Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xinzheng Li ( lixzh@qdio.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Christopher Glasby
© 2017 Yue Sun, Xinzheng Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sun Y, Li X (2017) A new species of Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857 (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) from Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. ZooKeys 708: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.708.12967
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Alleurythoe, a new genus with type species Alleurythoe tenuichaeta sp. n., is described and illustrated based on material from Beibu Gulf, northwestern South China Sea. The new genus is distinguished from all genera within Amphinomidae by a combination of characters: caruncle trilobed, conspicuous, attached to and confluent with the posterior prostomial lobe, which is free from the body wall and has 6-7 folds on each of the lateral lobes; both noto- and neuropodial aciculae are spinose, extending beyond the chaetal lobe. Alleurythoe tenuichaeta sp. n. is characterized by having branchiae present from chaetiger 4 and a bifurcate neurochaetae capillary. A key distinguishing the genera of Amphinominae is provided.
Polychaeta , Amphinomidae , Alleurythoe , new genus, new species, South China Sea
The Amphinomidae, commonly known as fireworms, are typically associated with rocky and soft bottoms in shallow tropical and subtropical waters (
According to recent phylogenetic studies (
The purpose of this paper is to describe a new genus and species of Amphinominae based on specimens deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. A key distinguishing the genera of the Amphinominae, modified from Borda (2012), is provided.
Specimens examined in present paper are deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (
Alleurythoe tenuichaeta sp. n.
Body elongate, quadrangular. Caruncle trilobed, attached to and confluent with posterior prostomial lobe, free from body wall, median lobe broadly sinusoidal, each lateral lobe with 6-7 folds, supported by a basal plate. Branchiae present from chaetiger 4, dendritically branched. Bifurcate neurochaetae capillary. Both noto- and neuropodial aciculae spinose.
The generic name is a combination of the prefix allo- (meaning “other” or “alternative” in Greek) and the generic name Eurythoe. The new genus is assigned to the subfamily Amphinominae and most similar to Eurythoe in morphology. Gender: feminine.
Alleurythoe gen. n. is assigned to the subfamily Amphinominae Lamarck, 1818 because of the absence of accessory dorsal cirri, and justified as a new genus by the nature of its caruncle (Yáñez-Rivera 2011). The new genus is anatomically similar to Notopygos Grube, 1855 and Chloeia Lamarck, 1818 in the shape of caruncle which is trilobed and essentially supported by a basal plate. However, in contrast to Alleurythoe gen. n., the caruncle in the latter two genera has an elevated median keel with several bilateral folds, and it is usually fused to the body wall on chaetigers 1-2 and free thereafter. In the new genus, median keel of caruncle is broadly sinusoidal, thickened, lacks bilateral folds, and is attached to, and confluent with the posterior prostomial lobe, and free from the body wall. In addition, Alleurythoe differs from most other amphinomids in having spinous rather than hastate aciculae, bifurcate neurochaetae capillary, while other amphinomids with heftier bifurcate neurochaetae.
Alleurythoe gen. n. is superficially similar to Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857 in the shape of caruncle, which in both genera consists of a flattened, pronounced median keel and folded lateral lobes; however, the caruncle of Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857 is fused to the body wall for most of its length, the median keel overlaps the lateral lobes, which are scalloped on each side and lack a basal plate (
Holotype incomplete, with anterior fragment and posterior fragment, without posterior end. Anterior fragment with 62 chaetigers, 71 mm long, and 10 mm maximum width, posterior fragment with 50 chaetigers, 60 mm long. Paratype complete, broken into two fragments. Anterior fragment with 60 chaetigers, 75 mm long, and 8 mm maximum width, posterior fragment with 61 chaetigers, 57 mm long.
Body elongate, quadrangular. Caruncle trilobed, conspicuous, attached to and confluent with posterior prostomial lobe, free from body wall, median lobe broadly sinusoidal, each lateral lobe with 6-7 folds, supported by a basal plate. Parapodia biramous, with thickened collars encompassing noto- and neuropodial fascicular lobes; chaetiger 2 first complete anteriormost annular ring. Branchiae present from chaetiger 4, continuing almost to end of body, dendritically branched. Notochaetae coarser and shorter than neurochaetae, include harpoon chaetae and capillaries; barbs of harpoon chaetae on anteriormost chaetigers absent to few in number, better developed in following chaetigers. Bifurcate neurochaetae capillary.
Type specimens preserved alcohol pale, without pigmentation. Body quadrangular in cross section, middle region enlarged, tapering posteriorly (Fig.
Alleurythoe tenuichaeta gen. n. & sp. n., a Entire animal in lateral view b Prostomium and caruncle, dorsal view c Caruncle, dorsal view d Caruncle, lateral view. Caruncle, dorsal view f Anterior chaetigers, ventral view g Parapodia of middle chaetigers, lateral view h Branchia of posterior chaetiger i pygidium, dorsal view. a–d, f–i holotype e paratype. Scale bars a 0.5 cm; b 0.5mm, c 0.25 mm; d–e, i 0.2 mm; f 1 mm; g 2 mm; h 0.5 mm.
Prostomium rectangular, divided into two parts by transverse groove. Anterior lobe prominent, slightly bilobed anteriorly, with two palps and two lateral antennae, palps on ventrolateral part (Fig.
All parapodia biramous, with thickened collars encompassing noto- and neuropodial fascicular lobes. Chaetiger 1 greatly reduced, incomplete dorsally and ventrally. Chaetiger 2 surrounding mouth posteriorly, represents first complete segmental ring (Figs
Branchiae present from chaetiger 4, dendritically branched, filaments densely ciliated (Figs
Notochaetae coarser and shorter than neurochaetae. Notochaetae of three kinds: simple chaetae (harpoon chaetae without barbs, Fig.
Alleurythoe tenuichaeta gen. n. & sp. n., holotype. a Anterior chaetigers, dorsal view b Anterior chaetigers, ventral view c Parapodia of middle chaetiger, posterior view d Greatly reduced harpoon chaeta, notopodium of chaetiger 5 e–g Reduced harpoon chaeta, notopodium of chaetiger 14 h Harpoon chaeta, notopodium of chaetiger 106 i Acicula, notopodium of chaetiger 106 j Capillary chaeta, neuropodium of chaetiger 85 k Bifurcate chaeta, neuropodium of chaetiger 22 l–m Bifurcate chaetae, neuropodium of chaetiger 85 n Simple chaeta, neuropodium of chaetiger 85. Scale bars: a–b 1 mm; c 0.5 mm; d–n 50 μm.
Paratype: Pygidium with dorsal anus opening on last three chaetigers (Fig.
The name of this species refers to the slender form of its capillary neurochaetae.
Presently known only from the type location, Beibu Gulf, South China Sea.
Alleurythoe tenuichaeta sp. n. is anatomically similar to Eurythoe rullieri Fauvel, 1953 because the caruncle of both species is free from the body wall. For example, the relatively narrow median keel of Alleurythoe tenuichaeta sp. n., does not overlap the lateral lobes, while that of Eurythoe rullieri broadly overlaps the contiguous lateral lobes. The new species is further differentiated in having branchiae first present from chaetiger 4, rather than chaetiger 3, and lacking the thick bifurcate neurochaetae that are characteristic of E. rullieri and the genus Eurythoe (
Alleurythoe tenuichaeta sp. n. also resembles E. paupera (
1 | Caruncle absent, neuropodia arising from ventral body surface; neurochaetae retractile | Hipponoe Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830 |
– | Caruncle present, variably developed, neuropodia arising from lateral body surface; neurochaetae non-retractile | 2 |
2 | Branchiae present on all chaetigers | Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 |
– | Some chaetigers without branchiae | 3 |
3 | Branchiae present from chaetiger 6, eyes absent | Benthoscolex Horst, 1912 |
– | Branchiae present from chaetiger 2-4, eyes commonly present | 4 |
4 | Chaetiger 1 dorsally continuous, complete | 5 |
– | Chaetiger 1 dorsally discontinuous, incomplete | 6 |
5 | Stout, distally curved hooks present in notopodia of chaetiger 1; caruncle round, sessile, without free lateral wings; neurochaetae not unidentate; harpoon notochaetae with 1 row of barbs | Paramphinome Sars, 1869 |
– | Stout, distally curved hooks not present in notopodia of chaetiger 1; caruncle stalked, broadly triangular to chordate with free lateral wings; neurochaetae unidentate; harpoon notochaetae with up to 5 rows of barbs | Amphinome Bruguière, 1789 |
6 | Caruncle small and inconspicuous, not extending beyond one external chaetiger posteriorly | 7 |
– | Caruncle large and conspicuous, extending beyond one external chaetiger posteriorly | 8 |
7 | Branchiae present on almost all chaetigers, with modified neurochaetae | Cryptonome Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012 |
– | Branchiae restricted to anterior chaetigers, neurochaetae unmodified | Linopherus Quatrefages, 1866 |
8 | Caruncle with smooth median keel, with oblique divergent lateral lobes | Pherecardia Horst, 1886 |
– | Caruncle with or without median keel, lateral lobes not oblique divergent | 9 |
9 | Caruncle without a median lobe, with paired lateral lobes forming a complex monopodial-like pattern of bipinnate chevrons opening anteriorly | Hermodice Kinberg, 1857 |
– | Caruncle with a smooth median lobe, with paired lateral lobes not forming a complex monopodial-like pattern of bipinnate chevrons opening anteriorly | 10 |
10 | Caruncle sinusoidal, median keel not thickened, not pronounced, fused to body wall for most of its length | Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 |
– | Median keel of caruncle sinusoidal, attached to and confluent with posterior prostomial lobe, supported by a basal plate and free of body wall, median keel not overlapping lateral lobes; branchiae present from chaetiger four, bifurcate neurochaetae capillary, slender | Alleurythoe gen. n. |
Caruncle not sinusoidal, fused to body wall for most of its length, without basal plate, median keel thickened and pronounced, overlapping lateral lobes; branchiae present from chaetigers 1-4, bifurcate neurochaetae short and thick | Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857 |
We are grateful to Dr. Jerry D. Kudenov (Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska), Dr. Elizabeth Borda (Marine Biology Department, Texas A&M University) and Dr. Melih Ertan Çinar (Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, Izmir, Turkey) for giving us valuable comments on the manuscript and providing important references. We thank Dr Chris Glasby for his assistance in language. We also thank the managers of the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for their help in sorting the studied material. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41406157).