Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xi-Cui Du ( duxicui@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Richard Mally
© 2024 Xin-Lei Xue, Xiao-Qiang Lu, Xi-Cui Du.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Xue X-L, Lu X-Q, Du X-C (2024) The new genus Purpurata (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Spilomelinae), with descriptions of two new species from China. ZooKeys 1219: 175-194. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1219.131102
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The male genitalia characters of four species, Botys iopasalis Walker, 1859, Pleuroptya obfuscalis Yamanaka, 1998, Botys plagiatalis Walker, 1859 and Patania shompen Singh et Ahmad, 2022, placed in the genus Patania Moore, 1888 before the present study, do not conform to the diagnosis of Patania. A new genus, Purpurata gen. nov., is established for these four species, and two new species, Purpurata directa sp. nov. and Purpurata lurida sp. nov. are described based on their external morphology and genitalia characters. Purpurata directa sp. nov. is designated as the type species of the new genus. Five species of the new genus were clearly separated from Patania species in the Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed based on COI sequence data. Compared to Patania, the new genus Purpurata exhibits distinctive characters in male genitalia: the uncus is short, broad, and arc-shaped posteriorly; the gnathos is present and setose, or reduced; and the fibula is very small and setose. In addition, Patania clava (Xu & Du), syn. nov. is synonymized with Purpurata iopasalis comb. nov. An identification key to species of the new genus is presented based on morphological characters of habitus and genitalia. Images of the habitus and genitalia are provided.
DNA barcode, identification key, morphology, moths, taxonomy
The genus Patania Moore, 1888 was assigned to the Spilomelinae tribe Agroterini Acloque, 1897 by
Specimens were collected by light trap at night and killed by ammonium hydroxide or ethyl acetate. The examined pinned specimens, including all type specimens of the new species, are deposited in the Insect Collection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China (SWU), except for six specimens of two known species, which are deposited in the Insect Collection of Nankai University (
Sample information for species of Purpurata gen. nov. and the outgroups.
Species | Sequence ID | Location (China, except for last four) | NCBI and BOLD accession no. |
---|---|---|---|
Purpurata iopasalis comb. nov. | XD1401067 | Wuzhishan, Hainan | PQ463661 |
LXQ180076 | Diaoluoshan, Hainan | PQ463660 | |
XD1401014 | Diaoluoshan, Hainan | PQ463662 | |
Purpurata directa sp. nov. | XD1401032 | Wuzhishan, Hainan | PQ463664 |
XD1401110 | Diaoluoshan, Hainan | PQ463663 | |
Purpurata plagiatalis comb. nov. | XD1500022 | Mulun, Guangxi | PP865067 |
Purpurata obfuscalis comb. nov. | LXQ180070 | Haugaoxi, Sichuan | PP865068 |
LXQ180071 | Haugaoxi, Sichuan | PP865069 | |
XD1405336 | Huagaoxi, Sichuan | KU143853 | |
Purpurata lurida sp. nov. | XD1401079 | Diaoluoshan, Hainan | PP865070 |
LXQ180262 | Changyang, Hubei | PP865071 | |
Patania balteata | XD1405399 | Haugaoxi, Sichuan | KU143838 |
XD1405300 | Haugaoxi, Sichuan | KU143837 | |
XD1405441 | Haugaoxi, Sichuan | KU143839 | |
Patania chlorophanta | XD1404265 | Jinzhongshan, Guangxi | KU058652 |
XD1404239 | Jinzhongshan, Guangxi | KU058653 | |
XD1401035 | Wuzhishan, Hainan | KU058654 | |
Patania concatenalis | XD1401058 | Diaoluoshan, Hainan | KU143840 |
Pyr000116 | Lingshui, Hainan | CNPYA116-10 | |
Pycnarmon pantherata | Pyr000126 | Yuanqu, Shanxi | CNPYA126-10 |
Pyr000127 | Yuanqu, Shanxi | CNPYA127-10 | |
Nagiella hortulatoides | LXQ180100 | Huanglianshan, Yunnan | PQ463665 |
LXQ180099 | Huanglianshan, Yunnan | PQ463666 | |
LXQ180217 | Huanglianshan, Yunnan | PQ463667 | |
Nagiella quadrimaculalis | XD1405327 | Haugaoxi, Sichuan | KU143854 |
XD1402131 | Bawangling, Hainan | PP865072 | |
Nosophora dispilalis | Pyr001429 | Nanning, Guangxi | CNPYD1429-10 |
Pyr001430 | Nanning, Guangxi | CNPYD1430-10 | |
Pyr001431 | Nanning, Guangxi | CNPYD1431-10 | |
Nosophora semitritalis | Pyr000949 | Yuanqu, Shanxi | CNPYD949-10 |
Pyr000950 | Yuanqu, Shanxi | CNPYD950-10 | |
Pyr000951 | Yichang Wufeng, Hubei | CNPYD951-10 | |
Agrotera nemoralis | ODOPE217-11 | Bavaria, Germany | KX045648 |
PHLAC175-10 | South Tyrol, Italy | JF859792 | |
Agrotera basinotata | ANICN229-10 | Queensland, Australia | HQ952613 |
ANICN230-10 | Queensland, Australia | HQ952614 |
The preparation of genitalia slides primarily followed
A total of 15 species, including five species of Purpurata gen. nov. and ten outgroup species, were included for PCR analysis and DNA sequencing (Table
All COI sequences were aligned manually using Align-Muscle in MEGA 7.0, and were translated into amino acid sequences for visual correction. Intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances were calculated based on the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distance model (
A total of 11 COI sequences from five species of Purpurata gen. nov. were obtained. In total, 36 COI sequences from Purpurata species and the outgroup species were analyzed. The dataset contained no obvious pseudogenes, indicating the correct target gene sequence was amplified and sequenced.
The ML phylogenetic tree shows five monophyletic branches for Purpurata gen. nov., corresponding to the five morphological species P. iopasalis comb. nov., P. lurida sp. nov., P. obfuscalis comb. nov., P. directa sp. nov., and P. plagiatalis comb. nov. (Fig.
Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances (as percent) calculated within (in bold) and between Purpurata species and the outgroups.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Purpurata iopasalis comb. nov. | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||
2. Purpurata obfuscalis comb. nov. | 8.72 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||
3. Purpurata directa sp. nov. | 6.93 | 9.49 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
4. Purpurata plagiatalis comb. nov. | 6.84 | 8.36 | 5.45 | 0.00 | |||||||||||
5. Purpurata lurida sp. nov. | 3.58 | 6.52 | 8.28 | 7.85 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
6. Patania concatenalis | 9.91 | 12.76 | 10.90 | 10.80 | 11.87 | 0.00 | |||||||||
7. Patania balteata | 10.59 | 13.09 | 10.25 | 9.38 | 12.36 | 10.60 | 0.00 | ||||||||
8. Patania chlorophanta | 9.15 | 12.50 | 11.36 | 11.06 | 12.07 | 12.07 | 8.53 | 0.00 | |||||||
9. Nosophora dispilalis | 10.95 | 11.72 | 11.40 | 10.94 | 11.31 | 10.25 | 12.01 | 10.53 | 0.00 | ||||||
10. Nosophora semitritalis | 10.77 | 11.14 | 10.34 | 10.07 | 10.25 | 11.51 | 12.36 | 11.41 | 7.20 | 0.00 | |||||
11. Pycnarmon pantherata | 10.42 | 12.23 | 11.21 | 10.95 | 11.30 | 10.77 | 8.87 | 9.39 | 10.07 | 11.84 | 0.00 | ||||
12. Nagiella hortulatoides | 11.30 | 11.43 | 12.47 | 10.43 | 12.85 | 10.90 | 9.21 | 10.95 | 10.89 | 11.84 | 9.40 | 0.00 | |||
13. Nagiella quadrimaculalis | 11.39 | 12.29 | 11.58 | 10.68 | 12.64 | 10.69 | 8.95 | 10.98 | 10.33 | 11.58 | 8.96 | 4.47 | 0.00 | ||
14. Agrotera nemoralis | 11.92 | 13.54 | 12.29 | 11.21 | 13.18 | 10.86 | 9.81 | 11.98 | 11.56 | 11.03 | 11.21 | 11.03 | 11.65 | 0.00 | |
15. Agrotera basinotata | 10.24 | 12.92 | 10.43 | 10.25 | 10.94 | 9.74 | 7.18 | 11.15 | 11.93 | 10.96 | 9.22 | 10.43 | 9.46 | 8.37 | 0.00 |
Purpurata directa sp. nov., here designated.
Purpurata is readily distinguished from its phylogenetic sister genus Nosophora (type species: Botys dispilalis Hampson, 1896) by the yellow wings with their purple-brown lines and patches, while in Nosophora, the wings are dark shiny brown and feature a large, comma-shaped spot in the forewing. Furthermore, the vertex of the head is hollowed out in males of N. dispilalis (see
Habitus. Body and wings yellow, with purple-brown wing markings. Frons rounded. Labial palpus upturned, exposed 3rd joint short and blunt (Fig.
Male genitalia. Uncus short and broad, with arc-shaped posterior margin, except for P. iopasalis with narrowed apex of uncus. Gnathos present and bearing setae apically, or vestigial to a transverse band. Valva ligulate, relatively broad and short generally. Fibula small and membranous, with setae. Sacculus undeveloped. Phallus cylindrical, with a protruding sclerotized structure posteriorly, with a thick needle-like or spine-like cornutus and a brush-like cornutus composed of a spine cluster, and a granular sclerotized area near the middle.
Female genitalia. Apophyses anteriores longer than apophyses posteriores, occasionally slightly broadened near base. Antrum sclerotized. Ductus bursae usually long and slender. Corpus bursae round or oval, usually with a round signum.
This genus is mainly distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental realms. And P. plagiatalis is also found in the Neotropical and Australasian realms, P. iopasalis is also found in the Australasian realms.
The genus name Purpurata is derived from the Latin word purpuratus meaning purple, indicating the distinctive purple-brown coloration of wing markings. The gender is feminine.
This new genus comprises four known species from the genus Patania of Spilomelinae, and two new species described in the present study. It corresponds to the main diagnostic characters of Crambidae: forewing with vein RS4 free and with oval sclerotization costad at base of vein 1A+2A; bullae tympani open cephalad; tympanum and conjunctivum lying at a blunt angle; praecinctorium present; and male genitalia without uncus arms. Further, it corresponds to the main diagnostic characters of Spilomelinae: fornix tympani projecting ventrad from tympanic frame; praecinctorium bilobed; retinacular hook absent; and females with two frenular bristles. Moreover, based on the Agroterini characters stated in
1 | Postmedial line of forewing punctiform between M2 and CuA2 (Figs |
2 |
– | Postmedial line of forewing dentate or linear between M2 and CuA2 (Figs |
4 |
2 | Gnathos vestigial to a narrow band (Fig. |
P. plagiatalis comb. nov. |
– | Gnathos thick finger-like (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Postmedial line of hindwing punctiform between M2 and CuA2 (Fig. |
P. iopasalis comb. nov. |
– | Postmedial line of hindwing linear between M2 and CuA2; phallus posteriorly with a rectangular sclerite | P. shompen comb. nov. |
4 | Postmedial line of forewing linear between M2 and CuA2 (Figs |
P. directa sp. nov. |
– | Postmedial line of forewing dentate between M2 and CuA2 (Figs |
5 |
5 | Uncus short and broad (Fig. |
P. lurida sp. nov. |
– | Uncus semicircular (Fig. |
P. obfuscalis comb. nov. |
Pleuroptya obfuscalis Yamanaka, 1998: 106. Type locality: Nepal.
Patania obfuscalis:
China • Chongqing Municipality, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Jinyun Mountain, alt. 550 m, 29 July 2010, Xi-Cui Du & Chao-Wei Bi leg., genitalia slide no.: XLJ14221 ♀ • 1 ♂, Simian Mountain, alt. 1120 m, 17 July 2010, Xi-Cui Du & Li-Fang Song leg. • 2 ♂♂, JinYin Mountain, Qianjiang District, alt. 1100 m, 25–26 July 2012, Jun Zhang & Li-Jun Xu leg. • 1 ♂, Small South Sea, Qianjiang District, alt. 370 m, 21 July 2012, Jun Zhang & Li-Jun Xu leg. • Sichuan Prov., 4 ♂♂, Huagaoxi Nature Reserve, Guandou Village, alt. 763 m, 30 August 2014, Dan-Xu & Xue-Li Wei leg., genitalia slide no.: XDJ15048 ♂ • Gansu Prov., 2 ♂♂, Bifeng Valley, Wen County, alt. 860 m, 2005. 9–10 July 2012, Hai-Li Yu leg. (
This species is distinguished by wings with postmedial line dentate and excurved between M2 and CuA2 (Fig.
Habitus (Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Gansu, Xizang, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Shanaxi, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Xianggang), Nepal (
Botys iopasalis
Walker, 1859: 652. Type locality: India (Hindustan). Type depository:
Boty boteralis Walker, 1859: 716. Type locality: Malaysia (Sarawak).
Sylepta [sic] marcidalis Swinhoe, 1906: 382.
Pleuroptya iopasalis:
Patania clava Xu & Du, 2016: 130, figs 1–4, 9–10. Syn. nov. Type locality: China (Hainan).
Holotype of Patania clava • 1 ♂, China, Hainan Prov., Diaoluo Mountain, alt. 900 m, 23 May 2014, Li-Jun Xu & Dan Xu leg., genitalia slide number XD15056. Paratype of P. clava • 1 ♀, same data as holotype, genitalia slide number XD15050.
China • Hainan Prov., 1 ♂, Wuzhi Mountain, alt. 795 m, 20 May 2014, Li-Jun Xu & Dan Xu leg., genitalia slide no.: XXL23277.
This species is similar to P. obfuscalis in appearance, but can be distinguished by the larger size (forewing length 13.0–19.0 mm, wingspan 33.0–35.0 mm), antenna with ventral cilia approximately as long as flagellomere diameter in male, postmedial line of fore and hind wings punctiform between M2 and CuA2 (Fig.
China (Yunnan, Hainan, Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan) (
The uncus and fibula of this species are narrower than in other species of this genus. We found that the external morphology and male genitalia characters of Patania clava were the same as those of Purpurata iopasalis. Their distinctive characters were that the postmedial lines of the fore and hind wings were punctiform between M2 and CuA2, the gnathos was thick finger-like and setose apically (
Patania iopasalis:
This species is very similar to P. iopasalis in appearance, but can be distinguished by ventral cilia ~ 1/3 length of flagellomere diameter in male, antemedial line of forewing relatively straight and slightly inclined outward, postmedial line of fore and hind wings smooth linear between M2 and CuA2 (Figs
Holotype
: ♂ pinned, with genitalia in a separate slide. China • Hunan Prov., Huping Mountain, Shimen County, alt. 350 m, 6 June 2017, Jian-Yue Qiu & Hao Xu leg., genitalia slide number: LXQ18315. Paratypes: pinned, some with genitalia in the separate slides, respectively. China • 6 ♂♂, same data as holotype • Hubei Prov., 1 ♂, Hejiaping Town, Changyang County, alt. 800 m, 18 May 2018, Xian-Qiang Lu & Xi-Cui Du leg. • Chongqing Municipality, 2 ♀♀, Daheba, Jinfo Mountain, alt. 600 m, 14, 17 July 2017, Shi-Man Bu leg • Sichuan Prov., 2 ♂♂, Emei Mountain, alt. 863 m, 17 July 2011, Jian-Bo Cao leg. • Guizhou Prov., 3 ♂♂, Baishao, Kuankuoshui, alt. 800 m, 10 August 2010, Xi-Cui Du leg., genitalia slide number: HGQ13018, HGQ13019 • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Wengang village, Libo County, alt. 1345 m, 20 July 2015, Ji-Ping Wan leg. • Yunnan Prov., 1 ♂, Baihualing Village, Baoshan City, alt. 1520 m, 13 July 2007, Dan-Dan Zhang leg. • 1 ♂, Daxichang Village, Malipo County, alt. 1465 m, 7 August 2007, Man-Fei Tao leg. • Hainan Prov., 1 ♂, Bawangling National Forest Park, 11 June 2010, Li Kang leg., genitalia slide number: XLJ14105 • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Wuzhi Mountain, alt. 795 m, 18, 19, 21 May 2014, Li-Jun Xu & Dan Xu leg., genitalia slide number: XD15024 ♂, XLJ14146 ♂, XLJ14147 ♀ • 1 ♂, Diaoluo Mountain, alt. 500 m, 25 May 2014, Li-Jun Xu & Dan Xu leg., genitalia slide number: XD15049 • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 3 ♂♂, Nonggang National Nature Reserve, Longzhou County, alt. 188 m, 25, 27, 30 July 2011, Gui-Qing He leg., genitalia slide number: XLJ14083 (being identified as Patania iopasalis by
Habitus
(Figs
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi).
The species name directa is derived from the Latin word directus, an adjective, meaning straight, indicating the antemedial line of forewing relatively straight.
This species is similar to P. obfuscalis in appearance and genitalia, but can be distinguished by the body color paler than the latter (Fig.
Holotype : ♂ pinned, with genitalia in a separate slide. China • Guizhou Prov., Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, alt. 1500 m, 15 August 2010, Xi-Cui Du leg., genitalia slide number: XLJ14084. Paratypes: pinned, some with genitalia in separate slides. China • Hubei Prov., 2 ♂♂, Hejiaping Town, Changyang County, alt. 800 m, 18 June 2018, Xiao-Qiang Lu & Xi-Cui Du leg. • 2 ♂♂, Xingdou Mountain, Maoba Town, Enshi, alt. 780 m, 30 July 2012, Jun Zhang & Xiao-Bing Fu leg. • Chongqing Municipality, 2 ♂♂, Jinyun Mountain, alt. 550 m, 22, July 2010, Li Kang & Xing-Fu Fu leg., genitalia slide number: XLJ14103 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Jinyun Mountain, 29 July 2010, Xi-Cui Du & Chao-Wei Bi leg., genitalia slide number: XLJ14104 ♀ • 1♂, Jinyun Mountain, 30 July 2012, Li-Jun Xu & Jian-Bo Cao leg. • 2 ♂♂, Jinyin Mountain, Qianjiang District, alt. 1100 m, 26 July 2012, Li-Jun Xu & Jun-Zhang leg. • Yunnan Prov., 1 ♂, Daxichang village, Malipo County, alt. 1465 m, 5 June 2015, Man-Fei Tao leg. • 2♀♀, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, alt. 659 m, 28 May 2015, Man-Fei Tao leg., genitalia slide number: LXQ18316 • Hainan Prov., 1 ♂, Diaoluo Mountain vocational village, alt. 500 m, 23 May 2014, Li-Jun Xu & Dan Xu leg. • Zhejiang Prov., 3 ♂♂, Tianmu Mountain, alt. 400 m, 24, 25, 30 July 2011, Xi-Cui Du & Xiao-Bing Fu leg.
Genitalia of Purpurata species 12, 13 P. obfuscalis 12 male, genitalia slide no. XXL23275 13 female, genitalia slide no. XLJ14221 14 P. iopasalis, male, genitalia slide no. XXL23277 15, 16 P. directa sp. nov. 15 male, holotype, genitalia slide no. LXQ18315 16 female, paratype, genitalia slide no. XLJ14147 12a, 14a, 15a gnathos 12b, 14b, 15b fibula 12c, 14c, 15c cornuti and posterior protrusion of phallus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (12–16); 0.1 mm (12a–c, 14a–c, 15a–c).
Genitalia of Purpurata species 17, 18 P. lurida sp. nov. 17 male, holotype, genitalia slide no. XLJ14084 18 female, paratype, genitalia slide no. LXQ18316 19, 20 P. plagiatalis 19 male, genitalia slide no. HGQ13237 20 female, genitalia slide no. XLJ14204 17a, 19a gnathos 17b, 19b fibula 17c, 19c cornuti and posterior protrusion of phallus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (17–20); 0.1 mm (17a–c, 19a–c).
Habitus
(Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan, Hubei, Zhejiang).
The species name lurida is derived from the Latin word luridus, an adjective, meaning pale yellow, indicating the pale wing color.
Botys plagiatalis Walker, 1859: 673. Type locality: Sri Lanka.
Pleuroptya plagiatalis:
Patania plagiatalis:
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region • 1 ♂, Nonggang National Nature Reserve, Longzhou County, alt. 188 m, 27 July 2011, Gui-Qing He leg., genitalia slide number: HGQ13237 • 1 ♂, Mulun National Nature Reserve, alt. 288 m, 22 July 2015, Dan Xu leg. • Hainan Prov., 1 ♀, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, alt. 770 m, 13 July 2014, Pei-Xin Cong, Lin-Jie Liu & Sha Hu leg. (
This species is distinguished by wings with postmedial line punctiform and excurved between M2 and CuA2 (Fig.
Habitus
(Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
China (Xizang, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian) (
Ipomoea spp. (
Patania shompen
Singh & Ahmad in
This species is similar to P. iopasalis, but can be distinguished by the postmedial line of forewing punctiform between M2 and CuA2, and the postmedial line of hindwing linear between M2 and CuA2 (
India (Great Nicobar Island) (
This species is not found in China. The diagnosis is summarized based on the description and images of habitus and genitalia by
According to the description and habitus images by
We are grateful to Li-Jun Xu for her preliminary work about the genus Patania, and the other graduate students and undergraduate in Laboratory of Lepidoptera Systematics (Southwest University, Chongqing, China) for their contributions to the specimen collection. We also give our thanks to Dr Jian-Yue Qiu and Dr Hao Xu (Mianyang Teachers’ College, Sichuan, China), to Dr Dan-Dan Zhang (Sun Yat-Sen University, China) for providing some specimens, to Prof. Hou-Hun Li (Nankai University, Tianjing, China) for lending us specimens, and to
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This study is sponsored by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (No. CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1164), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31772500), Shuangcheng cooperative agreement research grant of Yibin, China (No. XNDX2022020011) and Joint Fund of Henan Science and Technology R&D program (Advantageous Discipline De-velopment) (NO. 232301420119).
Conceptualization: XLX, XCD, XQL. Data curation: XLX, XCD. Funding acquisition: XCD. Investigation: XLX, XQL. Methodology: XLX, XCD, XQL. Project administration: XCD. Resources: XCD. Supervision: XCD. Writing - original draft: XQL, XLX. Writing - review and editing: XLX, XCD.
Xin-Lei Xue https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5697-0872
Xiao-Qiang Lu https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3696-7778
Xi-Cui Du https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-7303
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.