Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jiang-Li Tan ( tanjl@nwu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2017 Jiang-Li Tan, Cornelis van Achterberg, Qing-Qing Tan, Lin-Peng Zhao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Tan J-L, van Achterberg C, Tan Q-Q, Zhao L-P (2017) New species of Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) from NW China. ZooKeys 698: 17-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13366
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Four new species of Trigonalyidae are described and illustrated from Qinling Mts (Shaanxi, NW China): Bareogonalos xibeidai Tan & van Achterberg, sp. n., Jezonogonalos mandibularis sp. n., J. shaanxiensis sp. n., and Taeniogonalos paraclypeata sp. n. Orthogonalys hirasana Teranishi, 1929, is re-instated and reported from China. The female of Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991) is described for the first time. In total, 18 species are known from Shaanxi province, 20 species for NW China, and eight described species are newly recorded for Shaanxi: Jezonogonalos luteata
Trigonalyidae , Bareogonalos, Orthogonalys, Jezonogonalos, Taeniogonalos, Teranishia, new species, new record, biology, Vespula structor , China, Shaanxi, Ningxia
Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) is a worldwide small family in its own superfamily Trigonalyiodea, with 115 recognized species (
Trigonalyidae are often misidentified; slender specimens (especially of Orthogonalys) with white banded antennae are mistaken for Ichneumonidae and robust specimens with black antennae for aculeate wasps (e.g., of the family Crabronidae). They can be identified by the combination of the well-developed costal cell of the fore wing and the presence of unequal mandibles with 3–5 large teeth (Figs
Most Trigonalyidae develop as a hyperparasitoids on parasitoid wasp or fly larvae inside caterpillars and sawfly larvae. Primary endoparasitism of sawflies occurs, but the parasitoid still acts facultatively as a hyperparasitoid (
This paper is an addition to the revision of the Chinese fauna of the family Trigonalyidae by
List of Chinese species of the family Trigonalyidae Cresson in NW China after this study. An asterisk indicates a new record.
Species | Distribution in China |
---|---|
Bareogonalos xibeidai sp. n. | *Shaanxi (Palaearctic) |
Jezonogonalos
luteata
|
*Shaanxi, (Palaearctic), Sichuan (Oriental) |
Jezonogonalos mandibularis sp. n. | *Shaanxi (Palaearctic) |
Jezonogonalos shaanxiensis sp. n. | *Shaanxi (Palaearctic) |
Orthogonalys
clypeata
|
Shaanxi, Ningxia (Palaearctic), Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan (Oriental) |
Orthogonalys elongata Teranishi, 1929 | *Shaanxi, Henan (Palaearctic), Sichuan, Tibet (Oriental) |
Orthogonalys hirasana Teranishi, 1929, re-instated | *Shaanxi (Palaearctic), *Sichuan (Oriental) |
Orthogonalys paraclypeata sp. n. | *Shaanxi (Palaearctic), Sichuan, Tibet (Oriental) |
Orthogonalys
robusta
|
Shaanxi (Palaearctic), Guangxi (Oriental) |
Pseudogonalos hahnii (Spinola, 1840) | *Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Henan (Palaearctic), Yunnan (Oriental) |
Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991) | *Shaanxi, *Ningxia (Palaearctic) |
Taeniogonalos
bucarinata
|
Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Henan (Palaearctic), Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan (Oriental) |
Taeniogonalos fasciata (Strand, 1913) | Shaanxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Anhui (Palaearctic), Zhejiang, Taiwan, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou (Oriental) |
Taeniogonalos formosana (Bischoff, 1913) | *Shaanxi, Ningxia, Shanxi, Henan, Jilin (Palaearctic), Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet (Oriental) |
Taeniogonalos mongolica (Popov, 1945) | Inner Mongolia (Palaearctic) |
Taeniogonalos
subtruncata
|
Shaanxi (Palaearctic) |
Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff, 1914) | *Shaanxi, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Gansu (Palaearctic), Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet (Oriental) |
Taeniogonalos tricolor (Chen, 1949) | Shaanxi, Henan (Palaearctic), Zhejiang, Hubei, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan (Oriental) |
Teranishia
crenulata
|
Ningxia, Gansu (Palaearctic), Sichuan (Oriental) |
Teranishia
glabrata
|
*Shaanxi, Ningxia, Henan (Palaearctic), Zhejiang, Sichuan (Oriental) |
The specimens were mainly collected in Malaise traps, but a few by sweep net. The material was stored in 70% ethanol, prepared with the AXA method (
Morphology. For other terminology used in this paper, see
Material. Types and other examined specimens are deposited in the Northwest University, Xi’an, NW China (NWUX) and Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands (
Trigonalyidae
Cresson, 1887: 183;
The first part of the name Trigonalyidae refers most likely to protuberance of the second sternite present in females of several spp. (but absent in the species treated in this paper, except Bareogonalos Schulz), which is triangular in lateral view.
Bareogonalos
Schulz, 1907: 18;
Nippogonalos
Uchida, 1929: 79;
Makotogonalos Yamane, 2014: 18 (proposed as subgenus). Type species (by original designation): Bareogonalos huisuni Yamane & Yamane, 1975.
Reared from nests of Vespa, Vespula, Dolichovespula and Provespa spp. (Vespinae: Vespidae); the larva of at least one species has a final ectoparasitoid phase (
East Palaearctic, Nearctic (but intruding Central America by reaching SW Mexico), Oriental.
1 | Metanotum with large protuberance and long setae; left mandible with 2 subapical teeth (Fig. |
2 |
– | Metanotum weakly convex, without protuberance and its setae medium-sized; left mandible with 3 subapical teeth; maxillary palp with 5 segments; anterior half of scutellum distinctly convex and above level of mesoscutum; fourth and fifth tergites largely finely and rather densely punctate and rather dull; [head nearly as wide as mesoscutum]; subgenus Makotogonalos Yamane, 2014 | 3 |
2 | Surrounding membrane of veins 1-SR and 1-M of fore wing yellowish or infuscated as most of wing membrane (Figs |
B. jezoensis (Uchida, 1929) |
– | Surrounding membrane of veins 1-SR and 1-M of fore wing subhyaline as remainder of wing except its apical third (Figs |
B. xibeidai sp. n. |
3 | Mesoscutum anteriorly and scutellum partly brownish yellow; basal half of first metasomal tergite black; combined fourth and fifth maxillary palp segments 1.7 times as long as third segment; China (Taiwan) | B. huisuni Yamane & Yamane, 1975 |
– | Mesoscutum anteriorly and scutellum entirely black; basal half of first metasomal tergite yellowish brown; combined fourth and fifth maxillary palp segments 1.2 times as long as third segment; Indonesia (Sumatra) | B. provespae Yamane, 2014 |
Holotype, ♀ (NWUX) “NW China: Shaanxi, Fengxian County, Baoji, Jialingjiang Riv[er] Source, 1513 m, 34°25'N 106°94'E, 1.ix.2016, JL. Tan & QQ. Tan, NWUX”, “Reared from nest of Vespula structor (Smith)”. Paratypes: 6 ♀ + 8 ♂ (NWUX,
Left mandible with two subapical teeth, ventral tooth shorter than dorsal tooth; maxillary palp with six segments; width of head in dorsal view 1.05–1.10 times maximum width of mesoscutum (Figs
Holotype, ♀, length of body 9.2 mm (of fore wing 8.5 mm).
Head. Antenna with 20 segments, segments of apical half 1.1–1.3 times as long as wide (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.1 times its height (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 0.3 times as long as apically wide (of paratype, obscured by propodeum in holotype), gradually narrowed basally, flat medially and straight apically; second tergite smooth and strongly shiny as following tergites, but with lateral patch of fine punctures; second sternite rather densely finely punctate and shiny, its medio-apical protuberance densely setose and widely truncate medially (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa and femur smooth and shiny.
Colour. Black; palpi, mandible apically, antenna (but scapus yellow ventrally and basal third of antenna brown), tegulae (but humeral plate brown), first tergite, veins (except yellowish veins 1-SR, 1-M and 1-SR+M of fore wing) and pterostigma dark brown; coxae basally black; femora (except yellow anterior face of fore femur, base and apex of middle and hind femora), and inner side of hind tibia (and partly ventrally) dark brown; 3 apical segments of hind tarsus and infuscate; pronotum dorso-apically, pair of wide patches on mesoscutum anteriorly, axilla, scutellum latero-posteriorly, dorso-apical patch of mesopleuron, pair of large antero-lateral patches on second–sixth tergites (touching each other on fourth and fifth tergites), pair of small subposterior patches on first sternite, large V-shaped patch on second sternite, and remainder of legs yellow; membrane of fore wing subhyaline, but apical 0.4 weakly infuscate (Fig.
Variations. Length of body 8.0–9.3 mm, of fore wing 8.0–8.9 mm; antenna of ♀ with 20(2) or 21(2) segments; width of head in dorsal view 1.05–1.10 times maximum width of mesoscutum; mesoscutum sometimes entirely black, or with additional yellow spot medio-posteriorly; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 2.1–3.1 times as long as vein 1-SR; mandible entirely blackish brown or with some brownish patches subapically; antero-lateral yellow patches of metasoma either all separated from each other, or all touching medially, but sometimes only on second–fourth tergites being separated; yellow patch of second sternite may be separated into large patches; inner side of hind tibia largely dark brown or only apical third.
Male. Length of body 7.2–9.6 mm, of fore wing 6.8–8.0 mm; antenna with 20(4) or 21(1) segments, basal quarter of antenna black, but scapus pale yellow with upper part dark brown and pedicellus brown; mesoscutum, mesopleuron, and metasoma entirely black or mesoscutum with pair of tiny yellow spots anteriorly and second sternite with pair of medium sized yellow spots; veins 1-SR, 1-M and 1-SR+M of fore wing dark brown. Genitalia, see Fig.
The type series was reared from a nest of Vespula structor (Smith, 1870) (Vespidae: Vespinae).
Named after one of the oldest universities in China, the Northwest University in Xi’an, for providing us the facilities to research the biodiversity of Qinling Mts. It also points to the fact that this is the most north-western locality the genus is known from (“xibei” means “northwest” in Chinese).
Jezonogonalos
Tsuneki, 1991: 32, 2003: 4;
Unknown. Collected in June–November.
China, Japan.
1 | First metasomal tergite about as long as its apical width; supra-antennal elevations only apically ivory; third sternite 0.6–0.7 times as long as second sternite; [metasoma of ♂ entirely black and slender; occipital carina extensively crenulated dorsally and widened; third submarginal cell of fore wing about 0.4 times as long as second submarginal cell] | J. jiangliae Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
– | First tergite 0.6–0.8 times as long as its apical width (Figs |
2 |
2 | Fore wing subhyaline; metasoma of ♂ with narrow yellowish-brown apical band on all tergites; third sternite about 0.1 times as long as second sternite; [occipital carina only medio-dorsally with short carina] | J. elliptifera Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
– | Fore wing with more or less conspicuous dark brown patch below pterostigma (Figs |
3 |
3 | Occipital carina extensively crenulated dorsally and present posteriorly; third sternite 0.30–0.40 times as long as second sternite | 4 |
– | Occipital carina only anteriorly with short carina medio-dorsally, smooth posteriorly (Figs |
5 |
4 | Supra-antennal elevations largely yellow; frons and vertex sparsely and finely punctate; occipital carina moderately wide dorsally | J. luteata Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
– | Supra-antennal elevations black; frons and vertex densely and coarsely punctate; occipital carina very wide dorsally | J. nigrata Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
5 | Mesoscutum shiny and largely smooth; propodeum antero-laterally shiny and smooth; frons shiny and with wide smooth interspaces between punctures; mandible yellow except for orange brown teeth; third submarginal cell of fore wing narrower than second submarginal cell | J. laeviceps (Tsuneki, 1991) |
– | Mesoscutum rather dull and largely sculptured (Figs |
6 |
6 | Third submarginal cell of fore wing anteriorly much narrower than second submarginal cell; mandible and malar space largely dark brown; inner orbita of eye with narrow ivory stripe not reaching malar space; propodeum regularly transversely striate; [supra-antennal elevations black; second sternite with lateral pale patch besides apical margin] | J. marujamae Tsuneki, 1991 |
– | Third submarginal cell of fore wing anteriorly much wider than second submarginal cell (Figs |
7 |
7 | Mandible largely dark brown (Figs |
J. shaanxiensis sp. n. |
– | Mandible pale brown and yellowish or ivory (Figs |
8 |
8 | Frons spaced punctulate; scutellum largely smooth and shiny; supra-antennal elevations black apically; hind trochanter brownish yellow; mesopleuron medially below precoxal sulcus largely smooth and shiny | J. satoi (Tsuneki, 1991) |
– | Frons coarsely and densely punctate (Figs |
J. mandibularis sp. n. |
Jezonogonalos
luteata
2 ♂ (NWUX,
China (*Shaanxi, Sichuan). New for Shaanxi and second record of species.
Holotype, ♀ (NWUX) “NW China: Shaanxi, Upper Changqing Re[ser]v[e], Shanshuping, 1556 m, 33.67N 107.58E, 25.viii.–22.ix.2016, Y[ellow Malaise] T[rap], Zhao Lin-Peng, NWUX”.
Occipital carina very wide medio-dorsally, with pair of curved lamellae (Fig.
Holotype, ♀, length of body 8.5 mm (of fore wing 7.4 mm).
Head. Antenna with 25 segments; frons coarsely punctate (except anteriorly), interspaces narrow and smooth (Figs
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.7 times as long as vein 1-SR; third submarginal cell much wider anteriorly than second cell (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 0.7 times as long as its apical width, smooth but basal depression anteriorly striate (Fig.
Colour. Black; inner orbita vaguely partly orange brown; malar space and supra-antennal elevations largely ivory; minute patch of outer orbita, vertex posteriorly, occipital carina medially dark brown; apex of scapus and pedicellus, and mandible largely pale brown but basally ivory and teeth dark brown (Figs
Male. Unknown.
Unknown.
China (Shaanxi). Collected at 1556 m.
Named after its conspicuously coloured mandible.
Holotype, ♀ (NWUX) “NW China: Shaanxi, Lower Changqing Re[ser]v[e], Shanshuping Base, 1504 m, 33.67N 107.57E, 23.ix.–10.xi.2016, Y[ellow Malaise] T[rap], Zhao Lin-Peng, NWUX”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (
Occipital carina very wide medio-dorsally, with pair of curved lamellae separated by carina (Fig.
Holotype, ♀, length of body 8.7 mm (of fore wing 7.1 mm).
Head. Antenna with 25 segments; frons moderately punctate with smooth interspaces wider than punctures (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.5 times as long as vein 1-SR; third submarginal cell much wider anteriorly than petiolate second cell (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 0.6 times as long as its apical width, smooth but basal depression anteriorly with some crenulae (Fig.
Colour. Black; inner orbita narrowly ivory and connected to ivory malar space; pair of patches on clypeus, basal patch of mandible, large patch on supra-antennal elevations, pair of elongate patches on middle lobe of mesoscutum anteriorly, pair of narrow lines near tegulae, pair of small patches on metanotum medially, epipleura of first tergite, large patch apico-laterally on second tergite and narrow apical bands of sternites ivory; 12th–22nd antennal segments largely pale brown ventrally; mandible largely dark brown but teeth light brown basally (Figs
Variations. Length of body 8.7–10.2 mm, of fore wing 7.1–8.1 mm; antenna of ♀ with 25(2) or 27(1) segments; metanotum black or with pair of ivory spots medially; ivory patches of clypeus and mesoscutum rather small to large; mesoscutum sometimes with minute ivory spot medio-posteriorly; second submarginal cell of fore wing petiolate or sessile anteriorly; length of vein 1-M of fore wing 1.5–1.7 times as long as vein 1-SR; pterostigma largely yellowish brown or largely dark brown; mandible dark brown or ivory subbasally; whitish setae of mesosoma long or medium-sized.
Male. Unknown.
Unknown.
China (Shaanxi). Collected at 1300–1500 m.
Named after the province Shaanxi, where it was collected.
Orthogonalys
Schulz, 1905: 76;
Reared reared as hyperparasitoid of Tachinidae in caterpillars (
Mainly East Palaearctic and Northeast Oriental regions, with few species in East Afrotropical (including Madagascar), Neotropical and Nearctic regions.
1 | Mesosoma without pale pattern dorsally, at most with an ivory patch on mesoscutum medially (Figs |
2 |
– | Mesosoma with linear ivory pattern dorsally (with row of large ivory patches at least on scutellum and metanotum; Fig. |
4 |
2 | Third submarginal cell about 0.3 times as long as second submarginal cell; antenna with a pale brown band subapically (13th–15th segments); vein 1m-cu of fore wing connected to second submarginal cell; scutellum sparsely punctate; [only ♂ known; Japan] | O. fukuiensis (Tsuneki, 1991) |
– | Third submarginal cell 0.4–0.5 times as long as second submarginal cell (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Mesoscutum coriaceous-rugulose and with inconspicuous anterior pair of smooth stripes (Figs |
O. paraclypeata sp. n. |
– | Mesoscutum densely to remotely punctate and anterior pair of smooth stripes rather conspicuous; area behind stemmaticum smooth; pterostigma of ♀ largely yellowish brown or brown and of ♂ largely dark brown; frons at most moderately punctate and often largely smooth | O. clypeata Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
4 | Temple with large to medium-sized ivory patch (Figs |
5 |
– | Temple entirely black or with minute pale patch; frons laterally at most with small pale patch; third–fifth tergites of ♀ mainly dark brown, without well-differentiated triangular ivory patches; posterior half of third sternite of ♂ dark brown or largely so; pronotum and mesopleuron entirely black | 7 |
5 | Vertex with large yellow patch medio-posteriorly; head dorsally and mesoscutum coarsely punctate; posterior half of propodeum obliquely rugose; spiracle of propodeum distinctly protruding; outer side of hind coxa (except base) and hind femur basally and apically yellowish brown; first tergite robust and with median groove | O. formosana Teranishi, 1931 |
– | Vertex black medio-posteriorly (Fig. |
6 |
6 | Temple with vague yellowish patch; yellow or ivory lateral patch of frons widened dorsally; metapleuron with ivory patch; hind femur largely and tibia yellowish brown; supra-antennal elevations largely smooth, punctate | O. cheni Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
– | Temple with well-differentiated yellowish patch (Figs |
O. hirasana Teranishi, 1929, re-instated |
7 | Length of eye 0.9–1.1 times temple in dorsal view; mesoscutum densely (rugulose-)punctate, hardly shiny and robust in dorsal view; temple often entirely black; basally second sternite of ♀ ivory; posterior half of propodeum with some transverse rugae; fifth and sixth metasomal tergites more or less ivory medio-apically; slightly more robust species (♀); medially third sternite 0.4–0.7 times as long as second sternite (Fig. |
O. robusta Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
– | Length of eye 1.2–1.3 times temple in dorsal view; mesoscutum sparsely punctulate, distinctly shiny and rather slender in dorsal view; temple usually with small pale patch; basally second sternite of ♀ dark brown; posterior half of propodeum often largely smooth; slender species (♀♂); medially third sternite 0.6–1.0 times as long as second sternite, rarely less; [first tergite with pair of pale spots (♀) or black (♂); apical half of mandible reddish-brown in Japanese specimens] | O. elongata Teranishi, 1929 |
Orthogonalys centrimaculata Bischoff, 1951, from N. Vietnam (Sa Pa, Lao Cai) will run in the key to O. robusta, but its vertex has a medio-posterior pale patch (absent in O. robusta), the mesoscutum is very finely and densely transversely rugulose or coriaceous, matt (mainly finely remotely (rugulose-)punctate and with satin sheen), and hind tibia and tarsus are yellowish brown (dark brown). It runs to O. formosana if only the colouration of the vertex is considered, but it has the mesoscutum is very finely and densely transversely rugulose or coriaceous, matt (coarsely punctate and shiny in O. formosana) and hind tibia yellowish brown (apical two-thirds dark brown).
Orthogonalys
clypeata
3 ♀ + 9 ♂ (NWUX,
China (Guizhou, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan). Collected at 1445–1650 m.
The series shows a considerable variation in the shape of the second and third submarginal cells, but the third cell remains wider anteriorly than the second cell. The size difference is also considerable, e.g., the length of the fore wing (3 ♀) is 4.6–8.2 mm.
Orthogonalos
elongata
Teranishi, 1929: 146;
Satogonalos
elongata
;
Orthogonalys
elongata
;
1 ♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Ningshaan, from Huangguan to Xunyangba, 1236 m, 33°54'N, 105°36'E, 20.v.–20.vi.2016, black Mal[aise] trap, J-L Tan & Q-Q Tan, NWUX”; 1 ♀ (
China (Henan, *Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet); Russia (Far East); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
Orthogonalos
hirasana
Teranishi, 1929: 145;
Orthogonalys
elongata
;
?Orthogonalys albomaculata Bischoff, 1951: 908–909.
2 ♀ (NWUX,
China (*Shaanxi, *Sichuan), Japan (Honshu), ?India. Collected at 1445–1495 m in China.
After examination of fresh pale specimens keying out to Orthogonalys elongata Teranishi, it was obvious (e.g. colour pattern of head) that they belong to a separate species for which the name of O. hirasana Teranishi, 1929, is available. In
The interpretation of O. albomaculata Bischoff, 1951, from N. India is provisional because only males are known. The propodeum is coarsely reticulate, the pronotal side crenulate medially, the third submarginal cell of fore wing comparatively large and the propodeum has a large ivory patch.
Holotype, ♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Lower Changqing Re[ser]v[e], Shanshuping, 1445 m, 33.67N 107.57E, 18.vi.–17.vii.2016, Y[ellow Malaise] T[rap], Zhao Lin-Peng, NWUX”. Paratypes: 1 ♂ (NWUX), same data as holotype; 1 ♀ + 8 ♂ (NWUX,
Antenna without subapical ivory band (Figs
The new species runs in the key to Orthogonalys by
Holotype, ♀, length of body 9.2 mm (of fore wing 7.6 mm).
Head. Antenna with 22 segments; frons coarsely punctate; vertex largely smooth laterally, but behind stemmaticum with some fine rugae and posteriorly transversely aciculate (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove with some coarse rugae, above groove largely smooth (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 2.2 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 0.8 times as long as its apical width, smooth and with pair of small depressions medially (Fig.
Colour. Black; palpi and tegulae pale yellow; inner orbita (except dorsally) ivory and connected to broadly ivory malar space; basal half of mandible ivory, apical half pale brown, but teeth dark brown; apical quarter of antenna brownish ventrally; first tergite latero-posteriorly, apical half of second tergite (and medio-anteriorly protruding into black area), pair of large triangular spots on third tergite latero-posteriorly, first sternite laterally, second sternite and fourth sternite laterally and medially yellow (Fig.
Variations. Length of body 7.1–9.2 mm, of fore wing 5.8–7.6 mm; antenna with 22(1) or 23(1) segments.
Male. Length of body 5.6–10.8 mm, of fore wing 5.9–8.6 mm; antenna with 21(2), 22(15), 23(12), 24(2) segments, apical quarter of antenna brownish ventrally or most of antenna brown; frons densely and coarsely punctate-rugose; clypeus usually entirely black, but sometimes partly or entirely ivory (as in O. clypeata); mesoscutum often less distinctly transversely rugose than in females; metasoma darker than of female, dorsally largely black (only apical margin of tergites brownish) but first sternite laterally, second sternite laterally and medio-posteriorly (or brownish yellow with pair of elongate dark patches) and third sternite partly or entirely brownish yellow, but sometimes entirely dark brown; paramere (Figs
Unknown.
China (Shaanxi).
Named “paraclypeata” because it is similar to O. clypeata and “para” is Greek for “near”.
Orthogonalys
robusta
4 ♀ (NWUX,
China (Guangxi, Shaanxi). Collected at 1480–1760 m.
Pseudogonalos
Schulz, 1906: 209;
Reared as hyperparasitoid of Ichneumonidae in caterpillars and from Diprionidae (
Palaearctic region, but two species (P. harmandi Schulz, 1907 and P. hahnii (Spinola)) occur in the North Oriental region.
Trigonalis
hahnii
Spinola, 1840: 1;
Pseudogonalos
hahni
(sic!);
Pseudogonalos
hahnii
;
2 ♀ (NWUX,
China (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, *Shaanxi, Yunnan); Russia; Ukraine; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Western Europe (Lelej 2003). Collected at 0–1000 m.
Large conspicuous black species with large dark patch near pterostigma of fore wing.
Taeniogonalos
Schulz, 1906: 212;
Reared as hyperparasitoid of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) and parasitoid flies (Tachinidae) in caterpillars, but some species are primary parasitoids of Pergid sawflies in Australia (
This genus occurs in all major regions, but is unknown from Europe and western Nearctic region. Most of the species occur in the East Palaearctic, Northeast Oriental, and Neotropical regions (
Revised part of key to Chinese species of the genus Taeniogonalos Schulz
(for first part, see
15 | Occipital carina strongly widened medio-dorsally (in ♀ up to 1.5 times as wide as diameter of posterior ocellus) and with pair of circular carinae; third antennal segment of ♀ dark brown ventrally; second sternite of ♀ strongly convex and distinctly punctate medially; anteriorly vertex of ♀ finely punctate and with distinct smooth interspaces; mesosoma of ♀ with limited yellowish pattern or entirely black (as in ♂) | T. bucarinata Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
– | Occipital carina narrow and smooth medio-dorsally, if moderately lamelliform (in ♀ up to 0.5 times as wide as diameter of posterior ocellus in some T. taihorina) then carina moderately widened medio-dorsally and with one crenula, third antennal segment of ♀ light brown ventrally, and second sternite of ♀ moderately convex and largely smooth medially; sculpture of vertex and colour of mesosoma of ♀ variable | 16 |
16 | Metasoma dorsally largely orange brown except first tergite and conspicuously densely and long setose; second sternite of ♂ distinctly impressed medio-posteriorly and tricoloured; metanotum of ♂ pale yellow or ivory medially | T. tricolorisoma Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014 |
– | Metasoma dorsally black with yellowish pattern or nearly entirely black, its setosity rather sparse and short to medium-sized; second sternite of ♂ flattened medio-posteriorly and bicoloured or evenly convex and entirely black; metanotum of ♂ black medially or with pair of yellow (often small) patches | 17 |
17 | Second metasomal sternite of ♀ less convex medially and in lateral view its ventral border gradually sloping posteriorly (Fig. |
T. alticola (Tsuneki, 1991) |
– | Second sternite of ♀ strongly convex medially and in lateral view its ventral border distinctly sloping posteriorly (Figs 527, 547 in |
18 |
18 | Vertex with elongate brownish patches; third and fourth metasomal tergites very coarsely punctate; metanotum with a pair of yellow spots medially; third sternite coarsely and densely punctate medio-posteriorly (♂) or latero-posteriorly (♀) in front of membranous border; [propodeal foramen comparatively wide and less arched] | T. formosana (Bischoff, 1913) |
– | Vertex entirely black or rarely with small brownish patches; third and fourth metasomal tergites usually superficially punctate, rarely nearly as coarse as in T. formosana; metanotum black medially and at most with a pair of lateral yellow spots; third sternite usually more spaced and finer punctate posteriorly | T. taihorina (Bischoff, 1914) |
Taiwanogonalos
alticola
Tsuneki, 1991: 42. Synonymized with Taeniogonalos maga (Teranishi, 1929) by
Taeniogonalos
alticola
;
Taiwanogonalos
alishana
Tsuneki, 1991: 36. Synonymized by
4 ♀ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Lower Changqing Re[ser]v[e], Shanshuping, 1445 m, N33.67 E107.57, 18.vi.–17.vii.2016, Y[ellow Malaise] T[rap], Zhao Lin-Peng, NWUX”; 4 ♀ + 8 ♂ (NWUX,
Illustrated ♀ from Liupan Mt., length of body 5.6 mm (of fore wing 5.1 mm).
Head. Antenna with 20 segments; frons coarsely punctate, with smooth interspaces narrower than punctures and with some rugae anteriorly (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; propleuron largely rugose; mesopleuron below transverse mesopleural groove rugulose, above groove densely rugose but posteriorly largely smooth (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 1.7 times as long as vein 1-SR (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 0.6 times as long as its apical width, smooth and medially largely depressed (Fig.
Colour. Black; palpi dark brown basally and pale brown apically; antenna pale brown, but scapus and apical 0.4 of antenna darkened; inner orbita slightly brownish near level of antennal sockets; mandible mainly dark brown, but medially pale brown; sixth tergite yellowish ivory; robust hind trochanter and trochantellus mainly white except some slightly brownish small patches; fore and middle tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, but middle tibia dark brown posteriorly; remainder of legs, tegulae and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline except for infuscated patch near apex of fore wing (Fig.
The holotype of T. alishana fits better with T. alticola than with T. taihorina considering its sculpture. The male holotype has been collected at the same day and locality as the male holotype of T. alticola.
China (*Ningxia, *Shaanxi, Taiwan). Collected at 1236–1800 m.
Taeniogonalos bucarinata Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014: 108–113 (description, diagnosis, distribution).
2 ♂ (NWUX,
China (Fujian, Gansu, Henan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang). Collected at 1200–2350 m.
Poecilogonalos
fasciata
Strand, 1913: 97;
Taeniogonalos
fasciata
;
1 ♂ (NWUX), “NW China: Shaanxi, Ningshaan, from Huangguan to Xunyangba, 1236 m, 33°54'N, 105°36'E, 20.v.–20.vi.2016, black Mal[aise] trap, J-L Tan & Q-Q Tan, NWUX”
China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang); Russia (Primorskii krai); Japan; Korea. Collected at 990–1550 m. Also reported from Iran, Malaysia, and Indonesia but these reports need confirmation.
Poecilogonalos
formosana
Bischoff, 1913: 151;
Taeniogonalos formosana
;
1 ♀ + 4 ♂ (NWUX,
The specimens from Shaanxi belong to the form intermedia (Chen, 1949) because the hind trochanters (as often fore trochanters) are entirely yellow and with tri-coloured (yellow, black and brown) second tergite and sternite latero-posteriorly. Colour of both mesosoma and head are very variable, e.g. the scutellum is black in most specimens but sometimes it has two yellow patches.
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Henan, Jilin, Ningxia, *Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Russia (Far East); Japan. Collected at 800–1638 m.
Nanogonalos
taihorina
Bischoff, 1914: 93;
Taeniogonalos
taihorina
;
Poecilogonalos
maga
Teranishi, 1929: 148;
Taeniogonalos
maga
;
Taiwanogonalos
claripennis
Tsuneki, 1991: 38. Synonymized by
5 ♀ (NWUX,
In the key to Chinese Taeniogonalos spp. (
China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Ningxia, *Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Russia (Far East); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Collected at 500–2530 m.
Poecilogonalos
tricolor
Chen, 1949: 16;
Paecilogonalos
(!) tricolor;
Taeniogonalos
tricolour
(!):
Taeniogonalos
tricolor
;
2 ♂ (NWUX,
China (Henan, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Korea; Laos; Thailand. Collected at 900–2000 m.
Teranishia
Tsuneki, 1991: 15–18;
Unknown. Collected in June–September.
China, Japan.
Teranishia crenulata Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014: 194–197 (diagnosis, description).
3 ♂ (NWUX,
China (Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan). Collected at 1800–2539 m.
Teranishia glabrata Chen, van Achterberg, He & Xu, 2014: 197–201 (diagnosis, description).
2 ♀ (NWUX,
China (Gansu, Ningxia, *Shaanxi, Sichuan). Collected at 1400–2188 m.
The research was supported jointly by the Foundation for Key University Teachers by the Ministry of Education (No. 2011697505), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 31201732, 31572300), the foundation of Shaanxi Educational Committee (No. 11JK0614), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20116101120001), the National Science Foundation for Fostering Talents in Basic Research of NSFC (No. J12100063) and the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education.