Research Article |
Olivier Gargominy‡, Benoît Fontaine‡, Sandrine Tercerie‡, Dario Zuccon§
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Corresponding author: Olivier Gargominy ( gargo@mnhn.fr ) Academic editor: Eike Neubert
© 2025 Olivier Gargominy, Benoît Fontaine, Sandrine Tercerie, Dario Zuccon.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Gargominy O, Fontaine B, Tercerie S, Zuccon D (2025) New species and new records of families, genera and species of land snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from French Guiana. ZooKeys 1230: 155-194. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.133585
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Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of material collected during four intensive collecting trips of land snails in French Guiana from 1995 to 2020 and deposited in the French National Museum of Natural History collections. This material forms the basis of the following novelties: four families are reported for the first time from French Guiana: Diplommatinidae, Cystopeltidae, Thysanophoridae and Strobilopsidae; three native species: Lyroconus plagioptycha (Helicoidea, Thysanophoridae), Pupisoma macneilli (Pupilloidea, Valloniidae) and Strobilops morsei (Pupilloidea, Strobilopsidae) and one introduced species Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Veronicelloidea, Veronicellidae) are reported for the first time from French Guiana; five new species are described: Adelopoma quasimodo Gargominy, sp. nov. (Cyclophoroidea, Diplommatinidae), Lilloiconcha galbao Gargominy, sp. nov. (Punctoidea, Cystopeltidae), Protoglyptus bernicolae Gargominy, sp. nov. (Orthalicoidea, Bulimulidae), Pseudosubulina santi Gargominy, sp. nov. (Testacelloidea, Spiraxidae), and Happia decaensi Gargominy, sp. nov. (Scolodontoidea, Scolodontidae). Finally, Drymaeus surinamensis Vernhout, 1914, syn. nov. is considered as a new synonym of Mesembrinus lusorius (L. Pfeiffer, 1855), and Drymaeus arcuatostriatus (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) is proposed as the new identification of Drymaeus meesi sensu Tillier, 1980 non Breure, 1976.
Résumé
Cet article présente une étude du matériel collecté lors de quatre missions de collecte intensive d’escargots terrestres en Guyane française de 1995 à 2020, dont le matériel est déposé dans les collections du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. Ce matériel a permis de révéler les nouveautés suivantes: quatre familles sont signalées pour la première fois de Guyane française: Diplommatinidae, Cystopeltidae, Thysanophoridae et Strobilopsidae ; trois espèces indigènes: Lyroconus plagioptycha (Helicoidea, Thysanophoridae), Pupisoma macneilli (Pupilloidea, Valloniidae) et Strobilops morsei (Pupilloidea, Strobilopsidae) et une espèce introduite Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Veronicelloidea, Veronicellidae) sont signalées pour la première fois de Guyane française ; cinq nouvelles espèces sont décrites: Adelopoma quasimodo Gargominy, sp. nov. (Cyclophoroidea, Diplommatinidae), Lilloiconcha galbao Gargominy, sp. nov. (Punctoidea, Cystopeltidae), Protoglyptus bernicolae Gargominy, sp. nov. (Orthalicoidea, Bulimulidae), Pseudosubulina santi Gargominy, sp. nov. (Testacelloidea, Spiraxidae) et Happia decaensi Gargominy, sp. nov. (Scolodontoidea, Scolodontidae). Enfin, Drymaeus surinamensis Vernhout, 1914, syn. nov. est considéré comme un nouveau synonyme de Mesembrinus lusorius (L. Pfeiffer, 1855), et Drymaeus arcuatostriatus (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) est proposé comme une nouvelle identification de Drymaeus meesi sensu Tillier, 1980 non Breure, 1976.
Key words:
Hidden diversity, Mitaraka, Nouragues, rainforest, Saül, Trinité
Introduction
French Guiana remains a real field of adventure and discovery for malacologists: access to sites is generally very difficult, land snails are very rare, and very few people make field collections. The very low visible abundance of land snails in the Guianan forest, already observed by early collectors (
In this context, in order to fill the gaps in the knowledge of this fauna, surveys (years 1997, 1999, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020) have been conducted in remote areas of French Guiana in order to inventory the molluscan diversity. They included massive sieving of leaf-litter and revealed a neglected small to minute mollusc fauna (e.g.,
Finally, we discuss the reasons this fauna is so poorly known, including the lack of prospecting in French Guiana and neighbouring countries, the rarity of snails, and their patchy distribution in a seemingly homogeneous rainforest.
Material and methods
Studied material
Studied material comes from four main collecting events (Fig.
- Survey at the Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Nouragues organized by the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN) and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). The scientific station (ca 130 m a.s.l.) is situated at the foot of an inselberg in the Balenfois Mountains (482 m) on the watershed dividing Comté and Approuagues catchments. Molluscs were sampled between 1 and 20 November 1997 (GBIF dataset) and in June 1999 (GBIF dataset) by the first author (OG) and Theo Ripken. Some material has already been the subject of publications and descriptions of new species (
Muratov and Gargominy 2011 ;Gargominy and Muratov 2012 ). - ‘Our Planet Reviewed’ Mitaraka 2015 Survey (GBIF dataset), co-organized by the MNHN and the NGO Pro-Natura International (PNI) (
Touroult et al. 2018 ). The expedition was conducted in the Mitaraka Mountains, a largely unknown and uninhabited area in the south-westernmost corner of French Guiana, directly bordering Suriname and Brazil. It forms part of the Maroni river catchment and of the Tumuc-Humac mountain chain, extending east in the Amapá region (Brazil) and west in southern Suriname. Molluscs were sampled between 1 and 24 March 2015 by the first (OG) and second (BF) authors (see reportGargominy and Fontaine 2015 ). - Atlas de la Biodiversité Communale (ABC) of Saül, initiated in 2018 and organized by the Parc Amazonien de Guyane (PAG) with financial support from the Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB). Saül is a small village situated in the middle of French Guiana at an altitude of 200 m a.s.l. from where Mont Galbao (717 m) can be reached in a day’s walk. Saül and Mont Galbao are situated on the watershed between the Mana and Maroni river catchments. Molluscs were sampled between 16 and 29 November 2018 by the three first authors and Sébastien Sant (PAG), and between 14 and 26 February 2020 by the first (OG) and second (BF) authors, Sébastien Sant (PAG), and Ahmed Abdou (MNHN) (GBIF dataset). The first results were published in
Gargominy et al. (2022) . - Survey at the Réserve naturelle nationale de La Trinité organized by the Office national des Forêts (ONF). This reserve comprises an isolated mountain range with inselbergs (478 m) on the watershed dividing the Maroni and Sinnamary catchments. Molluscs were sampled between 8 and 18 April 2019 by the second (BF) and third (ST) authors (GBIF dataset).
Additional material comes from donations, in particular Thibaud Decaëns and Sébastien Cally from Itoupé (DIADEMA project) on the watershed dividing the Maroni and Camopi/Oyapock catchments.
All the studied material is deposited in the Mollusc collection of the MNHN. Each lot can be traced with its inventory number, MNHN-IM-20XX-XXXX, in the collection database of the MNHN at the following address: https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/im/item/search?lang=en_US.
Sampling methods
Extensive sieving of leaf litter was conducted in all four field trips. This technique is the only way to approach species inventory completeness, because many species are either small or rare, and many are both. Leaf litter is processed at the collection site using a Winkler sieve (1 cm mesh), with the coarse material checked for snails (empty shells and live animals) and discarded. The remaining material is processed as quickly as possible at the base camp to collect live animals: it is passed through 5 mm, 2 mm, and 0.6 mm sieves. The two larger fractions are carefully examined with the naked eye and the third is sorted under a dissecting microscope. Material passing through the 0.6 mm sieve is discarded. Live molluscs are drowned overnight or prepared with the niku-nuki method (
DNA barcoding
Total genomic DNA was extracted using the Macherey-Nagel NucleoSpin 96 Tissue Kit and following the manufacturer’s protocol, in combination with the epMotion 5075 robot (Eppendorf). We amplified the 658 bp barcode portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) with primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 (
Abbreviations
AA Ahmed Abdou
BF Benoît Fontaine
OG Olivier Gargominy
ONF Office national des Forêts
PAG Parc amazonien de Guyane
RN Réserve Naturelle
ST Sandrine Tercerie
TR Theo E. J. Ripken
Systematics
Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1795
Subclass Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960
Order Architaenioglossa Haller, 1890
Superfamily Cyclophoroidea Gray, 1847
Family Neocyclotidae Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897
Subfamily Amphicyclotinae Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897
Genus Cyclopedus Gargominy & Muratov, 2012
Cyclopedus anselini
Cyclopedus anselini Gargominy & Muratov, 2012: 785, fig. 2.
Type locality.
French Guiana, Régina, Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, Montagnes Balenfois, field station.
Type material.
Holotype. French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; Régina, RN des Nouragues, carré N10 du km2 layonné (N10); 4.08845°N, 52.67269°W; alt. 140 m; 11 Nov. 1997; TR, OG leg.; leaf litter on lateritic soil in a natural forest gap; MNHN-IM-2000-25066. Paratypes (3). French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; same data as the holotype;
Other material examined.
French Guiana • 42 dry specimens; Régina, RN des Nouragues, carré M12 du km2 layonné (N7); 4.08699°N, 52.67381°W; alt. 140 m; 08 Nov. 1997; TR, OG leg.; forêt primaire, grand plateau;
Remarks.
Mont Galbao and Montagnes de la Trinité represent two new records for this species previously only known from its type locality in Nouragues (
The first living specimens are reported here. The body is totally white but the area around and below the eyes is lightly pink; two quite distinct black eyes at the outer base of the tentacles; tentacle slightly conical, with the outer third pale pink (Fig.
Family Diplommatinidae L. Pfeiffer, 1847
Genus Adelopoma Doering, 1885
Adelopoma quasimodo , sp. nov.
Type locality.
French Guiana, Saül, northeastern foothills of Bœuf Mort mountain.
Type material.
Holotype. French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; Saül, Versant nord de Bœuf Mort, le long du sentier de Grand Bœuf Mort (SAUL44); 3.64098°N, 53.21863°W; alt. 300 m; 24 Nov. 2018; OG, SS, ST, BF (PAG &
Other material examined.
French Guiana • 9 dry specimens; Saül, Cascades du Mont Galbao, face nord-est (SAUL64); 3.60376°N, 53.26121°W; alt. 320 m; 19 Feb. 2020; BF, AA, OG (PAG &
Diagnosis.
An Adelopoma species of minute size, more ovate than conical, densely ribbed, and with a deep suture.
Description.
Holotype: Shell minute (height 2.0 mm, diameter 1.1 mm), sinistral, thin, elongate, conical in first whorls then cylindrical; colour white, subtranslucent. Whorls 5.2, inflated, strongly rounded, separated by a deep suture. Protoconch 1.5 whorls, smooth; protoconch/teleoconch transition distinct because of change in sculpture; surface of teleoconch with lamellate axial ribs (27 on body whorl) and distinct minute spiral striae between the ribs. Body whorl rounded, ventrolaterally with a distinct bulge through which an inner, palatal, crescent-shaped denticle can be seen. Aperture almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome not descending; peristome continuous but the upper part largely merged to the preceding whorl, double, weakly expanded and thickened; there is a columellar lamella at the bottom of the columella, which can be fully seen only by looking through the aperture (also indistinctly visible in frontal view in the aperture); perforate, umbilicus marked by the continuation of the axial ribs. Operculum unknown.
Adelopoma quasimodo sp. nov., holotype MNHN-IM-2012-21233. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Paratypes: Operculum ~ 0.5 mm, corneous, concave, almost completely circular in shape, completely transparent and whitish. Body (5) colourless and transparent; except for the ca two first whorls where the light brown odd caesura can be seen by transparency. Eyes black, quite minute, at the base of the tentacles. Tentacles ~ 0.2 mm long, cylindrical, extending upward.
Adelopoma quasimodo sp. nov., holotype MNHN-IM-2012-21233: A detail of antepenultimate whorl showing spiral microsculpture B detail of the bulge of body whorl showing denticle inside the shell by transparency. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Etymology.
The species is named after Quasimodo, the hunchback character of Victor Hugo’s novel Notre-Dame de Paris, and refers to the bulge on the body whorl. It also reminds one of the catastrophic event of the fire at Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral on 15 April 2019, which occurred during the Trinité collecting trip. Treated as a noun in apposition.
Distribution.
This species is only known from Saül, on the northeastern foothills of both Bœuf Mort and Galbao mountains.
Habitat.
Primary forest, under leaf litter on alkaline soils.
Remarks.
This species shares with Adelopoma peruvianum Hausdorf & Munoz, 2004 the distinct bulge on the body whorl, the presence of a columellar lamella and the distinct perforation which are distinctive characteristics of A. peruvianum according to the original description (
We obtained two COI sequences differing by nine mutations. Both are related to one sequence of Adelopoma tucma (Döring, 1884) from Argentina, type species of the genus (p-distance 6.1–6.4%, GenBank HM753341;
The genus Adelopoma is known from Mexico to Peru, northern Argentina (Tucumán), south-eastern Brazil, Venezuela, and Trinidad (
Subclass Heterobranchia Burmeister, 1837
Infraclass Euthyneura
Subterclass Tectipleura Schrödl, Jörger, Klussmann- Kolb & N. G. Wilson, 2011
Superorder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
Order Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1855
Suborder Helicina Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
Family Cystopeltidae Cockerell, 1891
Genus Lilloiconcha Weyrauch, 1965
Lilloiconcha galbao , sp. nov.
Type locality.
French Guiana, Saül, Mont Galbao.
Type material.
Holotype. French Guiana • 1 dried specimen; Saül, Mont Galbao (SAUL47); 3.60183°N, 53.27239°W; alt. 650 m; 27 Nov. 2018; OG, SS, ST, BF (PAG &
Diagnosis.
A Lilloiconcha species with more than five whorls, as high as large, with a small umbilicus and strong ribs.
Description.
Holotype: Shell minute (height 2.2 mm, diameter 2.6 mm), dextral, globose, dome-shaped to gibbous, thin; colour corneous; whorls 5.4, inflated, rounded, separated by a deep suture; spire coiling regularly increasing. Protoconch two whorls, smooth; protoconch/teleoconch transition distinct because of change in sculpture; teleoconch sculpture of regular radial ribs, 60 on the body whorl, and a reticulate pattern consisting of fine growth-striae and dense microscopical spiral threads between the ribs. Body whorl rounded. Aperture almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome not descending towards the aperture; suture impressed. Peristome simple, sharp, neither expanded nor thickened. Umbilicus U-shaped, almost cylindrical, contained 3.8× in the shell greater diameter.
Lilloiconcha galbao sp. nov.: A–D holotype MNHN-IM-2013-75668 E–H, paratype
Animal greyish, sole paler; tail without distinct caudal pit, not distinctly truncated; ocular tentacles long and gracile, inflated at the tip; eyes black, small, on the upper front of the tentacles (Fig.
Lilloiconcha galbao sp. nov., holotype MNHN-IM-2013-75668 crawling on a dead leaf.
Paratypes: Juveniles have internal lamellae which are dissolved (not present) in adult specimens (more than 4.5–5 whorls, as the holotype): a longitudinal lamella in the middle of the parietal wall formed by up to three (one or two in subadult specimens) elongate, high (~ 40% of the aperture diameter) teeth separated by gaps of half their length, covering ~ 1/8 whorl in length; at the opposite palatal side of each parietal tooth, there is a transversal lamella, extending from the outermost side of the aperture towards half of the columellar wall, principally thickened in front of its corresponding parietal tooth and extending a little bit inside along the whorl. In early juveniles this palatal lamella is reduced to a simple denticle. The lamellar complex reduces the aperture diameter to half its value.
Etymology.
The species is named after the type locality, Mont Galbao; treated as a noun in apposition.
Distribution.
This species is only known from its type locality, Mont Galbao.
Habitat.
Primary forest, under leaf litter on alkaline soils.
Remarks.
This species is attributed to genus Lilloiconcha Weyrauch, 1965 based on the conchological characters given by
We provide the COI sequence of one paratype which relates to the congeneric Lilloiconcha superba from Brazil (p-distance 12.5%, GenBank MN792606;
The presence of Lilloiconcha in French Guiana is not surprising regarding the distribution of the widespread Lilloiconcha gordurasensis (Thiele, 1927) (
Infraorder Helicoidei
Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Family Thysanophoridae Pilsbry, 1926
Genus Lyroconus H.B. Baker, 1927
Lyroconus plagioptycha
Helix plagioptycha Shuttleworth, 1854: 37.
Thysanophora plagioptycha
(Shuttleworth, 1854)—
Lyroconus plagioptycha
(Shuttleworth, 1854)—
Material examined.
French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; Régina, Montagne Favard (Montagne de Kaw), ca 200 m sur le chemin W depuis la fin de la route (dégrad) D6 (COT03); 4.5°N, 52.05722°W; 20 Oct. 1997; TR, OG leg.; Petit ruisseau, forêt;
Remarks.
All specimens collected in French Guiana are consistent with the diagnosis by
Lyroconus plagioptycha (type locality Puerto Rico) is a widespread species in Greater Antilles and Central America from Florida to Venezuela (https://www.gbif.org/species/5190501), and was recently recorded in northeastern Brazil (
In French Guiana, the species is known from 10 to 500 m a.s.l. both on coastal areas (e.g., Saint-Laurent, Cayenne, Kaw mountain) as well as in the interior in Saül and Trinité.
Two haplotypes were recovered, one from Mana and the other from Saül. Despite their large genetic difference (p-distance 2.7%), the specimens appear identical in morphology.
Infraorder Orthalicoidei
Superfamily Orthalicoidea Martens, 1860
Family Bulimulidae Tryon, 1867
Subfamily Bulimulinae Tryon, 1867
Genus Protoglyptus Pilsbry, 1897
Protoglyptus bernicolae , sp. nov.
Type locality.
French Guiana, Saül, Mont Galbao.
Type material.
Holotype. French Guiana • 1 95% ethanol specimen (shell separated); Saül, Mont Galbao (SAUL47); 3.60183°N, 53.27239°W; alt. 650 m; 27 Nov. 2018; OG, SS, ST, BF (PAG &
Other material examined.
French Guiana • 4 dry specimens; Mana, Réserve de la Trinité, cambrouse layon C à environ 1300 m du camp Aya (TRI20); 4.58417°N, 53.4054°W; alt. 80 m; 14 Apr. 2019; BF, ST (
Diagnosis.
A Protoglyptus species with whorls slightly keeled at the periphery and spiral rows of long setae mainly placed on this keel.
Description.
Holotype. Shell of medium size (height 6.0 mm, diameter 5.5 mm), dextral, thin, shiny, medium-spired, conical; colour uniformly brownish, almost subtranslucent. Whorls 4.5, slightly inflated with shallow suture, slightly keeled at the periphery; last whorl descending more rapidly below the periphery of the preceding. Protoconch one whorl, with sculpture consisting of oblique radial ribs, interstices ~ 3× as wide as the ribs, with very fine spiral striae in between the riblets; protoconch/teleoconch transition distinct because of change in sculpture; surface of teleoconch with sculpture consisting, on the upper part of the whorl, of 6–10 fine spiral rows of periostracal scales expanding to long setae at the periphery of the whorl and shorter setae at the middle of its upper part; on the lower part, ~ 16 fine spiral rows of periostracal scales expanding to shorter setae on three rows; this spiral sculpture on the lower part of the whorl totally disappearing from the aperture into the interior of the shell. Peristome not formed, simple; aperture oblique, prosocline, crescent-like. Umbilicus very small, punctiform, partially covered by the columellar wall.
Protoglyptus bernicolae sp. nov., holotype MNHN-IM-2013-75865. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Body pale grey, whitish around the head; head brownish, similar to the colour of the shell; upper tentacles elongated, inflated at the tip; eyes black, small, situated on the upper part of the tentacles; lower tentacles with whitish tips. Inner mantle with small white patches visible through the transparency of the shell (Fig.
Protoglyptus bernicolae sp. nov.: holotype MNHN-IM-2013-75865 alive.
Etymology.
The species is named after Bernard and Nicole Gargominy, parents of the first author, in recognition of the unswerving taste for nature they have transmitted. The species name is a contraction of both first names declined in the feminine genitive as it ends with Nicole.
Distribution.
This species is only known from French Guiana: Mont Galbao and Réserve de la Trinité.
Habitat.
In leaf litter of vegetation dominated by Lasiacis species (“cambrouses”).
Remarks.
No fully adult specimens have been found. The holotype is the more subadult specimen and the aperture description is thus not informative. The structure of the protoconch immediately places the species as belonging to genus Protoglyptus. Protoglyptus longiseta (S. Moricand, 1846) described from Bahia Province, Brazil (
This species seems to be restricted to vegetation dominated by Lasiacis species (Poaceae) locally called “cambrouses”.
The six COI sequences (four haplotypes) form two groups, from Saül and Trinité, respectively, differing by 2.1–2.7% (p-distance).
Subfamily Peltellinae Gray, 1855
Genus Drymaeus Albers, 1850
Drymaeus arcuatostriatus
Bulimus arcuatostriatus L. Pfeiffer, 1855: 95: ”Peru” ”Long. 30, lat. 13 mill.” (Cuming coll.).
Drymaeus (Drymaeus) arcuatostriatus
(L. Pfeiffer, 1855)—
“Drymaeus meesi Breure, 1976”—
Material examined.
French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; Saül, Arbre à contreforts au niveau du belvédère de Saül, crête sud de Bœuf Mort (SAUL20); 3.62593°N, 53.21714°W; alt. 297 m; 16 Nov. 2018; OG, SS, ST, BF (PAG &
Remarks.
The specimen illustrated by
The species is to be considered within the Drymaeus (Drymaeus) expansus (L. Pfeiffer, 1848) species complex as defined by
A living specimen (Fig.
Drymaeus arcuatostriatus, Saül. Photograph by S. Sant (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74538163).
Genus Mesembrinus Albers, 1850
Mesembrinus lusorius
Bulimus lusorius
L. Pfeiffer, 1855: 291;
Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) lusorius
—
Mesembrinus lusorius
—
Drymaeus surinamensis Vernhout, 1914: 13, pl. 1 fig. 3. syn. nov.
Mesembrinus surinamensis
(Vernhout, 1914)—MolluscaBase, “new comb. herein, based on the ranking of Mesembrinus by
Material examined.
French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; Apatou; 1931–1932; BOUGE leg.;
Remarks.
Bulimus lusorius L. Pfeiffer, 1855 was described from the “Banks of Amazon, Brazils” (
Described as a subgenus of Drymaeus, Mesembrinus has been elevated to genus rank by
Specimen A of
Infraorder Pupilloidei
Superfamily Pupilloidea W. Turton, 1831
Family Strobilopsidae Wenz, 1915
Genus Strobilops Pilsbry, 1893
Strobilops morsei
Strobila labyrinthica var. morsei Dall, 1885: 263.
Strobilops morsei —Pilsbry (1927–1935): 39, pl. 6 figs 4, 6 [type], pl. 6 fig. 5.
Strobila labyrinthica morsei
—
Material examined.
French Guiana • 1 95% ethanol specimen; Maripasoula, Massif du Mitaraka, Sommet en Cloche (mitaraka02); 2.22804°N, 54.467°W; alt. 599 m; 12 Mar. 2015; OG, BF leg.; inselberg avec bromeliacées; GenBank: PQ629108; Bold: DREAL1035-23;
Remarks.
This species was described from Venezuela (
In French Guiana, Strobilops morsei is only known from the Mitaraka Mountains between 340 and 600 m a.s.l.
The two COI sequences (same haplotype) are related to some Strobilops labyrinthicus from Canada (p-distance 7.2–8.1%).
Family Valloniidae Morse, 1864
Genus Pupisoma Stoliczka, 1873
Pupisoma macneilli
Thysanophora macneilli G.H. Clapp, 1918: 74, pl. 8 fig. 1.
Pupisoma macneilli
(G.H. Clapp, 1918)—
Material examined.
French Guiana • 25 dry specimens; Cayenne, Ilet la Mère (carré J14 de l’Institut Pasteur) (GUY34); 4.89102°N, 52.18392°W; alt. 10 m; 28 Nov. 1997; TR, OG leg.; forêt anciennement dégradée, pied d’un fromager;
Remarks.
We revised all Pupisoma species we collected in French Guiana according to
Infraorder Succineoidei
Superfamily Testacelloidea Gray, 1840
Family Spiraxidae H.B. Baker, 1939
Subfamily Spiraxinae H.B. Baker, 1939
Genus Pseudosubulina Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882
Pseudosubulina santi , sp. nov.
Type locality.
French Guiana, in the vicinity of Saül village, southern foothill of Bœuf Mort mountain.
Type material.
Holotype. French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; Saül, Arbre à contreforts au niveau du belvédère de Saül, crête sud de Bœuf Mort (SAUL20); 3.62593°N, 53.21714°W; alt. 297 m; 16 Nov. 2018; OG, SS, ST, BF (PAG &
Other material examined.
French Guiana • 1 95% ethanol specimens; Saül, Bœuf Mort (SAUL54); 3.63966°N, 53.21413°W; alt. 350 m; 15 Feb. 2020; BF, AA, OG (PAG &
Pseudosubulina santi sp. nov. holotype MNHN-IM-2012-21923. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Diagnosis.
A Pseudosubulina of normal size characterised by its absence of sculpture on the shell where only growth lines are visible.
Description.
Holotype. Shell of normal size for the genus (height 13.1 mm, major diameter 2.9 mm), dextral, slender, turreted with straight outline, glossy, rather thin, semi-translucent, white. Whorls 13, rounded, slightly flattened at the periphery, with a rather deep straight crenulated suture all the way to the aperture. Protoconch smooth, protoconch/teleoconch transition indistinct. Surface of teleoconch with very fine and numerous growth lines. Aperture elongated, orthocline, with slightly more than 90° columellar-basal angle, cut by penultimate whorl. Peristome simple, with sharp margin, not reflected except at columellar edge; reflection of columellar edge more developed in its upper part. Umbilicus tiny, partially covered by columellar edge.
Etymology.
The species is named after Sébastien Sant, a good friend and experienced botanist and naturalist who helped us so much during our field trip in Saül.
Distribution.
This species is only known from French Guiana in the vicinity of Saül village, including the southern foothill of Mont Galbao.
Habitat.
Primary forest, under leaf litter on granitic or lateritic soil.
Remarks.
Paratype (
Four specimens were barcoded without success.
Pseudosubulina santi sp. nov. is the third species of the genus recorded from French Guiana. Although it is known only from Saül area, it is not rare there: it is recorded in the vicinity of the village as well as on Mont Galbao, i.e., at altitudes between 125 and 650 m a.s.l.
Pseudosubulina santi sp. nov. is found in syntopy with Pseudosubulina theoripkeni Gargominy & Muratov, 2012.
Pseudosubulina theoripkeni
Pseudosubulina theoripkeni Gargominy & Muratov, 2012: 786, figs 3, 4.
Type locality.
French Guiana, Régina, Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, Montagnes Balenfois, field station.
Type material.
Holotype. French Guiana • Régina, RN des Nouragues, carré G17 du km2 layonné (N1); 4.08524°N, 52.68179°W; alt. 75 m; 03 Nov. 1997; TR, OG leg.; forêt primaire, bord de ruisseau, bloc granitique; MNHN-IM-2000-25068. Paratypes (8). French Guiana 1 95% ethanol specimen and 1 dry specimen; same data as the holotype;
Other material examined.
French Guiana • 1 dry specimen; Roura, Route de Cacao (Boulanger), 5.3 km après embranchement N2, 700 m après la scierie (COT13); 4.56548°N, 52.41922°W; alt. 100 m; 23 Oct. 1997; TR, OG leg.; Une parcelle brûlée et forêt adjacente;
Description of external body.
Body white, first ~ 8 whorls darker because of dark hepatopancreas; tentacles almost cylindrical but a little larger at the base, with thickening, pale brownish tip; eyes not distinctly visible (Fig.
Distribution.
Roura, Saül (including Mont Galbao), Itoupé, and Montagnes de la Trinité are new records for this species previously only known from its type locality in Nouragues (
Remarks.
The first living specimens ever found are reported here; they were barcoded without success.
Suborder Scolodontina
Superfamily Scolodontoidea H.B. Baker, 1925
Family Scolodontidae H.B. Baker, 1925
Genus Happia Bourguignat, 1890
Happia decaensi , sp. nov.
Type locality.
French Guiana, Camopi, Mont Itoupé.
Type material.
Holotype. French Guiana • 1 95% ethanol specimen (shell separated); Camopi, Mont Itoupé; 3.02696°N, 53.07902°W; alt. 800 m; 06 Jan. 2016–17 Jan. 2016; Thibaud Decaëns, Sébastien Cally leg.; MNHN-IM-2013-75995. Paratypes (7). French Guiana • 4 dry specimens; Régina, RN des Nouragues, carré J12 du km2 layonné (N3); 4.0883°N, 52.67675°W; alt. 80 m; 04 Nov. 1997; TR, OG leg.; forêt primaire, pied d’arbre à contrefort (code J-12-22);
Diagnosis.
A large Happia species with relatively high whorls, strong indentation on the upper sutural margin, largely umbilicated.
Description.
Holotype. Shell small (height 2.8 mm, greater diameter 5.6 mm), dextral, totally depressed, thin; colour pale corneous; whorls 3.8, inflated, rounded, slightly flattened on the upper part, overlapping the preceding, separated by a marked suture; spire planispiral, coiling rapidly increasing. Protoconch 1.7 whorl, with ~ 10 delicate spiral threads hardly visible due to periostracal erosion, also visible from adapical view; protoconch/teleoconch transition distinct, particularly from adapical view; teleoconch smooth (but see remarks below), with sigmoid, prominent, closely spaced growth wrinkles with irregular levels of shell calcification underneath, radial on umbilical part of whorls, strongly rounded backwards near upper suture. Body whorl rounded, strongly flattened above periphery up to a small bulge above the suture. Aperture prosocline, strongly sigmoid with an acute and deep (1 mm) incision in parietal angle, basally circular. Peristome simple, sharp. Umbilicus very large, almost half of the greater diameter, conical with flat protoconch entirely visible.
Etymology.
The species is named after Thibaud Decaëns who provided the holotype and only living specimen, a good friend and experienced earthworm expert.
Distribution.
This species is known from French Guiana only, Nouragues and Itoupé.
Habitat.
Leaf litter of tropical rain forest, from 80 (Nouragues) to 800 m (Itoupé) a.s.l.
Remarks.
The holotype was barcoded, without success.
The paratype
Happia decaensi sp. nov.: A–D holotype MNHN-IM-2013-75995 E paratype
Referring to
This new species represents the first record of the genus Happia in French Guiana.
Order Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
Superfamily Veronicelloidea J. E. Gray, 1840
Family Veronicellidae J. E. Gray, 1840
Genus Diplosolenodes Thomé, 1975
Diplosolenodes occidentalis
Onchidium occidentale Guilding, 1825: 323.
Material examined.
French Guiana • 2 95% ethanol specimens; Saül, Dans le village sur la piste (SAUL22); 3.62386°N, 53.21075°W; alt. 173 m; 16 Nov. 2018; OG, SS, ST, BF (PAG &
Remarks.
These two specimens were collected at night on a track within the village of Saül and nowhere outside the village, which argues for a human introduction rather than a natural occurrence. Identification is based on the COI sequences. The same haplotype recovered from two specimens matches with a Suriname specimen (p-distance 99.83%, GenBank KM489511; Gomes, S.R., Barr, N. and Robinson, D., 2015, unpubl.).
Discussion
The French Guiana land gastropod fauna (81 species) is surprisingly not diverse when compared to other groups from the same area: 15,100 species of insects (
Total number of extant species
There are currently 81 known land gastropod species in French Guiana, including 13 introduced or cryptogenic ones (this paper,
Under-surveyed areas
The logistical difficulties to reach the forested interior of French Guiana, together with the low abundance of most species, account for the fact that apart from the coastal zone, French Guiana is very poorly known. Fig.
Map of sample localities for land snails in French Guiana: pre-2000 samples (blue dots), post-1999 samples (red dots), and opportunistic large (mostly single) species samples (plus symbol; Angustipes carceralis, Bulimulus eyriesii, Euglandina striata, Labyrinthus spp., Lissachatina immaculata, Megalobulimus oblongus, Neocyclotus spp., Orthalicidae, Solaropsis undata).
Range of known species
Some recently described (Cyclopedus anselini, Happia decaensi, Pseudosubulina theoripkeni) or recorded species (Lyroconus plagioptycha, Pupisoma macneilli) appear to be potentially widespread in French Guiana, suggesting they have been overlooked by previous collectors. Recent collecting events have added four new families to French Guiana (this paper;
Conversely, many species are only known from their type localities, such as Adelopoma quasimodo, Lilloiconcha galbao, and Pseudosubulina santi only known around Saül, or Strobilops morsei which is only known from Mitaraka. However, the vast majority of French Guiana has never been searched for land snails, it is therefore premature to draw any conclusions about the real range of these species.
Genetics
Whenever possible, we have endeavoured to collect live specimens and extract DNA to obtain COI sequences (total of 126 specimens belonging to ~ 29 species). However, apart from introduced species (Veronicellidae, Subulininae), these sequences could not be analysed using phylogenetic trees, since there are very few available published genetic data for South American species. Thus, supplementary field work targeting live specimens for genetic material and massive sequencing is needed to complete our knowledge.
Shelf life and turbo-taxonomy
The situation is similar for another soil invertebrate taxon, earthworms (Order Crassiclitellata), of which 42 described species are known from French Guiana (
All described species in this paper are mainly based on material collected in Saül, a shelf life of 6 years, with the exception of Happia decaensi collected as early as 1997, a shelf life of 27 years. This is less than the 21 years of shelf life between discovery and description of 600 species randomly taken from among the 16,994 species described in 2007, fungi, plants, and animals together (
Acknowledgements
We thank Charles Dominique and Jean-Marie Betsch for inviting OG and Theo Ripken to the 1997 and 1999 Nouragues field trips through the “Programme pluri-formation” (
The Saül expeditions were conducted in the framework of Atlas de la Biodiversité Communale (ABC) of Saül organized by the Parc amazonien de Guyane (convention n°2020-PNC-02) with financial support from Office français de la biodiversité (OFB). We especially thank Audrey Thonnel and the local team of the PAG at Saül, in particular Sébastien Sant. Ahmed Abdou took part in the second field session in Saül and was a great help.
The Trinité field trip was organized by Luc Ackermann (Office National des Forêts), with funding from Office National des Forêts (ONF) and DEAL Guyane.
We thank Thibaud Decaëns and Sébastien Cally for material collected during DIADEMA project on Mont Itoupé allowed by Parc Amazonien de Guyane (financial support provided by an Investissement d’Avenir grant of the Agence Nationale de la Recherche CEBA, ANR-10-LABX-25-01) (authorization number TREL1820249A/51).
Jon Ablett was very helpful with types of the British Museum. We thank the malacological team at
Additional information
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ethical statement
No ethical statement was reported.
Funding
This work was in part supported by ‘Service de Systématique Moléculaire’ (UMS 2700 2AD,
Author contributions
OG, BF and ST did the field work. DZ did the molecular analyses. OG described the new species, proposed some taxonomic modifications and wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all the authors reviewed and amended the manuscript.
Author ORCIDs
Olivier Gargominy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-944X
Benoît Fontaine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1017-5643
Sandrine Tercerie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4341-062X
Dario Zuccon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-5924
Data availability
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.
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