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Research Article
The genus Argopistes Motschulsky from Japan and Taiwan, with descriptions of three new species from Taiwan (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini)
expand article infoChi-Feng Lee‡, Ming-Yao Chiang‡, Haruki Suenaga§
‡ Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
§ Unaffiliated, Okayama, Japan

Corresponding author: Ming-Yao Chiang ( mingyaw@tari.gov.tw )

Academic editor: Ron Beenen
© 2024 Chi-Feng Lee, Ming-Yao Chiang, Haruki Suenaga.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Lee C-F, Chiang M-Y, Suenaga H (2024) The genus Argopistes Motschulsky from Japan and Taiwan, with descriptions of three new species from Taiwan (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini). ZooKeys 1215: 151-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1215.134871
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C57CB315-F15F-4D98-868A-EFEA22BC64A3
Open Access

Abstract

Four previously described species of Argopistes are recognized and redescribed from Japan and Taiwan: A. biplagiatus Motschulsky, 1860, A. rufus Chen, 1934, A. tsekooni Chen, 1934, and A. unicolor Jacoby, 1885. Three new species from Taiwan, A. jungchani sp. nov., A. tsoui sp. nov., and A. yuae sp. nov., are described. Descriptions of species include illustrations of aedeagi, antennae, gonocoxae, abdominal ventrite VIII, and spermathecae. Argopistes rufus Chen, 1934, stat. nov. is raised to species status from a variety of A. biplagiatus Motschulsky, 1860. Argopistes coccinelliformis Csiki, 1940, syn. nov. and A. ryukyuensis Shigetoh & Suenaga, 2022, syn. nov. are proposed as junior synonyms of A. rufus Chen, 1934 Lectotypes are designated for A. undecimmaculata Jacoby, 1885, A. unicolor Jacoby, 1885, and A. biplagiatus var. rufus Chen, 1934.

Key words

Chionanthus, Fraxinus, Jasminum, Ligustrum, Olea, Oleaceae, Osmanthus, Syringa

Introduction

The flea beetle genus Argopistes Motschulsky, 1860 contains 44 species recorded from Afrotropical, Australian, Neotropical, Oriental, and Palearctic regions (Blanco and Konstantinov 2013; Biondi et al. 2024). Four species were known from Japan and reviewed by Kimoto (1965) with emphasis on male aedeagi. A new species was also described from Ryukyu Islands and Daitô Islands (Shigetoh and Suenaga 2022). Chûjô (1936) was the first to record the genus from Taiwan as A. biplagiatus Mostschulsky, 1860, although Gressitt and Kimoto (1963) indicated that it was a misidentification of A. coccinelliformis Csiki, 1940. No other records have been reported from Taiwan since then.

Adults and larvae of Argopistes are oligophagous on Oleaceae (Jolivet and Hawkeswood 1995). A number of species of Oleaceae are ornamental trees popular in Japan, including Osmanthus × fortunei Carrière, O. heterophyllus (G. Don) P. S. Green, and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Although few insect pests are reported for these ornamental trees, A. rufus Chen, 1934 and A. biplagiatus Motschulsky, 1860 are major pests. Ecology of both species have been studied in this context (Inoue and Shinkaji 1989a–c, 1990; Inoue 1990a, b, 1991a, b, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2014). In contrast, Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour., is one of the worst invasive plants in the U.S. Argopistes tsekooni Chen, 1934 was evaluated as a promising biological control agent of Chinese privet (Zhang et al. 2008a, b, 2009).

In Taiwan, Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton (流蘇) (Fig. 1A–D, G), Chinese fringetree, and Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. (桂花), sweet osmanthus, are popular ornamental plants. They have been attacked by Argopistes species during recent years. This phenomenon also occurs on small islands, including Kinmen Island (Fig. 1E, F), Nangan Island (Fig. 1C, D), and Beigan Island (Fig. 1G, H). Taxonomic studies on Argopistes in Taiwan and Japan are needed to describe diagnostic characters in addition to male aedeagi.

Figure 1. 

Field photographs of Argopistes rufus Chen A adults feeding on leaves of Chionanthus retusus surrounding Hsinchu City Government on April 23, 2021 B mature larvae mining leaves of the same tree C blooming C. retusus at Qingshui Village (清水村), Nangan Island (南竿島), on April 21, 2024 D larvae mining leaves near the ground of the same tree E larvae mining leaves of Osmanthus fragrans at Yingshan Temple (鶯山廟), Kinmen Island (金門島), on April 11, 2023 F larvae mining leaves of Osmanthus fragrans at the guesthouse, Jinhu Township (金湖鎮), Kinmen Island, on May 20, 2024 G C. retusus (red arrow) and Ligustrum japonicum (blue arrow) planting surrounding Chinbe Village (芹壁村), Beigan Island (北竿島) on 22 April 22 2024 H feeding marks caused by adults on leaves of L. japonicum.

Materials and methods

For taxonomic study, abdomens of adults were separated from the forebodies and boiled in 10% KOH solution, followed by washing in distilled water to prepare genitalia for illustrations. The genitalia were then dissected from the abdomens, mounted on slides in glycerin, and studied and drawn using a Leica M165 stereomicroscope. For detailed examinations, a Nikon ECLIPSE 50i microscope was used.

At least three males and females from each species were examined to delimit variability of diagnostic characters. For species collected from more than one locality or with color variations, at least one pair of each sex from each locality and color morph was examined. Length was measured from the anterior margin of the eye to the elytral apex, and width at the greatest width of the elytra. Nomenclature for morphological structures of adults follows Duckett and Daza (2004). Names of plant species follows the Taiwan Encyclopedia of Life (2024; TaiEOL).

Specimens studied herein are deposited at the following institutes and collections:

HAPC Private Collection of Haruki Suenaga, Okayama, Japan;

HIPC Private Collection of Hiroaki Shigetoh, Sapporo, Japan;

IZAS Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [Yongying Ruan];

NHMUK The Natural History Museum, London, UK [Michael F. Geiser, Maxwell V. L. Barclay];

SEHU The Laboratory for Systematic Entomology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan [Takuya Takemoto];

TAFI Forest Arthropod Collection of Taiwan, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, Taiwan [Sheng-Shan Lu];

TARI Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan [Chi-Feng Lee];

ZMMU Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia [Vladimir Savitsky].

Exact label data are cited for all type specimens of described species; a double slash (//) divides the data on different labels and a single slash (/) divides the data in different rows. Other comments and remarks are in square brackets: [p] – preceding data are printed, [h] – preceding data are handwritten, [w] – white label, [y] – yellow label, [g] – green label, [b] – blue label, and [r] – red label. Traditional Chinese fonts are added to the names of localities.

Taxonomic account

Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky, 1860

Figs 2A–F, 3, 4

Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky, 1860: 236 (Amur: Russian Far East and northeastern China); Csiki 1940: 523 (catalogue); Chûjô and Kimoto 1961: 174 (catalogue); Kimoto 1965: 436 (redescription); Lee and An 2001: 182 (South Korea); Lee and Cho 2006: 91 (host plants); Takizаwa 2012: 38 (faunistics).

Argopistes flavitarsis Motschulsky, 1860: 137 (chromatic variation).

Argopistes limbatus Motschulsky, 1860: 137 (chromatic variation).

Argopistes suturalis Motschulsky, 1860: 137 (chromatic variation).

Argopistes undecimmaculata Jacoby, 1885: 738 (Japan: Sapporo); Chûjô 1936: 109 (catalogue); Csiki 1940: 524 (catalogue).

Type material examined

Argopistes biplagiatus. • 11 syntypes glued on the same card (ZMMU) (Fig. 2A–D): “type [h, w] // Amur [h, r] // Argopistes / biplagiatus / Amur. m. Motsch [h, w, with black border] // Syntypus [p, r] // Ȝoomyȝeň Mry (Mockba, POCCNR) / No ZMMU Col 03056 / Zool. Mus. Mosq. Univ. / (Mosquae, RUSSIA) / ex coll. V. I. Motschulsky [p, pink label]”.

Figure 2. 

Type specimens and labels A Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky, 1860, syntypes B one syntype with typical color form C one syntype with enlarged red spots on elytra D labels pinned with syntypes E A. undecimmaculata Jacoby, 1885, lectotype F labels pinned with lectotype G A. coccinelloides Baly, 1874, holotype H labels pinned with holotype.

Argopistes undecimmaculata. Lectotype • (here designated, sex undetermined, NHMUK) (Fig. 2E, F): “Type / H.T. [p, w, circle label with red border] // SYN- / TYPE [p, w, circle label with blue border] // Sapporo / 5.VIII-16.VIII.80. [p, w] // Japan / G. Lewis. / 1910-320 [p, w] // Sap [h, w]”. Paralectotypes • 1 (sex undetermined, NHMUK): “SYN- / TYPE [p, circle label with blue border] // Sapporo / 5.VIII-16.VIII.80. [p, w] // Japan/ G. Lewis. / 1910-320 [p, w] // Argopistes / 11maculata Jac [h, b]”; • 1♀ (TARI): “Sapporo [h] / JAPAN [p] / 10.VIII.1880 [h] / Col. G. LEWIS [p, w] // Argopistes / undecimmaculata / Jacoby [h] / DET. M. CHUJO [p, w] // CO / Type [p, w, circle label with yellow letters and border] / 1526 [p, w]”.

Additional material examined

Japan. Hokkaido: • 1♀ (HAPC), Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido University, 15.X.2011, leg. H. Suenaga; Honshu. Aichi: • 1♂ (SEHU), Toyohashi-shi, Imou-shitsugen, 8.IV.1989, leg. Y. Komiya; Ibaraki: • 1♀ (HIPC), Daigo, Uenomiya, Mt. Yamizo-san, 28.V.2917, leg. H. Yoshitake; • 1♂ (SEHU), Sakura-mura, Sakura-gawa Riv., 1.VI.1986, leg. Y. Komiya; Ishikawa: • 1♀ (HAPC), Mt. Haku-san, Betsuzan-dô, 21.V.2016, leg. H. Kawase; Shizuoka: • 1♂, 2♀ (SEHU), Izu-peninsula, Mt. Manzaburo-dake, 19.V.1980, leg. J. Okuma; • 1♀ (SEHU), Tagata-gum, Tohi, 4.V.1985, leg. Y. Komiya; Tokyo: • 1♂ (NHMUK), Katsushika-ku, Mizumoto Kôen Park, 8.V.2005, leg. Y. Komiya; Shikoku. Ehime: • 1♂ (HAPC), Kumakôgen-chô, Mt. Saragamine, 7.VI.2009, leg. H. Suenaga; • 1♂, 2♀ (HAPC), Matsuyama-shi, Mt. Takanawa-san, 12.V.2007, leg. S, Sejima; Kyushu. • 3♂, 1♀ (TARI), Mt. Hiko-san, 14.VIII.1941, leg. M. Chûjô; Fukuoka: • 2♂ (HAPC), Soeda-machi, Mt. Hiko-san, 8.VIII.2009, leg. S. Sejima; Russian Far East. Primorsky Krai: • 2♂ (NHMUK), Lazovski Zapovednik, 170 m E Vladivostok, Korpad, 28.V.-6.VI.2001, leg. M. Quest; • 1♂ (NHMUK), Odarkovskij, Zavod, 25.IV.1911, leg. A. Tsherskij; • 1♂ (NHMUK), Wladiwostok, leg. Herman Frieb.; South Korea. • 1♀ (TARI), Sulgen, 15.VII.1932, leg. D. Okamoto; Taiwan. Taipei: • 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Kueitzukeng (貴仔坑), 4.XII.2006, leg. H.-T. Cheng; • 1♀ (TARI), same but with “leg. H. Lee”; • 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 9.IX.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou; • 1♀ (TARI), same but with “18.XI.2007”; • 2♀ (TARI), Tienmu (天母), 8.XII.2006, leg. S.-F. Yu.

Diagnosis

Adults of Argopistes biplagiatus are similar to those of A. rufus with similar color pattern but differing from A. rufus possessing line of punctures that are less coarse than those between the lines, sometimes confused (lines of punctures much coarser than those between lines in A. rufus) and a wider interspace between eyes. Genitalic characters are more diagnostic for both species. Those of A. biplagiatus possess pointed apices (Fig. 3C) and are wider in lateral view (Fig. 3D) (widely rounded apex (Fig. 5C) and narrow aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 6D) in A. rufus); females have narrow, parallel-sided bases of gonocoxae (Fig. 3G) (medially widened gonocoxae (Fig. 5G) in A. rufus), and ventrite VIII evenly rounded and with dense setae on apical margin (Fig. 4E) (medially depressed and without setae on median area of apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 5E) in A. rufus).

Figure 3. 

Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D aedeagus, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII, female F spermatheca G gonocoxae.

Figure 4. 

Habitus of Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky A typical color form, female, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D yellowish brown color form, female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 5. 

Distribution map of Argopistes species in Taiwan, solid line: 1000 m, broken line: 2000 m. Red dots A. rufus Chen; blue dots A. biplagiatus Motschulsky; green dots A. tsoui sp. nov.; orange dots A. yuae sp. nov.; purple dot A. jungchani sp. nov.

Figure 6. 

Argopistes rufus Chen A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D aedeagus, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII, female F spermatheca G gonocoxae.

In addition, adults of A. biplagiatus in Taiwan are larger (4.7–4.9 mm) than those of A. rufus (3.8–4.3 mm). Moreover, distinct color patterns occur in both species respectively (black elytra with reddish brown at middle in A. biplagiatus; yellowish brown elytra with distinct arrangement of black spots in A. rufus).

Redescription

Length 4.4–4.9 mm, width 3.5–3.8 mm. Color variable (see below). Pronotum broad, convex, lateral margin narrowly explanate; 2.0–2.2 × wider than long, disc with dense coarse punctures; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin moderately convex. Intercoxal prosternal process flattened and with coarse punctures, delimited by narrow ridge on apical and lateral margins, truncate or slightly rounded at apex. Elytra broadly oval, 1.1 × longer than wide, disc with dense, confused, coarse punctures. Abdominal ventrite I with intercoxal area 2.0 × as long as wide, widest at basal 1/5, disc glabrous, rounded by reversed U-shaped ridge, provided with a row of coarse punctures inside subparallel lateral ridges.

Male. Antenna filiform (Fig. 3A), antennomere I much longer than others, approximate ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.3: 0.2: 0.4: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.6; approximate ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 4.4: 1.9: 1.7: 2.4: 2.0: 1.6: 1.6: 1.8: 1.7: 1.7: 2.9. Aedeagus (Fig. 3C, D) apically and strongly narrowed from apical 1/5, slightly narrowed from apical 2/10–3/10, then slightly and basally widened towards basal 1/6, apex pointed; anterior opening very small, from apex to apical 3/10; tectum composed of one pair of sclerotized processes with apices twisted; extremely wide and straight in lateral view; paired processes straight in lateral view; endophallic sclerite laterally flattened, with small process near apex, and with basal processes membranous.

Female. Antenna (Fig. 3B) similar to males, ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.6; ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 4.5: 2.0: 1.7: 2.0: 1.9: 1.7: 1.5: 1.6: 1.3: 1.5: 2.4. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 3E) membranous, only apical margin sclerotized, T-shaped, with dense long setae along apical margin, apical margin widely rounded, spiculum long. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 3F) much longer than pump, moderately swollen, curved in lateral view; pump slightly emarginated at inner side of base; spermathecal duct with long basal part, ramus rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 3G) wide and separated, base membranous, each gonocoxa longitudinal and asymmetric, apically narrowed from middle, with dense long setae along apical areas.

Color variation

In Japan, two distinct color patters of adults, typical color form (Fig. 4A–C): general color black, each elytron with one large red spot, lateral margin sometimes yellowish brown, legs dark brown but tarsi yellowish brown, head entirely black, or with one yellowish brown spot on vertex, or entirely yellowish brown except above eyes, abdominal ventrites yellowish brown but medially black; yellowish brown color form: general color yellowish brown (Fig. 4D–F; undecimmaculata form), pronotum with one pair of small lateral black spots, elytra with 11 black spots, two pairs arranged into transverse lines near base and middle, one transverse pair near suture at middle, others longitudinal, one additional transverse pair near apex, one spot along suture from basal 1/3 to apical 1/3, medially widened, head yellowish brown but black below eyes except mouthparts, thoracic and abdominal ventrites black but abdominal ventrites laterally yellowish brown, legs black but tarsi, pro- and mesotibiae yellowish brown.

At the type locality (Russian Far East and northeastern China), some individuals represent the typical form (Fig. 2B) but with yellowish margins of pronotum and elytra, some with enlarged red spots on the elytra connected with each other, some with entirely yellowish-brown bodies (Fig. 2C).

In Taiwan, some specimens represent the typical form, but some have enlarged red spots on elytra that extend into the basal margin and connect with each other, and have reddish brown thoracic and abdominal ventrites.

Host plants

Inoue (1990a) recorded the following species as host plants: Osmanthus × fortunei, O. heterophyllus, O. fragrans (桂花), O. fragrans var. aurantiacus Makino, Ligustrum japonicum (日本女真), L. ovalifolium Hassk., L. licidum W. T. Aiton, Syringa vulgaris L., and S. reticulata (Blume) H. Hara. Chûjô and Kimoto (1961) recorded one additional host, Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. Lee and Cho (2006) recorded Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc for Korean populations.

Biology

Various aspects of biology of A. biplagiatus were studied in Japan, including feeding habits, seasonal development, habitat selection, host plant preference, and adult diapause (Inoue 1990a, b, 1991b, 1992, 1993, 1994). Generally, the species has a univoltine life cycle. Eggs and/or larvae of this species are observed in the spring. Mature larvae fall from the host trees rather than crawling (Inoue 2014).

Remarks

Syntypes of A. biplagiatus Motschulsky display great color variation. Several names (A. flavitarsis, A. limbatus, and A. suturalis) have been proposed for different color patterns.

Distribution

China, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Russian Far East, South Korea, and new to Taiwan (Fig. 5).

Argopistes rufus Chen, 1934, stat. nov.

Figs 1, 2G, H, 6, 7

Argopistes coccinelloides Baly, 1874 (nec Suffrian, 1868): 202 (Japan); Chûjô 1935a: 87 (Japan: Okinawa); Chûjô 1935b: 211 (catalogue).

Argopistes biplagiatus: Schönfeldt 1890: 175 (Japan: Loochoo); Chûjô 1936: 110 (Taiwan), misidentification (Gressitt and Kimoto 1963).

Argopistes biplagiatus var. rufus Chen, 1934a: 72 (China).

Argopistes coccinelliformis Csiki, 1940: 524 (new replacement name for A. coccinelloides Baly, 1874); Chûjô and Kimoto 1961: 174 (catalogue); Gressitt and Kimoto 1963: 812 (South China); Kimoto 1965: 436 (redescription); Takizwa, 2012: 38 (faunistics).

Argopistes ryukyuensis Shigetoh & Suenaga, 2022: 4 (Japan: Okinawa). syn. nov.

Type material examined

Argopistes coccinelloides. Holotype • (sex undetermined, NHMUK) (Fig. 2G, H): “Argopistes / coccinelloides / Baly / Japan [h, b] // Type / H.T. [p, circle label with red border] // Baly Coll. [h, w] // BMMH(E) / #1024843 [p, w]”.

Argopistes biplagiatus var. rufus. Lectotype • ♀ (here designated, NHMUK): “China [p] // Bowring / 63•37* [p] // Argopistes coccinelliformis / Csiki, 1940 / det C.-F. Lee, 2023 [p] ♀ [h, w] // NHMUK 015998267 [with OR Code, p, w]”. Paralectoypes • 3♀ (NHMUK), same as lectotype but with “0155998268–0155998270”.

Argopistes ryukyuensis. Paratypes. Japan: Kitadaitô-jima Island (北大東島): • 1♂, 3♀ (HAPC), Kitadaitô-jima, 21.IV.2018, leg. H. Kawase; Okinawa-jima Island: • 1♂ (HAPC), Tomigusuku-shi, Tomigusuku, 10.V.2020, leg. H. Shigetoh; 1 ♂, 1♀ (HAPC), same but with “11.III.2021”; Ou-jima Island: • 1♀ (HIPC), Nanjo-shi, Tamashiro-ou, 6.V.2019, leg. H. Shigetoh; • 3♂, 1♀ (1♂: HAPC; 2♂, 1♀: HIPC), same but with “2.III.2021”; Tonaki-jima Island: • 1♂, 1♀ (HIPC), Tonaki-son, Uaki, 1.IX.2018, leg. H. Shigetoh; Tsuken-jima Island: • 1♀ (HAPC), Uruma-shi, Katsurentsuken, 14-16.VII.2020, leg. H. Shigetoh; Yonaguni-jima Island: • 1♂, 1♀ (HAPC), Kita-Bokujô, 28.III.2001, leg. S. Tsuyuki.

Additional material examined

China. Guandong: • 7♂, 6♀ (TARI), Yangtaishan (阳台山), 23.IV.2022, leg. Y.-Y. Ruan; • 13♂, 11♀ (TARI), Wutongshan (梧桐山), 5.IV.2023, leg. Y.-Y. Ruan; Hong Kong: • 2♂, 1♀ (NHMUK), 56 / 157, 894 / 7/8/63; • 1♂ (NHMUK), Walker Coll., 93—58; • 1♂ (NHMUK), Tailung National Park, 12.III.1963, leg. P. Y. So; Japan. Honshu. Gumma: • 1♀ (NHMUK), Maebashi-shi, Iwakami-chô, 18.IV.2003, leg. Y. Komiya; Okayama: • 1♀ (HAPC), Mimasaka-shi, Yono, 10.IV.2016, leg. H. Suenaga; • 1♂ (HAPC), Okayama-shi, Kita-ku, Kibi service area, 1.VII.2012, leg. O. Yamaji; • 2♂, 2♀ (HAPC), Tsuyama-shi, Yamakita, 3.IV.2014, leg. H. Suenaga; Tokyo: • 3♂, 3♀ (HIPC), Hachiôji-shi, Kinugaoka, 18.VI.2016, leg. H. Shigetoh; Hachijô-jima Island: • 2♂, 2♀ (SEHU), Okagô, 3.VIII.1963, leg. Y. Kamiya; Ogasawara Haha-jima Island: • 1♂ (SEHU), Funamidai, 24.VI.1987, leg. H. Akiyama; Kyushu. Fukuoka: • 1♀ (HAPC), Fukuoka-shi, Higashi-ku, Hakozaki Kyushu Univ., 7.VI.2008, leg. Y. Matsumura; • 1♀ (HAPC), Fukuoka-shi, Hakozaki, 16.VIII.2011, leg. H. Suenaga; Kagoshima: Koshiki-jima Island: • 1♀ (SEHU), Teuchi, 16.V.1965, leg. Y. Komiya; the Ryukyus. Okinawa: Kita-daitô-jima Island: • 2♂, 2♀ (HIPC), Kita-daitô-jima, 21.IV.2018, leg. H. Kawase; Taiwan. Hsinchu: • 3♂, 6♀ (TARI), Hsinchu (新竹市), 23.IV.2021, leg. C.-Y. Tsai; Kinmen: Kinmen Island (金門島): • 1♀ (TARI), Botanic Park (植物園), 12.VII.2023, leg. C.-F. Lee; • 3♂, 14♀ (TARI), Jinsha (金沙), 12.IV.2023, leg. C.-F. Lee; Matsu Islands: • 10♂, 11♀ (TARI), Beigan Island (北竿島), 12.IV.2024, leg. C.-F. Lee; • 6♂, 10♀ (TARI), Nangan Island (南竿島), 12.IV.2024, leg. C.-F. Lee; Nantou: • 4♂, 5♀ (TARI), Chichi (集集), 26.V.2023, leg. T.-W. Hsu; • 2♂ (TARI), Mingchien (名間), 14.VII.2022, leg. Y.-J. Tung; Taipei: • 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Kuantu (關渡), 8.IV.2020, leg. M.-H. Tsou; • 4♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 18.X.2010, leg. S.-F. Yu; • 1♀ (TARI), same but with “20.II.2011”; • 5♂, 6♀ (TARI), Kuanyinshan (觀音山), 21.III.2016, leg. H.-T. Cheng; • 2♂ (TARI), same locality, 20.V.2011, leg. H. Lee.

Diagnosis

Adults of A. rufus look similar to those of A. biplagiatus with a similar color pattern, but differ from A. biplagiatus in having lines of punctures much coarser than those between the lines (lined punctures slightly coarser than those between lines, sometime confused in A. biplagiatus) and a narrower interspace between eyes. Genitalic characters are diagnostic for both species. Those of A. rufus possess widely rounded apices (Fig. 6C) and the aedeagus is narrow in lateral view (Fig. 6D) (pointed apex (Fig. 3C) and wider aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 3D) in A. biplagiatus); females have medially widened gonocoxae (Fig. 6G) (narrow and parallel-sided base of gonocoxae (Fig. 3G) in A. biplagiatus), and abdominal ventrite VIII medially depressed and without setae on median area (Fig. 6E) (evenly rounded and with dense setae on apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 3E) in A. biplagiatus).

In addition, adults of A. rufus in Taiwan are smaller (3.8–4.3 mm) than those of A. biplagiatus (4.7–4.9 mm). Moreover, distinct color patterns occur to both species respectively (yellowish brown elytra with distinct arrangement of black spots in A. rufus; black elytra with reddish brown central area in A. biplagiatus).

Redescription

Length 3.6–4.3 mm, width 2.9–3.4 mm. Color variable (see below). Pronotum broad, convex, lateral margin narrowly explanate; 2.1–2.2 × wider than long, disc with dense fine punctures; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin moderately convex. Elytra broadly oval, 1.1 × longer than wide, disc with coarse punctures arranged into longitudinal striae and with dense fine punctures between striae.

Male. Antenna filiform (Fig. 6A), antennomere I much longer than others, approximate ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5; approximate ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 4.3: 2.0: 2.0: 2.0: 2.0: 1.8: 1.5: 1.6: 1.7: 1.7: 2.7. Aedeagus (Fig. 6C, D) apically and strongly narrowed from apical 1/3, apex truncate; anterior opening large, ~ 0.52 as long as aedeagus, from apical 1/8–3/5; tectum composed of one pair of sclerotized processes with bifurcate apices, outer apex hooked, small, ~ 0.36 as long as anterior opening; narrow and slightly curved in lateral view; paired processes apically curved in lateral view; endophallic sclerite laterally flattened, with small process near apex, and with basal processes.

Female. Antenna (Fig. 6B) similar to males, ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5; ratios of length to width of antennomeres III–XI 4.4: 1.9: 2.0: 2.2: 1.8: 1.6: 1.4: 1.7: 1.6: 1.6: 2.3. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 5E) weakly sclerotized, T-shaped, with several setae along apical margin, apical margin medially depressed, spiculum long. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 6F) longer than pump, moderately swollen, curved in lateral view; pump emarginate at inner side of base; spermathecal duct with long basal part, ramus rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 6G) wide and separated, base membranous, each gonocoxa asymmetric, apically narrowed from basal 1/3, with sparse long setae along apical areas.

Color variation

In Japanese populations, antennae yellowish brown; pronotum and elytra black, each elytron with one large red spot, sometimes widened and spots connected to each other, red spot reduced in some individuals; mesoventrite and abdominal ventrites reddish brown but medially black; femora blackish brown, tibiae dark brown, tarsi yellowish brown; few individuals have entirely reddish-brown bodies. In the Ryukyus, adults usually have larger red spots on the elytra and reddish-brown elytral margins (described as A. ryukyuensis Shigetoh & Suenaga, 2022).

On Taiwan Island, adults separate into two color forms. Typical form (Fig. 7A–C): black elytron with one large red spot, same as Japanese populations; yellowish brown color form (Fig. 7D–F): elytra with wide black stripe along suture, starting from base, apically narrowed and abbreviated at basal 1/3, with two pairs of black spots halfway between suture and lateral margin, anterior pair at base, posterior pair at apical 1/3, one wide black stripe along lateral margin, starting from base, apically narrowed, abbreviated at basal 1/3 or 1/4; abdominal ventrites medially darker. This color form is also found in Nangan Island.

Figure 7. 

Habitus of Argopistes rufus Chen A typical color form, male, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D yellowish brown color form, female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view G reddish brown color form, male, dorsal view H ditto, ventral view I ditto, lateral view.

In China and Kinmen Island, almost all adults belong to the typical form. A few specimens have entirely reddish-brown bodies (Fig. 7G–I). Three specimens collected from Hong Kong also have reddish bodies.

Host plants

Inoue (2014) recorded Osmanthus × fortunei, O. heterophyllus, O. fragrans (桂花), O. fragrans var. aurantiacus, O. insularis Koidz, Ligustrum japonicum (日本女真), L. licidum, L. ovalifolium, L. obtusifolium, Syringa vulgaris, S. reticulata, Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl., and Olea europaea L. as host plants in Japan. In Taiwan, larvae mine the leaves of the following plants: Chionanthus retusus (in Taiwan Island, Nangan, and Beigan islands), Ligustrum japonicum (in Beigan island), and Osmanthus fragrans (in Kinmen Island).

Biology

Various aspects of the biology of A. rufus were studied in Japan, including feeding habits, habitat selection, seasonal development, and developmental biology on various host trees, developmental success of larvae on two different host trees, seasonal trends of feeding and oviposition activities of adults, effects of food condition on oviposition, overwintering and oviposition ability of adults that emerge late in the season, effects of photoperiod and temperature on induction of reproductive diapause in newly emergence adults, and occurrence on olive trees (Inoue and Shinkaji 1989a–c, 1990; Inoue 1990b, 1991a, 1998, 2001, 2014).

The seasonal development of this species was studied in the field in southern Kantô, Central Japan (Inoue 1996). Overwintered adults appeared on host trees beginning mid-March, with a peak in mid-April to early May. Females began to deposit eggs from mid- to late April. The eggs were laid singly, embedded in young leaves, and coated with excrement. Leaf-mining larvae only developed in new leaves. Larvae underwent three larval instars and mature larvae crawled down to pupate in the upper layers of soil. Adults eclosed in mid-June, with a peak in later June-early July. They mainly fed on mature leaves. Adults passed the winter near the ground, mainly under fallen leaves. The egg, larval, prepupal, and pupal period took ~ 10, 20–30, 10–15, and 10–15 days respectively during spring to early summer. In Taiwan, larvae and adults can be found during April.

Remarks

Argopistes biplagiatus var. rufus was described by Chen (1934a) based on four reddish brown individuals (Fig. 7G–I) deposited in the NMHUK. We found the determination label: “Argopistes / biplagiatus / var. rufa”, handwritten by Chen pinned with one typical form (Fig. 7A–C). Four adjacent females fit the original description (reddish brown body form) and bore two labels “China / Bowring” although no determination labels were found. Thus, those specimens were designated as lectotypes and paralectotypes. Bezděk and Konstantinov (2024) placed this name as a junior synonym of A. coccinelliformis Csiki, 1940. Actually, it is a distinct species and attributed to the oldest available name. Thus, the valid name is Argopistes rufus Chen, 1934, stat. nov.

Adults of A. rufus and A. ryukyuensis are not separable when Taiwanese and Chinese specimens are included. Aedeagi of both areas are intermediate between A. rufus and A. ryukyuensis. Moreover, one distinct color pattern (yellowish-brown elytra with black spots) occurs in Taiwanese populations. Thus, color patterns may not be considered as diagnostic characters. Other diagnostic characters provided by Shigetoh and Suenaga (2022) are not diagnostic for species delimitation. Thus A. ryukyuensis Shigetoh & Suenaga, 2022 is regarded as junior synonym of A. rufus Chen, 1934.

Distribution

China, Japan (Honshu, the Izu Isls., Ogasawara Isls., Shikoku, Kyushu, Okinoshima Is., Kashiwa-jima Is., the Koshiki-jima Isls., Yakushima Is., the Ryukyu Isls.), Taiwan including Kinmen Island and Matsu Islands (Beigan and Nangan Islands) (Fig. 5).

Argopistes tsekooni Chen, 1934

Figs 8A–C, 9

Argopistes tsekooni Chen, 1934b: 316 (China: Shanghai, Hangchow); Csiki 1940: 525 (catalogue); Chûjô and Kimoto 1961: 174 (China, Japan); Gressitt and Kimoto 1963: 813 (China: Jiangsu); Kimoto 1965: 437 (redescription); Lee and An 2001: 183 (South Korea); Lee and Cho 2006: 91 (host plant); Takizwa, 2012: 38 (faunistics); Cho and An 2020: 15 (North Korea); Won et al. 2023: 9 (South Korea: Ulleungdo).

Argopistes biplagiatus: Baly 1874: 202 (misidentification).

Type material examined

One syntype • (sex undetermined, IZAS): “浙江 (= Zhejiang): 杭州 (= Hangchow) / 1934. [h] / 中国科學院 (= Chinese Academy of Sciences) [h, p] // 害水蜡樹 (attacking Ligustrum obtusifolium) [h, w] // Argopistes / tsekooni / Chen [h, w]”. Although this specimen does not bear any type label, it should be regarded as type specimen since it fit the original description.

Additional material examined

Japan. • 1♀ (NHMUK): “Argopistes / biplagiatus / Motsch / Japan [h, w] // Baly Coll. [p, w]”; Honshu. Shizuoka: • 1♂ (SEHU), Tagata-gun, Tohi, 4.V.1985, leg. Y. Komiya; Tokyo: • 1♂ (HAPC), Komae-shi, Komai-machi, 10.VI.2021, leg. R. Seki; Yamaguchi: • 1♂ (NHMUK); Kyushu. Fukuoka: • 1♀ (HAPC), Fukuoka-shi, Higashi-ku, Shimobaru (alt. 100–360 m), 27.V.2009, leg. S. Sejima; • 1♀ (NHMUK), Mt. Mikazuki, 2.V.1954, leg. K. Morimoto; Nagasaki: • 1♂, 2♀ (SEHU), Sasebo-shi, Mt. Yahirodake, 14.IV.1981, leg. J. Okuma; • 1♂ (SEHU), same locality but with “21.IV.1981”; Oita: • 2♂, 3♀ (HAPC), Hita-shi, Miwa, Chikura, 11.IV.2016, leg. S. Sasaki.

Diagnosis

Adults of A. tsekooni are recognized easily by their small body sizes (< 3.5 mm; > 3.5 mm in others except A. unicolor), elongate ovate body shapes (elytra 1.2 × longer than wide; but 1.1 × longer than wide in others), and the combined red spots on elytra (usually separate red spots on the elytra in others); additionally, most genitalic characters are unique, such as the tube-like apex of the aedeagus (Fig. 9C); few setae on apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII in females (Fig. 9E); and transverse gonocoxae with dense, long setae on the widely rounded apical margin (Fig. 9G).

Redescription

Length 2.8–3.2 mm, width 2.1–2.4 mm. Color (Fig. 8A–C) blackish brown, elytron with one transverse orange area at basal 1/3, and narrowed towards suture; tarsi and front tibiae yellow; antennae dark brown but seven basal antennomeres yellow. Pronotum broad, convex, lateral margin narrowly explanate; 2.0–2.1 × wider than long, disc with dense coarse punctures; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin moderately convex. Elytra elongate oval, 1.2 × longer than wide, disc with confused, dense, coarse punctures.

Figure 8. 

Habitus of Argopistes species A A. tsekooni Chen, male, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D A. unicolor Jacoby, female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 9. 

Argopistes tsekooni Chen A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D aedeagus, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII, female F spermatheca G gonocoxae.

Male. Antenna filiform (Fig. 9A), antennomere I much longer than others, approximate ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.7; approximate ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 3.1: 1.8: 2.0: 2.5: 2.3: 1.9: 1.8: 2.1: 2.1: 2.2: 2.9. Aedeagus (Fig. 9C, D) gradually widened from basal 1/9–1/2, then gradually narrowed to basal 1/2, strongly widened posterior–basal 1/2; anterior opening large, ~ 0.39 as long as aedeagus, from apex to apical 2/5; tectum composed of one pair of sclerotized processes, long, ~ 0.85 as long as anterior opening, wide and slightly curved from basal 2/4 to apex in lateral view, recurved near apex; endophallic sclerite laterally flattened, with base twisted.

Female. Antenna (Fig. 9B) similar to males, but antennomeres VII–X wider, ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.6; ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 3.8: 1.8: 2.0: 1.8: 1.9: 1.9: 1.6: 1.5: 1.5: 1.5: 2.4. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 9E) weakly sclerotized, only part of apical margin well sclerotized, with several setae along apical margin, spiculum long and base wider. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 9F) longer than pump, moderately swollen, curved in lateral view; pump emarginated at inner side of base; spermathecal duct with long basal part, ramus truncate. Gonocoxae (Fig. 9G) wide and separated, base membranous, each gonocoxa asymmetric, apically narrowed from near base, with sparse setae along apical areas, setae longer at apical 1/2.

Color variation

One male has a black body and lacks transparent spots on elytra. Another male has an entire yellowish-brown body.

Host plants

Oleaceae: Ligustrum obtusifolium (Chûjô & Kimoto, 1961); Syringa oblata Lindl., L. japonicum, L. licidum, and L. sinense (Zhang et al. 2008b).

Biology

The biology and life history of A. tsekooni were studied under laboratory and outdoor conditions in Huangshan City of Anhui Province, China (Zhang et al. 2009). Argopistes tsekooni overwintered as adults and had three overlapping generations in Anhui Province.

Distribution

China, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, the Goto Isls., Hirado-jima Is.Tsushima Is.), North Korea, South Korea.

Argopistes unicolor Jacoby, 1885

Figs 8D–F, 10

Argopistes unicolor Jacoby, 1885: 738 (Japan: Yuyama); Chûjô 1936: 109 (catalogue); Csiki 1940: 524 (catalogue); Chûjô and Kimoto 1961: 174 (catalogue); Kimoto 1965: 438 (redescription); Takizawa, 2012: 38 (faunistics).

Type material examined

Lectotype • ♂ (here designated, NHMUK): “(aedeagus glued on the transparent card) // Yuyama / 10.V.-14.V.81. [p, w] // Japan / G. Lewis. / 1910-320 [p, w] // Type / H.T. [p, w, circle label with red border] // Argopistes / unicolor. Jac. [h, b] // Argopistes unicolor JACOBY, / LECTOTYPUS 1885 / J. Král m. dit 1969! [h, w] // lecto- / typus [p, r]”. Paralectotype. • 1♂ (TARI): “Yuyama [h] / Japan [p] / 10.V.1881 [h] / Col. G. LEWIS [p, w] // Argopistes / unicolor Jac. [h] / Det. T. Shiraki [p, w] // Co / Type [p, w, circle label with yellow letters and border] // Argopistes / unicolor Jacoby [h] // DET. M. CHUJO [p, w] // 1527 [p, w]”.

Additional material examined

Japan. Kyushu. Nagasaki: • 3♂, 3♀ (SEHU), Shimbara-shi, Senbuki, 8.V.1984, leg. S. Imsaka; • 2♂, 2♀ (HAPC), same but with “Senfujiki”, collected on Ligustrum japonicum.

Diagnosis

Adults of A. unicolor are recognized easily by their small body sizes (< 3.5 mm; > 3.5 mm in others except A. tsekooni), black antenna with three basal antennomeres paler (entirely yellowish-brown antennae in others except A. tsekooni with five dark apical antennomeres), and the entirely black elytra. Additionally, most genitalic characters are unique, including strongly curved aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 10E), and anterior opening from apex to middle (Fig. 10C); straight apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII in females (Fig. 10F) with setae reduced at medial area (other species with straight margin of abdominal ventrite VIII in female always with setae on median area); and longitudinally square gonocoxae (Fig. 10H).

Figure 10. 

Argopistes unicolor Jacoby A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae.

Redescription

Length 3.2–3.4 mm, width 2.3–2.5 mm. Color (Fig. 8D–F) black; legs and mouthparts dark brown; antenna black but three basal antennomeres dark brown; abdominal ventrites yellowish brown but medially darkened. Pronotum broad, convex, lateral margins narrowly explanate; 1.9–2.0 × wider than long, disc with dense coarse punctures; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin moderately convex. Elytra broadly oval, 1.1 × longer than wide, disc with coarse punctures arranged into longitudinal striae, and with fine punctures between striae.

Male. Antenna filiform (Fig. 10A), antennomere I much longer than others, approximate ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5: 0.7; approximate ratio of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 3.8: 1.8: 1.8: 2.0: 1.8: 1.6: 1.6: 1.7: 1.5: 1.6: 2.7. Aedeagus (Fig. 10C–E) widest at apical 1/4, slightly narrowed at middle, apically narrowed from apical 1/4, apex broadly rounded; anterior opening large, ~ 0.45 as long as aedeagus, from apex to middle; tectum composed of one pair of sclerotized processes, long, ~ 0.78 as long as anterior opening, paired processes with apices recurved in lateral view; endophallic sclerite laterally flattened, with one pair of long apical processes.

Female. Antenna (Fig. 10B) similar to males, ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.6; ratios of length to width of antennomeres III–XI 3.4: 1.9: 1.9: 1.9: 1.7: 1.5: 1.6: 1.7: 1.5: 1.6: 2.4. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 10F) weakly sclerotized, T-shaped, with several pairs of setae along apical margin, spiculum long. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 10G) longer and wider than pump, moderately swollen; pump emarginate at inner side of base; spermathecal duct with long basal part, ramus rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 10H) wide and separated, base membranous, each gonocoxa subquadrate, with sparse setae along apical areas.

Color variation

One male has a black body and lacks transparent spots on the elytra. Another male has an entire yellowish-brown body.

Host plants

Oleaceae: Osmanthus heterophyllus (= Olea ilicifolia Hassk.) (Chûjô and Kimoto 1961), Ligustrum japonicum (based on collecting data).

Biology

Unknown.

Distribution

Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Hirado-jima Is.).

Argopistes jungchani sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/313C2711-2603-4D4D-A690-8E060F85480C
Figs 11A, B, 12

Type material examined

Holotype • ♂ (TARI). Taiwan. Pingtung: Jinshuiying (浸水營), 14.IV.2021, leg. J.-C. Chen. Paratype • 1♀ (TARI), same but with “27.VI.2012”.

Diagnosis

Adults of this new species are easily recognized by their color pattern: black bodies with yellowish-brown lateral margins of pronotum and elytra; also, genitalic characters are diagnostic: tube-like apex of aedeagus similar to that of A. tsekooni but parallel-sided from near apex to middle (Fig. 12C) (apically narrowed from near apex to middle (Fig. 9C) in A. tsekooni), paired elongate tectum small, 0.76 as long as anterior opening (Fig. 12C) (paired elongate tectum long, 0.85 as long as anterior opening (Fig. 9C) in A. tsekooni), and anterior opening from apical 1/13–2/5 (Fig. 12C) (anterior opening from apex to apical 2/5 (Fig. 9C) in A. tsekooni); only two pair of long setae on apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 12E) in females (more than two pair of setae on apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII in females of other species), and cylindrical gonocoxae (Fig. 12G).

Figure 11. 

Habitus of Argopistes species A A. jungchani sp. nov., female, dorsal view B ditto, lateral view C A. tsoui sp. nov., male, dorsal view D ditto, ventral view E ditto, lateral view.

Figure 12. 

Argopistes jungchani sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D aedeagus, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII, female F spermatheca G gonocoxae.

Description

Length 3.5–3.6 mm, width 2.7–2.9 mm. Color (Fig. 11A, B) blackish brown, sides of pronotum and elytra paled, tarsi, front femur and tibiae, and antennae yellowish brown. Pronotum broad, convex, lateral margin narrowly explanate; 2.3 × wider than long, disc with dense coarse punctures; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin moderately convex. Elytra broadly oval, 1.1 × longer than wide, disc with fine punctures arranged into longitudinal lines, confused, dense, fine punctures present between longitudinal punctures.

Male. Antenna filiform (Fig. 12A), antennomere I much longer than others, approximate ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.3: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.6; approximate ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 4.4: 2.2: 1.9: 2.6: 2.3: 2.2: 1.9: 1.8: 1.7: 1.7: 2.6. Aedeagus (Fig. 12C, D) parallel-sided, strongly and subapically narrowed, apex tube-like and extremely small; anterior opening small, ~ 0.30 as long as aedeagus, from apical 1/13–2/5; tectum composed of one pair of sclerotized processes, large, ~ 0.76 as long as anterior opening; wide and slightly curved in lateral view; paired processes apically curved in lateral view; endophallic sclerite laterally flattened, with basal processes slightly sclerotized.

Female. Antenna (Fig. 12B) much smaller than in males, ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.6; ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 4.2: 1.8: 1.8: 1.6: 1.7: 1.5: 1.5: 1.7: 1.6: 1.4: 2.3. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 12E) membranous, only apical margin sclerotized, T-shaped, with two pairs of short setae at sides of apical margin, apical margin truncate, spiculum long. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 12F) much longer than pump, moderately swollen; pump slightly emarginate at inner side of base; spermathecal duct with long basal part, ramus rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 12G) cylindrical and separated, base membranous, each gonocoxa symmetric, with dense long setae along apical and outer margin.

Host plant

Unknown

Biology

Unknown.

Etymology

This new species is named for Jung-Chan Chen (陳榮章), the first person to collect specimens.

Distribution

Only known from the type locality (Fig. 5).

Argopistes tsoui sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/7FA87DFC-55AB-45B2-AD05-A2EA64530D90
Figs 11C, D, 13, 14A, B

Type material examined

Holotype • ♂ (TARI). Taiwan. Hsinchu: Tahunshan (大混山), 24.II.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu. • Paratypes • 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same as holotype; • 1♀ (TARI), same but with “8.IX.2009”; Ilan: • 3♂, 3♀ (TARI), Fushan (福山) Chihwuyan (植物園 = Botanic Park), 15.II.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; • 4♂, 6♀ (TARI), same locality, 8.VI.2023, leg. S.-S. Lu; • 1♂ (TAFI), same but with “27.XI.2023”; • 1♀ (TAFI), same but with “28.XI.2023”; • 1♂, 1♀ (TAFI), same but with “29.XI.2023”; • 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “5.XII.2023”; • 1♀ (TARI), same but with “7.XII.2023”; • 1♀ (TARI), same but with “18.XII.2023”; • 1♂ (TARI), same but with “11.I.2024”; • 1♂ (TARI), same but with “8.III.2024”; • 4♂, 3♀ (TARI), same but with “7.V.2024”; Keelung: • 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Hungtanshan (紅淡山), 10.V.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou; Pingtung: • 1♀ (TARI), Lilungshan (里龍山), 5.XI.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; • 1♀ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 22.I.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; • 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 20.VIII.2022, leg. Y.-T. Chung; Taoyuan: • 2♂ (TARI), Tungyanshan (東眼山), 8.VII.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou; • 1♀ (TARI), Yongfu (永福), 24.III.2014, leg. H. Lee.

Diagnosis

Adults of A. tsoui sp. nov. are similar to those of A. biplagiatus with reddish-brown elytra with wide black lateral margins, but differ from A. biplagiatus by the reddish-brown pronotum with wide black lateral margins (entirely black pronotum in A. biplagiatus). Diagnostic genitalic characters include pointed apex of aedeagus similar (Fig. 13C) to that of A. biplagiatus (Fig. 3C) but relatively narrower in lateral view (Fig. 13D) (relatively wider (Fig. 3D) in A. biplagiatus), longer, longitudinal paired sclerites of tectum (Fig. 13C) (short, curved paired sclerites of tectum (Fig. 3C) in A. biplagiatus), anterior opening from apical 1/10 to middle (Fig. 13C) (anterior opening from apex to apical 3/10 (Fig. 3C) in A. biplagiatus); triangular gonocoxae similar to those of A. rufus but expanding inwardly at basal 1/3 (Fig. 13G) (expanding outward at basal 1/3 (Fig. 6G) in A. rufus); dense setae along apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII similar to those of A. biplagiatus but much denser and shorter (Fig. 13C) (less denser and longer setae on apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 3E) in A. biplagiatus).

Figure 13. 

Argopistes tsoui sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D aedeagus, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII, female F spermatheca G gonocoxae.

Figure 14. 

Field photographs of Argopistes species A adults of A. tsoui sp. nov. feeding on leaves of Osmanthus heterophyllus B close-up shot of adults of A. tsoui sp. nov. C adult of A. yuae sp. nov. resting on underside of leaf of Chionanthus ramiflorus D larva mining new leaf of C. ramiflorus.

Description

Length 3.9–4.3 mm, width 3.2–3.5 mm. Color (Fig. 11C–E) reddish brown, sides of pronotum and elytra darker, tarsi and antennae yellow. Pronotum broad, convex, lateral margin narrowly explanate; 2.2 × wider than long, disc with dense coarse punctures; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin moderately convex. Elytra broadly oval, 1.0–1.1 × longer than wide, disc with dense, confused, coarse punctures.

Male. Antenna filiform (Fig. 13A), antennomere I much longer than others, approximate ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.6; approximate ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 4.7: 2.1: 2.2: 2.4: 2.0: 2.0: 1.9: 1.9: 1.9: 1.7: 2.7. Aedeagus (Fig. 13B, C) strongly narrowed from apical 1/5 to apex, apex pointed; anterior opening small, ~ 0.35 as long as aedeagus, from apical 1/10 to middle; tectum composed of one pair of sclerotized processes with bifurcate apices, outer apex hooked, large, ~ 1.1 as long as anterior opening; narrow and slightly curved in lateral view; endophallic sclerite laterally flattened, with small process near apex, and with basal processes membranous.

Female. Antenna (Fig. 13B) similar to males, ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5; ratios of length to width of antennomeres III–XI 4.1: 2.2: 2.4: 2.4: 2.2: 1.9: 2.1: 2.0: 1.9: 1.8: 2.9. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 13E) membranous, only apical margin sclerotized, T-shaped, with dense short setae along apical margin, spiculum long. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 13F) longer than pump, moderately swollen, curved in lateral view; pump emarginate at inner side of base; spermathecal duct with elongate basal part, ramus rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 13G) wide and separated, base membranous, each gonocoxa asymmetric, apically narrowed from apical 1/3, with dense long setae along apical areas.

Host plant

Oleaceae: Osmanthus heterophyllus (Fig. 13A, B), O. kaoi (T. S. Liu & J. C. Liao) S. Y. Lu, O. enervius Masam. & T. Mori, O. fragrans.

Biology

This species seems to be univoltine. The larvae were found only during late March.

Etymology

This new species is named for Mei-Hua Tsou (曹美華), the first person to collect specimens.

Distribution

This new species is widespread in lowlands of Taiwan (Fig. 5).

Argopistes yuae sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/D4D59AB2-7496-44F6-AD3B-C05251B4E355
Figs 14C, D, 15, 16

Type material examined

Holotype • ♂ (TARI). Taiwan. Taitung: Lanyu (蘭嶼), 16.IV.2023, leg. Y.-F. Hsu. Paratypes • 11♂, 7♀ (TARI), same data as holotype; • 10♂, 5♀ (TARI), same but with “20.III.2023”; • 8♂, 5♀ (TARI), same but with “17.VI.2023”; • 2♂, 3♀ (TARI), same island, 14.III.2023, leg. Y.-Y. Liu & Y.-F. Hsu; • 1♀ (TARI), same island, 28.IV.2022, leg. S-F. Yu; • 1♂ (TARI), same island, 4.IV.2016, leg. Y.-T. Chung; • 1♂ (TARI), same island, 14.IV.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo; • 1♂ (TARI), same island, 26.IV.2009, leg. U. Ong; • 3♂, 3♀ (TARI), same island, 18.III.2024, leg. Y.-F. Hsu; • 4♂, 3♀ (TARI), same island, 24.IV.2024, leg. J.-C. Chen; • 6♂, 3♀ (NHMUK), same island, Lanyu Weather Station (蘭嶼氣象站), 22°02.238'N, 121°33.287'E, 26.VII.2008, hand collecting, leg. M. V. L. Barclay & H. Mendel; • 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same island, Tataienchih (大天池), 19.III.2024, leg. Y.-F. Hsu.

Diagnosis

Adults of this new species are not separable from those of A. rufus except by genitalic characters, including parallel-sided apex of aedeagus with anterior opening very close to apex of aedeagus, from apical 1/12–3/5 (Fig. 16C) (apically narrowed aedeagus with anterior opening not so close to apex of aedeagus, from apical 1/8–3/5 (Fig. 6C) in A. rufus); deeply notched apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 16E) in females (shallowly notched apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 6E) in females of A. rufus). In addition, this new species is restricted to Lanyu Island, and thus is isolated from other species geographically. Moreover, larvae and adults of this new species feed on leaves of Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. (Fig. 14C, D) but not those of Osmanthus fragrans based on laboratory rearing tests. Thus, both species are allopatric ecologically since Osmanthus fragrans is one of the host plants for A. rufus.

Description

Length 4.2–4.3 mm, width 3.5 mm. Color (Fig. 15A–C) blackish brown, elytron with one large transparent area at basal 1/3, near or connected with suture; tarsi and antennae yellowish brown. Pronotum broad, convex, lateral margin narrowly explanate; 2.3 × wider than long, disc with dense, coarse punctures; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin moderately convex. Elytra broadly oval, 1.1 × longer than wide, disc with confused, dense, fine punctures.

Figure 15. 

Habitus of Argopistes yuae sp. nov. A typical color form, male, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D Black color form, female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 16. 

Argopistes yuae sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D aedeagus, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII, female F spermatheca G gonocoxae.

Male. Antenna filiform (Fig. 16A), antennomere I much longer than others, approximate ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.5: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5: 0.5: 0.4: 0.6; approximate ratios of length to width of antennomeres I–XI 3.8: 2.0: 2.0: 2.7: 2.0: 1.9: 1.9: 1.9: 1.8: 1.9: 2.8. Aedeagus (Fig. 16C, D) parallel-sided from basal 1/3–2/3, apically narrowed from apical 1/3–1/6, apex tube-like; anterior opening large, ~ 0.53 as long as aedeagus, from apical 1/12–3/5; tectum composed of one pair of sclerotized processes, small, ~ 0.43 as long as anterior opening; wide and slightly curved in lateral view; paired processes curved at apical 1/3 in lateral view; endophallic sclerite laterally flattened, with basal processes slightly sclerotized, and one pair of small processes near apex.

Female. Antenna (Fig. 16B) similar to males, ratios of length of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5; ratios of length to width of antennomeres III–XI 4.9: 1.9: 2.3: 2.5: 2.0: 1.8: 1.9: 1.8: 1.8: 1.9: 2.5. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 15E) weakly sclerotized, T-shaped, with several pairs of setae along apical margin, setae smaller at sides, apical margin medially depressed, spiculum long. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 16F) longer than pump, moderately swollen, curved in lateral view; pump emarginate at inner side of base; spermathecal duct with long basal part, ramus rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 16G) wide and separated, base membranous, each gonocoxa asymmetric, apically narrowed from near base, with sparse setae along apical areas, setae longer at apical 1/2.

Variation

A few specimens have black bodies and lack red spots on elytra (Fig. 14D–F).

Host plant

Oleaceae: Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb.

Biology

This species seems to be univoltine. The larvae (Fig. 14D) were found only during late March.

Etymology

This new species is named for Su-Fang Yu (余素芳), the first person to collect specimens.

Distribution

Endemic to Lanyu Island (Fig. 5).

Key to Taiwanese species of Argopistes

Kimoto (1965) provided a key to Japanese species of Argopistes. We think that the key is appropriate for Japan but not other countries due to color variations or/and color patterns for species elsewhere. A key to Taiwanese species of Argopistes is provide as follows:

1 General color yellowish brown, elytra with black spots; aedeagus (Fig. 7C, D) apically narrowed, and apex widely rounded, apical margin of anterior opening far from (apical 1/8) apex of male aedeagus A. rufus Chen
– General color black or reddish brown 2
2 General color reddish brown, with black, wide margins along pronotum and elytra; aedeagus (Fig. 13B, C) strongly narrowed from apical 1/5 to apex, apex pointed; anterior opening from apical 1/10 to middle; narrow and slightly curved in lateral view A. tsoui sp. nov.
– General color black, with or without yellowish brown margins along pronotum and elytra 3
3 Elytra with one pair of red spots, but lacking yellowish brown margins along pronotum and elytra 4
– Elytra without red spots, and with yellowish-brown margins on pronotum and elytra; aedeagus (Fig. 12C, D) parallel-sided, strongly subapically narrowed, apex tube-like and extremely small; anterior opening from apical 1/13–2/5; wide and slightly curved in lateral view A. jungchani sp. nov.
4 Only coarse punctures on elytra, wider interspace between eyes; aedeagus (Fig. 3C, D) apically and strongly narrowed from apical 1/5, apex pointed; anterior opening very small, from apex to apical 3/10; extremely wide in lateral view A. biplagiatus Motschulsky
– Coarse and fine punctures confused on elytra, narrower interspace between eyes 5
5 Aedeagus (Fig. 7C, D) apically narrowed, apex widely rounded, apical margin of anterior opening far from apex of male aedeagus (apical 1/8) A. rufus Chen
– Aedeagus (Fig. 16C, D) apically narrowed, and apex parallel-sided, apex widely rounded, apical margin of anterior opening close to apex of male aedeagus (apical 1/12) A. yuae sp. nov.

Discussion

Some Taiwanese species can be identified by their characteristic color patterns, including A. tsoui sp. nov., A. jungchani sp. nov., and the yellowish-brown form of A. rufus Chen. Male aedeagi are more diagnostic. Genital characters in females such as abdominal ventrite VIII, spermatheca, and gonocoxae are more or less diagnostic, but combinations of these morphological characters and biological information can form the basis for a sound taxonomy of the genus.

Although members of Argopistes are oligophagous or monophagous on Oleaceae, only A. rufus has established populations in small islands surrounding Japan, China, and Taiwan. Five islands (Beigan Island 北竿島, Nangan Island 南竿島, Dongju Island 東莒島, Xiju Island 西莒島, Dongyin Island 東引島) of the Matsu Islands were investigated during the spring 2024 field season. Populations of A. rufus were found on only Beigan Island and Nangan Island feeding on Chionanthus retusus and Ligustrum japonicum. Chionanthus retusus and Ligustrum japonicum were transported to both islands, the largest of the Matsu Islands, as ornamental trees. This supports the idea that A. rufus can be an invasive insect pest, invading islands as a result of exportation of ornamental trees of Oleaceae. In addition, populations of A. rufus expanded dramatically in Kinmen Island (金門島). One population was found at one locality of Jinsha township (金沙鎮) in the middle of April 2023 and one adult was collected at another locality (Botanical Park) at Jinhu township (金湖鎮) in the summer (July) of 2023. We have now found larvae attacking new leaves of Osmanthus fragrans at a guesthouse in Jinhu township (金湖鎮), in late May 2024.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Taiwan Chrysomelid Research Team (TCRT) and citizen scientists, including Jung-Chan Chen (陳榮章), Hsing-Tzung Cheng (鄭興宗), Yi-Ting Chung (鍾奕霆), Yu-Feng Hsu (徐堉峰), Hsueh Lee (李雪), Sheng-Shan Lu (陸聲山), Mei-Hua Tsou (曹美華), and Su-Fang Yu (余素芳) for assistance in collecting material. We thank for Yi-Chia Chiu (邱奕家) and Chi-Lung Lee (李其龍) for photographs of specimens, Mei-Hua Tsou (曹美華) and Yu-Feng Hsu (徐堉峰) for field photography, and Chih-Kai Yang for identification of host plants. We would like to thank all curators for giving us the opportunity to study the specimens from their collections. We thank Messrs. Osaku Yamaji, Hiroaki Shigetoh, Ryôta Seki, and Shoma Sejima for providing valuable specimens, and Chang-Chin Chen (陳常卿) for assisting our study in various ways. We thank Chris Carlton for reading the draft and editing for American English style. Finally, we thank Maurizio Biondi for reviewing the manuscript, and Ron Beenen for editing the manuscript.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Council NSTC 112-2313-B-055-001-MY3 and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency, Ministry of Agriculture 113AS-5.5.4-VP-01.

Author contributions

Investigation: HS. Supervision: MYC. Writing - original draft: CFL.

Author ORCIDs

Chi-Feng Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-0557

Ming-Yao Chiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-7086

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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