haiti (Pape 1996) 8
Martinique (Pape 1996) 9
Puerto Rico (Curran 1928) 30
Dominica (Pape 2024) 36
Trinidad & Tobago (Pape 2024) 39
Jamaica (Dodge 1965b; Pape 1989) 39
Bahamas (Dodge 1965a) 43
Cuba (Pape 2024) 55

To date, there are no records of Sarcophagidae species on Caribbean islands such as St. Kitts and Nevis and Grenada. However, the number of flesh fly species documented in the Caribbean archipelago is expected to increase with further field research and more intensive sampling efforts.

Dodge (1965b) provides the most comprehensive documentation of Jamaican Sarcophagidae, recording 39 species, 16 of which were described as new. Few collections or biological observations of Sarcophagidae have been documented from Jamaica since the 1960s (Freeman and Taffe 1974; Freeman and Jayasingh 1975; Pape 1989; Foote 2014; Foote-Gordon and Garraway 2023a, 2023b, 2023c), and the knowledge of Jamaican Sarcophagidae is certainly incomplete.

This research aims to expand the understanding of flesh fly diversity and distribution in Jamaica through comprehensive field collections, a systematic review of historical literature, and the analysis of museum specimens housed at the Natural History Museum of Jamaica and the Department of Life Sciences of the University of the West Indies.

Materials and methods

Study area

Jamaica is situated in the tropical zone approximately 18 degrees north of the equator and is part of the archipelago of the Caribbean Islands. The island measures 232 km in length, with a width ranging from approximately 48 to 80 km and encompasses an area of 10,992 km2 (Wilson 2004).

The study area encompasses twelve habitat types (Table 2), such as coastal and freshwater mangrove forests, dry and wet limestone forests, wet and dry forests, wet and dry montane forests, inland wetlands, urban and suburban communities, and rural farms. A total of 17 sampling localities were selected across these habitat types (Fig. 1, Table 2).

Table 2.
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List of sampling localities of Sarcophagidae in Jamaica between 2018 and 2024.

Locality Geographic coordinates Altitude (m) Habitat description
A Merrywood, St. Elizabeth 18°13'04"N, 77°51'02"W 220 Rural farm
B Windsor, Trelawny 18°21'09"N, 77°38'47"W 98 Wet limestone forest
CD Rio Bueno property, St. Ann 18°28'30"N, 77°26'41"W 25 Dry limestone forest
18°28'01"N, 77° 27'51"W 10 Solitary wasp nest
E Belair, St. Ann 18°27'23"N, 77°21'08"W 15 Dry limestone forest
F Green Grotto, St. Ann 18°05'15"N, 77°24'57"W 15 Freshwater mangrove forest
G Roaring River, St. Ann 18°24'52"N, 77°09'32"W 94 Dry limestone forest
H Hardware Gap, Portland 18°05'15"N, 76°42'13"W 1050 Wet montane forest
I Comfort Castle, Portland 18°03'14"N, 76°24'46"W 147 Wet montane forest, rural/farm community
J Bowden Pen, St. Thomas 18°02'27"N, 76°23'55"W 290 Wet limestone forest
K Salt Hill, St. Andrew 18°02'00"N, 76°40'29"W 1210 Dry montane forest and farmlands
L Red Light, St. Andrew 18°03'36"N, 76°43'23"W 988 Dry forest and suburban community
M Mona, St. Andrew 18°00'22"N, 76°45'00"W 180 Urban community
N Port Royal, St. Andrew 17°56'29"N, 76°50'02"W 4 Coastal mangrove forest
O Newport, Manchester 17°57'17"N, 77°29'41"W 715 Suburban community
PQ Mason River, Clarendon 18°11'47"N, 77°15'35"W 700 Inland wetland
Figure 1. 

Distribution of sampling sites in Jamaica between 2018 and 2024. A Merrywood, St. Elizabeth; B Windsor, Trelawny; C, D Rio Bueno, St. Ann; E Belair, St. Ann; F Green Grotto, St. Ann; G Roaring River, St. Ann; H Hardware Gap, Portland; I Comfort Castle, Portland; J Bowden Pen, St. Thomas; K Salt Hill, St. Andrew; L Red Light, St. Andrew; M Mona, St. Andrew; N Port Royal, St. Andrew; O Newport, Manchester; P, Q Mason River, Clarendon.

Specimen sampling, identification, and documentation

Field expeditions were carried out between 2018 and 2024. Sample collection was conducted throughout the year, regardless of rainy and dry seasons, depending on the availability of resources. Many of the flies were collected with Van Someren-Rydon (VSR) traps and plastic bottle traps (Hwang and Turner 2005), and a few were collected with hand nets. Traps were baited separately with various decomposing meats, such as chicken and pork, and fermented fruits. At each site, two VSR traps were placed at a minimum height of 1.5 m above ground and spaced at least 50 m apart. The traps were left in place for a minimum of 4 h and a maximum of 12 h.

Specimens were collected and preserved in 95% ethanol. Flesh flies were carefully pinned, and their terminalia extended for detailed examination and taxonomic identification. Taxonomic identifications were made of males only, as females are difficult to identify. Taxonomic keys, descriptions, and illustrations by Dodge (1965a, b), Giroux and Wheeler (2009), and Buenaventura and Pape (2013) were used to identify species.

Neotropical distribution data were taken from ‘A taxonomic database to all flesh flies’ (Pape 2024), and distribution in Jamaica is based on the specimens collected during the present study and specimens from the insect collections of the Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies (DLSUWI) and the Natural History Museum of Jamaica (NHMJ).

Photographs of male terminalia were produced with a Leica M205 C stereo microscope system camera.

Format of checklist

The checklist is arranged in alphabetical order, first by subfamily, then by genus and species. Each species entry starts with a valid species name, the authority, and the year of publication. For all collected specimens and museum material, the following information is recorded: locality and date of collection, number and sex of specimens, collector(s), and depository. Entries are separated by semicolons. For localities with multiple hierarchical levels, a comma separates the exact sampling site from the main locality or parish. Species previously recorded from Jamaica have their published records listed in a section titled “Literature records”, while species recorded from Jamaica for the first time are indicated as “New records.” For each species, the general distribution within the Neotropical region is also provided. Remarks are included when applicable.

Results

A total of 731 specimens of flesh flies from Jamaica were examined from field expeditions, which included 325 females and 406 males, with 45% of the males belonging to only four species (Table 3). The survey revealed new records of flesh flies for the island, namely Bahamiola orbitalis Dodge, 1965, Peckia (Sarcodexia) dominicana Lopes, 1982, Tapacura mariarum Tibana & Lopes, 1985, and Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) diversipes (Coquillet, 1900). These new records increased the total number of flesh fly species known from the country to 45 (Table 4). Most of the species belong to the genus Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 with six species, followed by Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 with three species. The remaining 13 genera are represented by one or two species each. The rarest species found within the genus Peckia are Peckia (Euboettcheria) buethni (Dodge, 1965) and Peckia (Peckia) hillifera (Aldrich, 1916), each with only one individual, found in Rio Bueno, St. Ann and in Belair, St. Ann, respectively.

Table 3.
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Abundance and distribution of the most common and widespread species during the study. Only males are included.

Species Number of individuals Localities
Bahamiola orbitalis 94 5
Oxysarcodexia peltata 46 10
Peckia chrysostoma 29 8
Peckia nicasia 14 6

Checklist

Subfamily Miltogramminae Lioy, 1864

Genus Amobia Robineau-Desvoidy

1. Amobia floridensis (Townsend, 1892)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Freeman and Taffe (1974); Freeman and Jayasingh (1975); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Galápagos Is, Guyana, Jamaica, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Genus Metopia Meigen

2. Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824)

Literature records. Johnson (1919, as Metopia leucocephala); Gowdеy (1926); Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Belize, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico.

Newly collected material. • Rio Bueno Property, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Collected during the present study with a sweep net near nests of solitary wasps.

Genus Opsidia Coquillett

3. Opsidia jamaica Pape, 1989

Literature records. Pape (1989); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Genus Senotainia Macquart

4. Senotainia rubriventris Macquart, 1846

Literature records. Johnson (1919); Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.

5. Senotainia trilineata (Wulp, 1890)

Literature records. Johnson (1919); Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru.

Subfamily Sarcophaginae Macquart, 1834

Genus Argoravinia Townsend, 1917

6. Argoravinia candida (Curran, 1928)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Carvalho-Filho and Esposito (2012).

Neotropical distribution. Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.

7. Argoravinia rufiventris (Wiedemann, 1830)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b, as Argoravinia modesta); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Livingstone (2006); Dufek et al. (2015); Sousa et al. (2015).

Neotropical distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago.

Newly collected material. • Mona, St. Andrew; 06 Sep. 2018; 46 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Rio Cobre, St. Catherine; 23 Sept. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. Found associated with corpses, hence of potential forensic importance (Dufek et al. 2015). It is known to infest turtle eggs (Smith 2001; Livingstone 2006). In the current study, it was collected in VSR traps containing decomposing chicken. It has been collected from the carcasses of bears, deer and swine in Louisiana using pitfall traps and manual sampling (Grindley-Watson 2004). Argoravinia rufiventris is associated with human faeces, fish and bovine spleen (Barbosa 2019). It is also collected from pig carcasses (Barros et al. 2008).

Genus Bahamiola Dodge, 1965

8. Bahamiola orbitalis Dodge, 1965

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Jamaica (New record).

Newly collected material. • Windsor, Trelawny; 01 Jun. 2018; 38 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Green Grotto, St. Ann, 31 May 2018; 19 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 16 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Rio Bueno Property, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 19 Mar. 2024; 19 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. The genus contains two species, Bahamiola orbitalis and Bahamiola gregori Rohdendorf, 1971. This study presents the first record of the genus and species in Jamaica. It was collected in VSR traps with decomposing chicken and was the most frequently collected species during the study.

Genus Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861

9. Blaesoxipha (Kellymyia) jamacoorum (Dodge, 1965)

Fig. 2

Figure 2. 

Blaesoxipha (Kellymyia) jamacoorum. Male terminalia, lateral view; endemic to Jamaica. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Newly collected material. • Roaring River, St. Ann; 19 Oct. 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI) • Mason River, Clarendon; 26 Nov. 2019; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 19 Mar. 2024; 3 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Mocho, Clarendon; 16 Nov. 1978; 1 ♂; J. Simpson leg. (DLSUWI) • Jacksonville; 05 Oct 1997; 1 ♂; M. Peddie leg. (DLSUWI) • Highgate, St. Mary; 05 Oct. 2008; 1 ♂; M. Grant leg. (DLSUWI) • Windsor, Trelawny; 28 Sep. 2014; 1 ♂; D. Wilkins leg. (DLSUWI) • Lewisburg, St. Mary; 18 Oct. 2015; 1 ♂; Heslop leg. (DLSUWI) • Halse Hall, Clarendon; Mona, St. Andrew; 27 Oct. 2016; 2 ♂; K. Minott leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Collected on overripe mango fruit by Dodge (1965b). In this study, it was collected from decomposing chicken and pork.

10. Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830)

Literature records. Johnson (1919); Lopes (1941); Dodge (1965b); Pape (1996); Mello-Patiu (2016).

Neotropical distribution. American Virgin Is, Bahamas, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Galápagos Is, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Mona, St. Andrew; 26 Jun. 2018; 10 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Morant Bay, St. Thomas; 28 Jan. 1989; 1 ♂; (DLSUWI) • Stony Hill, St. Andrew; 17 May 1992; 1 ♂; J. Rodent leg. (DLSUWI) • Meadowbrook Estate, Kingston; 21 Oct 2003; 1 ♂; C. McIntosh leg. (DLSUWI) • Spanish Town, St. Catherine; 18 Nov. 2006; 1 ♂; T. McIntyre leg. (DLSUWI) • Havendale, Kingston; 09 Nov. 2011; 1 ♂; P. Sutherland leg. (DLSUWI) • Mona, St. Andrew; 17 Mar. 2015; 2 ♂; Gilles-Lee leg. (DLSUWI) • Downtown, Kingston; 07 Nov. 1946; 2 ♂, 5 ♀; G. B. Thomspon leg. (NHMJ) • Downtown, Kingston; 18 Dec. 2013; 6 ♂, 4 ♀; L. Wright leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. This widely distributed species was reported on a human corpse in the USA (Wells and Smith 2013), and it is considered medically and forensically important (Barbosa 2019). Dodge (1965b) mentions specimens that were “bred from dead crocodile.” During the study period, it was reared from buried pork bait in Jamaica.

Genus Boettcheria Parker, 1914

11. Boettcheria parkeri (Aldrich, 1916)

Fig. 3

Figure 3. 

Boettcheria parkeri . Male terminalia, lateral view; endemic to Jamaica. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Literature records. Johnson (1919); Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Newly collected material. • Bowden Pen, St. Thomas; 05 Jun. 2018; 7 ♂; E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Salt Hill, St. Andrew; 26 Feb. 2024; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Hermitage Reservoir, St. Andrew; 30 May 1954; 2 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Corn Puss Gap, St. Thomas; 04 Aug. 1948; 1 ♂; R. P. Bengry leg. (NHMJ) • Unity Valley, St. Ann; 14 Nov. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. Boettcheria parkeri is still the only species of Boettcheria known from Jamaica (Pape 1996), and as for most other species in this genus, the biology is unknown. It was collected in a VSR trap baited with decomposing chicken and pork. Members of the genus are often listed as carrion flies (Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012) and are found in a variety of habitats, from old-growth forests to urban areas (Dahlem and Downes 1996).

Genus Chrysagria Townsend

12. Chrysagria duodecimpunctata Townsend, 1935

Literature records. Dodge (1965b, as Sarcofahrtiamyia tenta); Lopes (1969, as Sarcofahrtiamyia tenta); Pape (1996); Mello-Patiu (2016).

Neotropical distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru.

Genus Dexosarcophaga Townsend, 1917

13. Dexosarcophaga ruthae (Dodge, 1965)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Mello (1996); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Remarks. The type series was collected “over broken nest of Nasutitermes” (Dodge 1965b).

Genus Helicobia Coquillett, 1895

14. Helicobia morionella (Aldrich, 1930)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Mello-Patiu (2016); Dufek (2019); Dufek et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. American Virgin Is, Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haití, Jamaica, México, Puerto Rico, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Rio Bueno Property, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Windsor Hotel, St. Ann; 19 Mar. 1955; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Ferry, St. Andrew, 30 Oct. 1946; 1 ♂; G. B. Thompson leg. (NHMJ) • Ferry, St. Andrew; 03 Oct. 1954; 2 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Mona, St. Andrew; 20 Jan. 1947; 2 ♂; G. B. Thompson leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. This necrophagous species is considered to be of forensic importance (Early and Goff 1986). It was collected from a decomposing crab and decomposing chicken in the present study.

15. Helicobia rapax (Walker, 1849)

Literature records. Johnson (1919, as Sarcophaga helicis); Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Mello-Patiu (2016).

Neotropical distribution. Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico.

Museum material. • Road to Holly Mount, St. Andrew; 24 Sept. 1954; 1 ♂; R. P. Bengry leg. (NHMJ) • Mona, St. Andrew; 30 Jan. 1947; 1 ♂; G. B. Thompson leg. (NHMJ) • Half Way Tree, St. Andrew; 06 Aug. 1950; 1 ♂; R. B. Bengry leg. (NHMJ) • Troy, Trelawny; 25 Sept. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ).

Genus Lepidodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891

16. Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) albihirta (Dodge, 1965)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

17. Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) atrata (Dodge, 1965)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

18. Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) dissimilis (Dodge, 1965)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996)

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

19. Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) diversipes (Coquillet, 1900)

Neotropical distribution. Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica (New record).

Museum material. Hardware Gap, Portland; 27 Jul. 1949; 1 ♂; C. B. Lewis leg. (NHMJ).

20. Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) nigribimbo (Dodge, 1965)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

21. Lepidodexia (Harpagopyga) villipes (Dodge, 1965)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Genus Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917

22. Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Lopes, 1945)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Mello-Patiu (2016); Souza et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Galápagos Is, Guadeloupe, Haití, Honduras, Jamaica, México, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Turks & Caicos Is, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Green Grotto, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Merrywood, St. Elizabeth; 24 May 2021; 1 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI) • Newport, Manchester; 18 Aug. 2023; 1 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 20 Mar. 2024; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI) • Comfort Castle, Portland; 27 Mar. 2024; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Cross Roads, St. Andrew; 05 Sep. 1954; 2 ♀, 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Rio Cobre, St. Catherine; 28 Feb. 1954; 1 ♀; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Negril, Westmoreland; 19 Jul. 1954; 1 ♀; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Molland Bay, St. Thomas; 28 Nov. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Swamp, St. Thomas; 04 Feb. 1955; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Chovey House, St. Mary; 12 Sept. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Discovery Bay, St. Ann; 11 Nov. 2012; 1 ♂; Wisdom leg. (DLSUWI) • Woodford, St. Andrew; 08 Nov. 2013; 1 ♂; T. Barrett leg. (DLSUWI) • Windsor, Trelawny; 31 Oct. 2015; 2 ♂; E. Reid leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Ubiquitous species with a preference for human settlements (Yepes-Gaurisas et al. 2013). Reports of coprophagous (Flores and Dale 1995) and necrophagous (Yepes-Gaurisas et al. 2013) habits.

23. Oxysarcodexia chaetopygialis (Williston, 1896)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Souza et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica, St. Vincent.

24. Oxysarcodexia corolla Dodge, 1965

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Souza et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Newly collected material. • Hardware Gap, Portland; 29 May 2018; 5 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Bowden Pen, St Thomas; 05 Jun. 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 26 Feb. 2024; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Little is known about the species except its morphology described by Dodge (1965b). Specimens were collected in a VSR trap baited with decomposing chicken in this study.

25. Oxysarcodexia dorisae Dodge, 1965

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Souza et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

26. Oxysarcodexia peltata (Aldrich, 1916)

Literature records. Johnson (1919); Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1946, 1969); Pape (1996); Souza et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, San Andres Islands, St. Lucia, St. Vincent.

Newly collected material. • Green Grotto, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 11 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 7 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Windsor, Trelawny; 01 Jun. 2018; 5 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Bowden Pen, St. Thomas; 05 Jun. 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Hardware Gap, Portland; 29 May 2018; 3 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Merrywood, St. Elizabeth; 24 May 2021; 2 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI) • Newport, Manchester; 18 Aug. 2023; 2 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 20 Feb. 2024; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI) • Comfort Castle, Portland; 27 Mar. 2024; 10 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • 4 miles South of Buff Bay, Portland; 14 Mar. 1947; 1 ♂; G. B. Thompson leg. (NHMJ) • Quickstep, Trelawny; 10 Mar. 1949; 1 ♀; C. B. Lewis leg. (NHMJ) • Hermitage Dam, St. Andrew; 21 Jan. 1947; 1 ♂; C. B. Lewis leg. (NHMJ) • Negril, Westmoreland; 19 Jul. 1954; 1 ♀; T. H. Farr leg; (NHMJ) • Whitfield Hall, St. Thomas; Dec. 1954; 1 ♀; G.R. Proctor leg. (NHMJ) • Ferry, St. Andrew; 03 Oct. 1954; 2 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Beverly Hills, St. Andrew; 26 Dec. 1954; 1 ♀; (NHMJ) • Long Mountain, St. Andrew; 19 Sep. 1954; 2 ♀, 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Rock Hall, St. Andrew; 17 Oct. 1984; 1 ♂; P. Coward leg. (DLSUWI) • Hope Gardens, St. Andrew; 09 Nov. 2003; 2 ♂; V. Thompson leg. (DLSUWI) • Spanish Town, St. Catherine; 02 Nov. 2011; 1 ♂; K. Reid leg. (DLSUWI) • Mona, St. Andrew; 10 Apr. 2014; 2 ♂; S. Matthew leg. (DLSUWI) • Discovery Bay, St. Ann; 14 Sep. 2014; 2 ♂; J. Dixon leg. (DLSUWI) • Roaring River, St. Ann; 03 Oct. 2014; 1 ♂; S. McKenzie leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Known for its role as a pollinator of the White Mangrove, Laguncularia racemosa (Sánchez-Núñez and Mancera-Pineda 2012). It was collected from decomposing chicken during the present study. Oxysarcodexia peltata was the second most frequently collected species during the sampling period, with a presence confirmed across ten localities.

Genus Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

27. Peckia (Euboettcheria) buethni Dodge, 1965

Fig. 4

Figure 4. 

Peckia (Euboettcheria) buethni. Male terminalia, lateral view; endemic to Jamaica. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Buenaventura and Pape (2013).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Newly collected material. Rio Bueno Property, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. This species is only known from Jamaica. Dodge (1965b) first described it from Papine, Kingston, approximately 114 km from its collection locality in this study. Its biology is unknown. However, specimens were collected in a VSR trap baited with decomposing chicken in the present study.

28. Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830)

Literature records. Lopes (1941; Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Buenaventura and Pape (2013); Mello-Patiu (2016); Dufek (2019); Dufek et al. (2020); Toma et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. American Virgin Is, Argentina, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Galápagos Is, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Rio Bueno Property, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Green Grotto, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 3 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Windsor, Trelawny; 01 Jun. 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Bowden Pen, St. Thomas; 05 Jun. 2018; 5 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Mona, St. Andrew; 17 Jun. 2018; 10 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI) • Newport, Manchester; 18 Aug. 2023; 4 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI) • Comfort Castle, Portland; 27 Mar. 2024; 2 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Copa Cabana, St. Thomas ; 24 Jan. 1989; 1 ♂; N. Knight leg. (DLSUWI) • Gordon Town, St. Andrew; 15 Jan. 2009; 1 ♂; J. Wynter leg. (DLSUWI) • May Pen, Clarendon; 21 Nov. 2010; 1 ♂; T. Gooden leg. (DLSUWI) • Guys Hill, St. Catherine; 23 Nov. 2011; 2 ♂; D. Allen leg. (DLSUWI) • Green Grotto, St. Ann; 13 Nov. 2010; 1 ♂; D. Herro leg. (DLSUWI) • Discovery Bay, St. Ann; 14 Sept. 2014; 1 ♂; J. Dixon leg. (DLSUWI) • Windsor, Trelawny; 04 Oct. 2014; 1 ♂; Hanchard leg. (DLSUWI) • Mona, St. Andrew; 23 Sept. 2014; 3 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI) • Roaring River, St. Ann; 05 Nov. 2016; 1 ♂; S. McKenzie leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma is one of the most widely distributed species in the genus Peckia (Buenaventura and Pape 2013). It has been reported as a coloniser of human corpses in Brazil (Vasconcelos et al. 2014), and Dodge (1965b) mentions specimens from Jamaica that were “bred from crocodile”. Specimens have been recorded as collected from stinkhorn fungus (Phallus sp.; Phallales: Basidiomycota) and flowers of Casearia sp. (Salicaceae) (Camargo et al. 2018).

29. Peckia (Sarcodexia) dominicana (Lopes, 1982)

Fig. 5

Figure 5. 

Peckia (Sarcodexia) dominicana. Male terminalia, postero-lateral view; Antillean species, new record from Jamaica. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Neotropical distribution. Dominican Republic, Jamaica (new record).

Newly collected material. • Windsor, Trelawny; 01 Jun. 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Hardware Gap, Portland; 29 May 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 20 Mar. 2024; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Previously known only from the Dominican Republic. This study reports Peckia (Sarcodexia) dominicana as a new record for Jamaica and adds to its distribution within the Caribbean. Little is known about the biology of P. dominicana. It was collected in a VSR trap baited with decomposing chicken in the present study.

30. Peckia (Peckia) hillifera (Aldrich, 1916)

Literature records. Buenaventura and Pape (2013); (Camargo et al. 2018).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, México, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Specimens have been reared from a dead crab [Ucides cordata (Linnaeus)] (Camargo et al. 2018).

31. Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830)

Literature records. Townsend (1892, 1993, both as Sarcodexia sternodontis); Johnson (1908, 1919, both as Sarcophaga sternodontis); Lopes (1969, as Sarcodexia sternodontes); Pape (1996); Buenaventura and Pape (2013); Vairo et. al (2011); Vairo et al. (2014); Mello-Patiu (2016); Dufek (2019); Dufek et al. (2020); Ramírez-Mora et al. (2022).

Neotropical distribution. Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman Is, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Galápagos Is, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haití, Honduras, Jamaica, México, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Green Grotto, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 3 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 26 Feb. 2024; 3 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI) • Newport, Manchester; 18 Aug. 2023; 2 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI) • Comfort Castle, Portland; 27 Mar. 2024; 2 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Cambridge District, St. Elizabeth; 23 Nov. 2013; 1 ♂; Bailey leg. (DLSUWI) • August Town, St. Andrew; 09 Nov. 2017; 1 ♂; Dacosta leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Known as a saprophagous and necrophagous species in the Neotropics (Lopes de Carvalho and Linhares 2001; Vairo et al. 2015). It has been reported on human corpses and is considered one of the most important saprophagous species of forensic importance (Vairo et al. 2015). It has been collected from decomposing fish, bovine spleen and faeces (Barbosa 2019). Known parasitoid of the yellowtail moth (Hylesia metabus) and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (Toma et al. 2018).

32. Peckia (Euboettcheria) nicasia (Lopes, 1941)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1941, 1969); Pape (1996); Buenaventura and Pape (2013).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Newly collected material. • Windsor, Trelawny; 01 Jun. 2018; 3 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Green Grotto, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Hardware Gap, Portland; 29 May 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Bowden Pen, St. Thomas; 05 Jun. 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Mona, St. Andrew; 12 Jun. 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI) • Red Light, St. Andrew; 20 Mar. 2024; 5 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Cinchona Morce’s Gap, St. Andrew; 21 Aug. 1949; 1 ♀; R. B. Bengry & R. Hart leg. (NHMJ) • Hermitage Reservoir, St. Andrew; 30 May 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Southwest of Ecclesdown, Portland; 24 Aug. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Fern Gully, St. Ann; 11 Jul. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Hermitage Dam, St. Andrew; 31 May 1954; 1 ♂; R. B. Bengry leg. (NHMJ) • Long Mountain, St. Andrew; 26 Jun. 1955; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Benson Avenue; 12 Sep. 2007; 1 ♂; A. Sherman leg. (DLSUWI) • Bowden Pen, St. Thomas; 04 Nov. 2011; 1 ♂; T. Stephenson; (DLSUWI) • Roaring River, St. Ann; 03 Oct. 2014; 2 ♂; Bennett leg. (DLSUWI) • Dolphin Head Mountain, Hanover; 01 Oct. 2014; 1 ♀; L. Wright leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. The species was collected in a VSR trap baited with decomposing chicken during the present study. It has previously been collected from decomposing pig carrion (Foote 2014).

Genus Ravinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

33. Ravinia effrenata (Walker, 1861)

Literature records. Johnson (1919; as Sarcophaga (Ravinia) quadrisetosa, see Dodge 1965b); Hall (1928, as Sarcophaga adamsii); Lopes (1969, as Chaetoravinia adamsi); Pape (1996); Mello-Patiu (2016); Ramírez-Mora et al. (2022).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, México, Panamá, Perú, St. Vincent.

Newly collected material. • Rio Bueno Property, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 6 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Newport, Manchester; 18 Aug. 2023; 2 ♂; R. Daley leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Amity Hall, St. Catherine; 23 Mar. 1947; 1 ♂; C. B. Thompson leg. (NHMJ) • West of Jacob’s Hut, Clarendon; 28 Sept. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. Species collected from decomposing fish (sardines), human faeces (Barbosa 2019) and fruit (Valverde-Castro et al. 2017).

Genus Sarcodexiopsis Townsend, 1917

34. Sarcodexiopsis welchi (Hall, 1930)

Fig. 6

Figure 6. 

Sarcodexiopsis welchi . Male terminalia, lateral view; Antillean species. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Literature records. Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, British Virgin Is, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.

Newly collected material. • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Genus Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall, 1933

35. Sarcofahrtiopsis diembroma Dodge, 1965

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Remarks. This species is still known only from the original type series consisting of two females. The holotype from Second Breakfast Spring, St. Andrew (deposited in Washington State University), and a female paratype from Hermitage, St. Andrew, stated to be in the “Science Museum, Institute of Jamaica” (now Natural History Museum of Jamaica) but were not located.

36. Sarcofahrtiopsis farri Dodge, 1965

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Pape and Méndez (2004).

Neotropical distribution. Costa Rica, Jamaica.

Newly collected material. • Green Grotto, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 3 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Belair, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 3 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI) • Rio Bueno Property, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 2 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Ferry, St. Andrew; 03 Oct. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Rio Cobre, St. Catherine; 05 Jun. 1952; 1 ♂; R. P. Bengry leg. (NHMJ) • Colonel Ridge, Clarendon; 18 Nov. 1946; 1 ♂; G. B. Thompson leg. (NHMJ).

37. Sarcofahrtiopsis jamaicensis Dodge, 1965

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996).

Neotropical distribution. Jamaica.

Museum material. • Hermitage Dam, St. Andrew; 03 May 1954; 1 ♂; R. P. Bengry leg. (NHMJ).

38. Sarcofahrtiopsis paterna Dodge, 1965

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Pape and Méndez (2004).

Neotropical distribution. Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.

Remarks. The presence of this species in Jamaica is based on one male paratype with no further data (Dodge 1965b).

Genus Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826

39. Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794)

Literature records. Pape (2024).

Neotropical distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Panamá, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Mona, St. Andrew; 07 Sep. 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. This is the first record from Jamaica documented with explicit reference to a collected specimen. Considered to be synanthropic and of forensic relevance (Barbosa 2019). Larvae were found to cause myiasis in toads (Bufo melanostictus Schneider) (Roy and Dasgupta 1977). It has been collected from decomposing bovine spleen and fish (Barbosa 2019) as well as from human cadavers (Kavitha et al. 2013). The optimum temperature for the development of S. ruficornis larvae is 20–35 °C (Nassu et al. 2014).

Genus Tapacura Tibana & Lopes, 1985

40. Tapacura mariarum Tibana & Lopes, 1985

Fig. 7

Figure 7. 

Tapacura mariarum . Male terminalia, lateral view; new record from Jamaica. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Neotropical distribution. Brazil, Jamaica (new record).

Newly collected material. Green Grotto, St. Ann; 31 May 2018; 4 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. New record of this genus and species from Jamaica. The genus Tapacura presently contains two species, Tapacura mariarum recorded in the Neotropics (Brazil) and Tapacura mexicana Lopes, 1988 known only from the Nearctic (México) (Mello-Patiu and de Souza Neto 2007). There is no information on the biology of the species. It was collected from a VSR trap baited with decomposing chicken in the present study.

Genus Titanogrypa Townsend, 1860

41. Titanogrypa (Airypel) cryptopyga Lopes, 1956

Literature records. Dodge (1965b, as Airypel molluscoperda); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Dufek (2019); Dufek et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago.

Museum material. • Ferry, St. Andrew; 03 Oct. 1954; 1 ♂; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. Probably a scavenger. Dodge (1965b) gave label data from the holotype and a paratype: “Emerged Nov. 8, 1902, in Pittsburgh, Pa. Pupae received with shells received from near Mandeville, Jamaica”.

42. Titanogrypa (Sarconeiva) fimbriata (Aldrich, 1916)

Literature records. Johnson (1919); Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Vairo et. al (2011); Dufek (2019); Dufek et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, México, Panamá, Perú, Venezuela.

Newly collected material. • Bowden Pen, St. Thomas; 05 Jun. 2018; 4 ♂; L. Foote and E. Buenaventura leg. (DLSUWI).

Museum material. • Mona, St. Andrew; 07 May 1989; 1 ♂; J. Lawrence leg. (DLSUWI) • Mona, St. Andrew; 17 Nov. 2009; 1 ♂; T. Henry leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Considered to be of forensic relevance (Barbosa 2019). It has been recorded from decomposition studies in Brazil (Mello-Patiu et al. 2014), on gastropods/molluscs (Barker 2004), and decomposing sardines (Barbosa 2019).

Genus Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) Wulp, 1887

43. Tricharaea canuta (Wulp, 1896)

Literature records. Dodge (1965b); Lopes (1969); Pape (1996); Mello-Patiu (2016); Ramírez-Mora et al. (2022).

Neotropical distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Galápagos Is, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, México, Paraguay, Perú.

Newly collected material. • Mona, St. Andrew; 07 Sep. 2018; 1 ♂; L. Foote leg. (DLSUWI).

Remarks. Synanthropic species of forensic relevance (Barbosa 2019). It has been collected from human faeces and decomposing bovine spleen (Barbosa 2019).

44. Tricharaea (Sarothromyia) femoralis (Schiner, 1868)

Literature records. Johnson (1908, 1919).

Neotropical distribution. Bahamas, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, French Guiana, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos Is., Venezuela.

Museum material. • Holland Bay, St. Thomas; 16 Mar. 1989; 8 ♀; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Holland Bay, St. Thomas; 16 Nov. 1988; 5 ♀; R. A. Boothe leg. (NHMJ).

45. Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (Fabricius, 1794)

Literature records. Johnson (1908, as Sarcophagula imbecilla; 1919); Dodge (1965b); Dufek et al. (2020).

Neotropical distribution. American Virgin Is., Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Galápagos Is, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent Is., Venezuela.

Museum material. • Swamp, St. Thomas; 03 Nov. 1955; 1 ♀; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Half Way Tree, St. Andrew; 06 Aug. 1950; 2 ♀; R. B. Bengry leg. (NHMJ) • Windsor Hotel, St. Ann; 20 Sep. 1959; 1 ♀; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ) • Ferry, St. Andrew; 03 Oct. 1954; 1 ♀; T. H. Farr leg. (NHMJ).

Remarks. Only females were studied in the present study, and their separation from T. canuta (Wulp, 1896) remains tentative.

Discussion

The updated checklist for Jamaica includes 45 species, four of which are new records. The number of genera in Jamaica has increased to 21 with the addition of the genera Bahamiola and Tapacura.

With the addition of Peckia (Sarcodexia) dominicana to the checklist, Peckia becomes the most speciose flesh fly genus in Jamaica with a total of six species: P. buethni, P. chrysostoma, P. dominicana, P. hillifera, P. lambens, and P. nicasia. Some species of Peckia were quite rare. Only one individual of P. buethni was collected in this study. Previous record of P. buethni was one male in Papine, St. Andrew (southern Jamaica), collected by W. Büthn (BMNH). Similarly, only one individual of P. hillifera was collected in this study. Previous record of P. hillifera was one male in Milk River bath, St. Thomas (southern Jamaica), collected by Wirth and Farr (ZMUC). This pattern suggests that P. buethni and P. hillifera are rare in Jamaica, despite their relatively wide distribution.

Lepidodexia subgenus Harpagopyga Aldrich contains 15 nominal species, 14 of which occur in the Neotropical region (Pape 1996). Dodge (1965b) documented five species of Lepidodexia from Jamaica, all of which are endemic to the island. An additional species, L. diversipes, is here added to the records of Lepidodexia from Jamaica, increasing the total species number to six. Of note, no specimens collected during the present study, suggesting low abundance, a very narrow distribution, or sparse collecting for flesh flies in Jamaica.

Oxysarcodexia consists of 91 described species worldwide and is considered one of the most species-rich genera in the Neotropics (Souza et al. 2020). Jamaica has five species of Oxysarcodexia, making it one of the most speciose genera on the island after Peckia and Lepidodexia. There are two endemic species of Oxysarcodexia recorded for Jamaica: O. corolla and O. dorisae. Only the female of O. dorisae is known, while both the male and the female of O. corolla are known. Oxysarcodexia corolla was found in a wet limestone forest, wet forest, and a rural area in St. Andrew, which might indicate a preference for environments with low anthropogenic impact. All other known species of Oxysarcodexia in Jamaica are widely distributed.

Bahamiola orbitalis was previously known only from the Bahamas (Grand Bahama Is.; Dodge 1965a). With 94 individuals across five locations, the species is common and widely distributed (Table 4).

Tapacura mariarum was previously known only from Brazil (Tibana and Lopes 1985), and the present record represents a significant range extension. Four individuals were collected at the Green Grotto, St. Ann. This species is likely to have a restricted geographical range in Jamaica, and its occurrence at a single locality may suggest a limited distribution in the island.

MacArthur and Wilson (1967) demonstrated that the number of species on an island is correlated with its size and proximity to the mainland. The Caribbean islands share several species due to their proximity and shared geological histories. According to Crews and Esposito (2020) islands are sources of diversity with dispersal from a large island source to smaller islands. Notably, Cuba, the largest island of the Greater Antilles (Fig. 8, Table 4), has the largest number of known species of Sarcophagidae. There are 15 species shared between Jamaica and Cuba, which may be attributed mainly to their close proximity, as Jamaica is approximately 145 km from the southeastern coast of Cuba. Winds may further facilitate species dispersal between these islands (Kirk-Spriggs and Muller 2017).

Hispaniola is situated 190 km east of Jamaica. A total of 19 species of Sarcophagidae have been identified on the island, and of these, eight species are shared with Jamaica. It is noteworthy that Hispaniola is approximately seven times larger than Jamaica (Table 4), suggesting that Hispaniola may be under-sampled or inadequately studied. Another factor suggesting low sampling efforts on the island of Hispaniola is the low number of species shared between the two countries of the island. Eight species are recorded from the Haitian part and 13 from the Dominican Republic. Only two species are found in both countries, indicating inadequate sampling.

Puerto Rico, the smallest island in the Greater Antilles (Table 4), is the furthest from Jamaica, located at a distance of 923 km. Despite this distance, Puerto Rico and Jamaica share 12 species, which may reflect extensive sampling efforts in Puerto Rico.

Several species previously thought to be endemic to other islands have been found in Jamaica. It is unclear whether these species were recently introduced to Jamaica or if their endemism to other islands was mistakenly identified. A genetic analysis of these populations is needed to resolve these uncertainties.

Compared to other islands in the Greater Antilles, Jamaica is notable for its high endemism of Sarcophagidae. With an area of 10,992 km2, Jamaica is the third largest island in the Greater Antilles (Fig. 8). The island’s diverse geography, which includes complex topography such as extensive karst limestone regions, mountains and plains, along with a range of biomes from xerophytic conditions receiving less than 60 cm of annual precipitation to wet forests receiving more than 700 cm, has fostered numerous centres of speciation (Aitken-Soux et al. 1981), contributing to its high endemism. Specific regions, such as the Cockpit Country, are known to be local centres of endemism due to their distinctive geomorphology, characterized by isolated conical hills and depressions (Sweeting 1958), which limit species dispersal and create distinct microhabitats.

Table 4.
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Total number of endemics and percentage endemism of Sarcophagidae known from islands of the Greater Antilles.

Island Number of endemics Percentage of endemics (%) Number of species Size of island (km2)
Jamaica 15 33 45 10,992
Cuba 14 25 55 109,884
Hispaniola 3 14 19 76,192
Puerto Rico 4 13 30 8,870
Figure 8. 

Map of the Caribbean region, highlighting the Greater Antilles.

Acknowledgements

Latoya Foote-Gordon acknowledges the support of the National History Museum of Jamaica, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA, and the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, for this project. We are grateful to Taneisha Barrett at the University of Hong Kong for the photographs. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. We also express our sincere gratitude to the editors for their guidance and support throughout the review process.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

National History Museum of Jamaica, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA, and the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: LFG. Data curation: LFG, EB. Formal analysis: LFG. Funding acquisition: LFG. Investigation: EB, LFG. Methodology: LFG. Resources: EG, LFG. Supervision: EG, TP. Validation: EB, TP. Writing - original draft: LFG. Writing - review and editing: LFG, EB, TP, EG.

Author ORCIDs

Latoya Foote-Gordon https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6713-0550

Eric Garraway https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5586-1649

Thomas Pape https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-0609

Eliana Buenaventura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5265-815X

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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