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Research Article
Taxonomic notes on the genus Chlorophorus Chevrolat, 1863 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), with one new synonym and four newly recorded species from China
expand article infoZheng-Ju Fu‡, Lu Chen‡, Zhu Li‡
‡ Southwest University, Chongqing, China

Corresponding author: Zhu Li ( lizhu0526@swu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Francesco Vitali
© 2024 Zheng-Ju Fu, Lu Chen, Zhu Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Fu Z-J, Chen L, Li Z (2024) Taxonomic notes on the genus Chlorophorus Chevrolat, 1863 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), with one new synonym and four newly recorded species from China. ZooKeys 1214: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1214.131143
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B85C4AFE-4E7C-4539-90FF-1E2B92412BC1
Open Access

Abstract

Chlorophorus fainanensis Pic, 1918 is redescribed. Four species, C. coniperda Holzschuh, 1992, C. diversicolor Holzschuh, 2016, C. orbatus Holzschuh, 1991 and C. pinguis Holzschuh, 1992 are newly reported from China. A new synonymy, Chlorophorus arciferus (Chevrolat, 1863) = Chlorophorus semisinuatus Pic, 1949, syn. nov. is proposed.

Key words

Cerambycinae, Clytini, longhorn beetle, new records, new synonym, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Chlorophorus was established by Chevrolat in 1863 with the type species Callidium annulare Fabricius, 1787. It is distributed in the Old World, mainly in the Oriental and Palearctic regions. It is the largest genus in the tribe Clytini, consisting of 299 species/subspecies worldwide (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2024). Numerous taxonomists have significantly contributed to the diversity of the genus. Pic (1908, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1931, 1943, 1949, 1950) described 34 species and Gressitt and Rondon (1970) described 11 species/subspecies from Laos. Holzschuh (1984, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1992, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2019) described 47 taxa and Viktora (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023) described 29 taxa since the 1980s, primarily originating from Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, India and China.

Özdikmen (2011) conducted a study using especially Turkish species to propose a subgeneric arrangement with five subgenera. Current research indicates that the genus is polyphyletic (Lee and Lee 2020; Zamoroka 2021). Zamoroka (2021) proposed five new genera based on the three mitochondrial genes 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and COI and two nuclear genes 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA of 15 species, leading to the genus Sparganophorus Zamoroka, 2021, to the subgenus Viridiphorus Zamoroka, 2021 and to the subgeneric status of Humeromaculatus Özdikmen, 2011 and Perderomaculatus Özdikmen, 2011. Based on the elytral pattern of all the taxa worldwide, Özdikmen (2022) proposed 36 subgenera for the world fauna. However, Lazarev (2024) synonymized Sparganophorus with Humeromaculatus and Viridiphorus with Brevenotatus, and he treated Perderomaculatus as a subgenus. As Özdikmen (2022) indicated, it should be noted that the subgeneric arrangement of Chlorophorus remains far from its final solution. Waiting for a general agreement, the subgenera are not considered in this article.

Prior to our study, 83 species/subspecies had been recorded in China (Chen et al. 2019; Danilevsky, 2020; Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2024). In the present study, four newly recorded species are included, making a total of 87 species/subspecies recorded in China.

Material and methods

Pictures of adult morphology are composites taken using a digital camera Canon 7D with HELICON REMOTE (HeliconSoft, Ukraine). For detailed examination, male genitalia were extracted from specimens, cleared in 10% NaOH, and stored in ethanol 75%. The male genitalia were imaged using a Leica M205A stereomicroscope.

The following collection abbreviations are used in the text.

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, UK

BPBM Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, USA

CCH Collection Carolus Holzschuh, Vienna, Austria

MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

OUMNH Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, UK

SWU Insect Collection of Southwest University, Chongqing, China

SYSU Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

Taxonomy

Chlorophorus fainanensis Pic, 1918

Figs 1–6, 7

Chlorophorus fainanensis Pic, 1918: 4. TL: China, Taiwan. TD: MNHN.

Chlorophorus (Humeromaculatus) ? fainanensis Özdikmen 2022: 654, 690.

Specimens examined

China • 12♂♂ 5♀♀; Anhui Province, Huangshan City, Tangkou Town, Zhaixi Village, Huangshan Wild Monkey Valley; 10–14 VII. 2014; Qiu Jianyue and Xu Hao leg. (SWU).

Distribution

China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Taiwan); Japan.

Redescription

Male, body length: 11.6–15.4 mm; humeral width: 2.6–3.3 mm.

Female, body length: 11.1–14.0 mm; humeral width: 2.0–3.0 mm.

Body moderately slender, female slightly stouter than male. Body black, covered with sulphur-yellowish or olive-green pubescence; antennae black with pale grayish pubescence. Pronotum with three or four markings, vague and small markings or a pair of dots on the center of disc, and a spot before middle of each side. Scutellum covered by yellowish pubescence; each elytron marked with three black markings: 1) an externally open arc commencing on humerus and extending around to outer portion of disc just before end of basal fourth; 2) a wide transverse band in the middle; and 3) a narrower band at apical fourth. Legs dark reddish-brown covered with grayish pubescence.

Head narrow, irregularly punctured; frons wider; antennae filiform and slender, reaching the basal fourth of elytra. Third antennomere slightly longer than scape and the fourth. Pronotum rounded at sides, widest before middle, l.2 times as long as wide at widest; apical margin distinctly narrower than base; disk slightly convex, coarsely punctate. Scutellum rounded apically, slightly longer than wide. Elytra 2.8 times as long as humeral width, parallel at side and narrowed towards apex; elytral apex truncate. Legs long and narrow; femora slightly club-shaped; mesofemora carinate internally; tibiae narrow and almost straight; metatarsomere 1 as long as remainder combined.

Figures 1–6. 

Chlorophorus fainanensis Pic, 1918 1 male a dorsal habitus b ventral habitus 2 female a dorsal habitus b ventral habitus 3–5 males and 6 female from Anhui, adults, dorsal habitus. Scale bars for adult habitus: 5 mm.

Male genitalia. Tergite VIII as long as broad, apex truncate and moderately emarginate, and with long setae (Fig. 7a, b); parameres elongate, base of each paramere transversely ridged ventrally, the ridge covered with setae (Fig. 7c–e); median lobe long and slender, curved in lateral view, median struts 2/5 times as long as entire median lobe, ventral plate longer than dorsal plate, the apex of ventral plate pointed; median foramen rounded (Fig. 7f, g).

Remarks

Gressitt (1951) synonymized C. fainanensis with C. signaticollis Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1841 (= C. annulatus (Hope, 1831)) and then Holzschuh (2020) resurrected it. There is a lot of variation in the pronotal and elytral markings. The species is often confused with C. annulatus, C. hainanicus Gressitt, 1940 and C. arciferus (Chevrolat, 1863). It can be distinguished by the preapical band on the elytra and different male genitalia: parameres 2/5 as long as the entire tegmen, neither 3/5 (C. hainanicus and C. arciferus), nor 1/4 (C. annulatus). It is native to Taiwan and distributed in the east of mainland China Zhejiang (Lin et al. 2023) and Anhui.

Figure 7. 

Chlorophorus fainanensis Pic, 1918, male genitalia a, b tergite VIII with sternites VIII and IX a dorsal view b ventral view c–e tegmen c dorsal view d ventral view e lateral view f, g median lobe f ventral view g lateral view. Scale bars for genitalia: 1 mm.

Chlorophorus arciferus (Chevrolat, 1863)

Figs 8–14, 15

Amauraesthes arciferus Chevrolat, 1863: 330. TL: India. TD: BMNH.

Caloclytus arciferus Gahan 1906: 263.

Chlorophorus arciferus Aurivillius 1912: 403.

Clytanthus varius v. pieli Pic, 1924:15. TL: China, Jiangsu. TD: MNHN.

Clytanthus verbasci v. rectefasciatus Pic, 1937: 14. TL: Vietnam. TD: MNHN.

Chlorophorus semisinuatus Pic, 1949: 54. TL: India. TD: MNHN. syn. nov.

Chlorophorus (Immaculatus) arciferus Lazarev 2019: 147.

Chlorophorus (Humeromagnomaculatus) arciferus Özdikmen 2022: 655, 687, 691.

Specimens examined

China • 13♂♂ 12♀♀; Xizang, Lingzhi City, Chayu County, Shangchayu Town, Shizhong Village; 1700 m; 26 VIII. 2017; Qiu Jianyue, Peng Chenli and Xu Hao leg. (SWU) • 4♂♂ 5♀♀; Xizang, Lingzhi City, Motuo County, Beibeng Township, Yarang Village; 800 m; 21 VIII. 2017; Qiu Jianyue, Peng Chenli and Xu Hao leg. (SWU).

Figures 8–14. 

Chlorophorus arciferus (Chevrolat, 1863) 8 adult habitus (from BMNH photo J.-Y. Qiu and H. Xu) 9 adult habitus (from MNHN, photo X. Gouverneur) 10 holotype of Chlorophorus semisinuatus Pic, 1949 (from MNHN, photo X. Gouverneur) 11–13 males and 14 female from Xizang, adults, dorsal habitus. Scale bars for adult habitus: 5 mm.

Male genitalia

Tergite VIII rounded at apical margin. Sternite VIII truncate at apical margin and with long setae (Fig. 15a, b); Tegmen weakly arcuate in lateral view, paramere 3/5 the length of tegmen, dehiscent in apical 1/4, provided with short setae near apex (Fig. 15c–e); median lobe long and slender, curved in lateral view, median struts 2/5 times as long as entire median lobe, ventral plate longer than dorsal plate, the apex of ventral plate pointed; median foramen convex (Fig. 15f, g).

Remarks

Gressitt (1951) reported C. varius pieli from China (Shanghai, Zhejiang, Anhui, Sichuan) and treated Clytanthus verbasci v. rectefasciatus as a synonym of this taxon. Gressitt and Rondon (1970) synonymized C. varius v. pieli and C. socius with C. arciferus. However, according to Holzschuh (1991b), the figures provided in both Gressitt (1951, plate XI, fig. 5 with legend “C. varius v. pieli ?: Anhwei”) and Gressitt and Rondon (1970, fig. 36h–i; 36h marked as C. arciferus and 36i as “ditto subsp ?”) do not show C. arciferus; fig. 36h might represent C. ictericus Holzschuh, 1991 and fig. 36i C. copiosus Holzschuh, 1991. Hua (2002) reported C. arciferus from China (Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hainan, Sichuan), Laos, Bhutan, India and Nepal. But fig. 145 in Hua et al. (1993, pl. X) and fig. 334 in Hua et al. (2009, pl. XXIX) do not show C. arciferus either.

Figure 15. 

Chlorophorus arciferus (Chevrolat, 1863), male genitalia a, b tergite VIII with sternites VIII and IX a dorsal view b ventral view c–e tegmen c dorsal view d ventral view e lateral view f, g median lobe f ventral view g lateral view. Scale bars for genitalia: 1 mm.

So far, we have examined specimens only from Xizang, China (Figs 11–14). Therefore, the distribution of this species is not wide: it might be distributed in India, Nepal, China (Xizang) and adjacent areas.

Although based on the figures of Clytanthus varius v. pieli, Gressitt’s (1951) specimen is not C. arciferus. However, we did not examine the type specimen. Therefore, both are still treated as synonyms of C. arciferus. Furthermore, we examined the pictures of the type of Chlorophorus semisinuatus Pic, 1949 (Fig. 10), and found that the external morphological characteristics of this species are the same as C. arciferus (Figs 8–9, 11–14), so Chlorophorus arciferus (Chevrolat, 1863) = Chlorophorus semisinuatus Pic, 1949, syn. nov.

Chlorophorus socius (Gahan, 1906)

Fig. 16

Caloclytus socius Gahan, 1906: 264. TL: India. TD: BMNH.

Chlorophorus socius Aurivillius 1912: 404.

Chlorophorus (Brevenotatus) socius Özdikmen 2022: 636, 689.

Specimen examined

Holotype : India • 1♀; Darjeeling (BMNH).

Remarks

Gressitt and Rondon (1970) synonymized Chlorophorus socius with C. arciferus and then Holzschuh (1991b) resurrected it. According to Holzschuh (1991b), C. socius can be separated from C. arciferus by having a carinate femora.

Figure 16. 

Chlorophorus socius (Gahan, 1906), holotype (photo J.-Y. Qiu and H. Xu). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Chlorophorus annulatus (Hope, 1831)

Figs 17, 18

Clytus annulatus Hope, 1831: 28. TL: Nepal. TD: OUMNH.

Clytus signaticollis Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1841: 103. TL: India. TD: OUMNH. Syn. by Holzschuh 2020: 49.

Anthoboscus signaticollis Chevrolat 1863: 303.

Clytanthus signaticollis Waterhouse 1874: xxviii.

Chlorophorus signaticollis Schwarzer 1925: 27.

Chlorophorus separatus Gressitt, 1940: 78. TL: China. TD: SYSU. Syn. by Holzschuh 2020: 49.

Chlorophorus nigroannulatus Pic, 1943: 1. TL: Vietnam. TD: MNHN. Syn. by Holzschuh 2020: 49.

Chlorophorus nigroannulatus v. rufonotatus Pic, 1943: 1. Syn. by Holzschuh, 2020: 49.

Rhaphuma signaticollis Ohbayashi 1963: 11.

Chlorophorus nigroannulatus Villiers and Chûjô 1966: 552[HN].

Chlorophorus viticis Gressitt & Rondon, 1970: 220, 225. TL: Laos. TD: BPBM. Syn. by Holzschuh 2020: 49.

Chlorophorus annulatus Holzschuh 1984: 358.

Chlorophorus (Chlorophorus) signaticollis Mitra et al. 2017: 81.

Chlorophorus (Humeromaculatus) annulatus Lazarev and Murzin 2019: 765.

Chlorophorus (Immaculatus) signaticollis Niisato in Danilevsky 2020: 231.

Chlorophorus (Chlorophorus) annulatus Özdikmen 2022: 641, 686, 690.

Specimens examined

China • 16♂♂ 8♀♀; Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Simao, Laiyang River; 11–13 V. 2018; Qiu Jianyue, Peng Chenli and Xu Hao leg. (SWU) • 25♂♂ 19♀♀; Yunnan Province, Pingbian County, Dawei Mountain; 25–27 V. 2018; Qiu Jianyue, Peng Chenli and Xu Hao leg. (SWU).

Figures 17, 18. 

Chlorophorus annulatus (Hope, 1831) 17 adult habitus a dorsal habitus b ventral habitus 18 male genitalia a, b tergite VIII with sternites VIII and IX a dorsal view b ventral view c–e tegmen c dorsal view d ventral view e lateral view f median lobe, ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (for adult habitus); 1 mm (for genitalia).

Remarks

This species is similar in elytral markings to C. fainanensis, but the male genitalia are distinctly different (Fig. 18).

New records for China

Chlorophorus coniperda Holzschuh, 1992

Fig. 19

Chlorophorus coniperda Holzschuh, 1992: 27, fig. 28. TL: Vietnam. TD: CCH.

Chlorophorus (Humeromaculatus) coniperda Özdikmen 2022: 652, 687.

Specimens examined

China • 2♂♂ 1♀, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, E’shan County; 3 V. 2021; Tian Lichao leg. (SWU) • 1♀; Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Dadugang; 28 IV. 2023; Tian Lichao leg. (SWU).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Vietnam.

Chlorophorus diversicolor Holzschuh, 2016

Fig. 20

Chlorophorus diversicolor Holzschuh, 2016: 113, figs 7, 8. TL: Laos. TD: CCH.

Chlorophorus (Humeromaculatus) diversicolor Özdikmen 2022: 652, 687.

Specimens examined

China • 2♂♂ 2♀♀, Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Ning’er, Tongxin; 4 V. 2012; Tian Lichao and Huang Guiqiang leg. (SWU).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Laos, Thailand.

Remarks

There is sexual dimorphism in this species in body color. Males are light reddish-brown while females are dark reddish-brown or blackish-brown.

Chlorophorus orbatus Holzschuh 1991

Fig. 21

Chlorophorus orbatus Holzschuh, 1991a: 12, fig. 11. TL: Thailand. TD: CCH.

Chlorophorus (Chlorophorus) orbatus Özdikmen 2022: 641, 686.

Specimens examined

China • 2♂♂; Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Dadugang; 4 V. 2013; Tian Lichao leg. (SWU).

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Thailand, India.

Remarks

This species is similar to C. sappho Gressitt & Rondon, 1970. Chlorophorus sappho can be distinguished from this species mainly by the larger body size; yellow body coloration; meso- and metafemora finely carinate externally; metatibia slightly sinuate and feebly carinate; and elytral apex toothed at the external edge.

Figures 19–22. 

19 Chlorophorus coniperda Holzschuh, 1992 a male b female 20 Chlorophorus diversicolor Holzschuh, 2016 a male b female 21 Chlorophorus orbatus Holzschuh, 1991 a male b female 22 Chlorophorus pinguis Holzschuh, 1992. Scale bars for adult habitus: 5 mm.

Chlorophorus pinguis Holzschuh, 1992

Fig. 22

Chlorophorus pinguis Holzschuh, 1992: 21, figs 21, 63. TL: Vietnam. TD: CCH.

Chlorophorus (Humeromagnomaculatus) pinguis Özdikmen 2022: 655, 687.

Specimens examined

China • 3♂♂ 2♀♀; Guangxi Province, Baise City, Leye County, Yachang Town; V. 2016; native collector leg. (SWU).

Distribution

China (Guangxi); Vietnam.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Petr Viktora for providing some important publications. Additionally, we sincerely appreciate Xavier Gouverneur for sharing photographs of Chlorophorus arciferus (Chevrolat, 1863) and the holotype of Chlorophorus semisinuatus Pic, 1949.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31501882) and Chongqing Bishan District science and Technology Bureau (No. BSKJ0027).

Author contributions

Data curation: ZJF, LC. Methodology: ZJF. Visualization: ZJF, LC. Writing original draft: ZJF. Writing-review and editing: ZL. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Author ORCIDs

Zhu Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-5863

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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