Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yu-Qiang Xi ( yuqiangxi2012@126.com ) Academic editor: Owen Lonsdale
© 2024 Shuai-Lai Yang, Xin-Ming Yin, Yu-Qiang Xi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yang S-L, Yin X-M, Xi Y-Q (2024) Four new species of the genus Hendelia Czerny, 1903 (Diptera, Clusiidae) from China. ZooKeys 1212: 255-266. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1212.127558
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Four new species of the genus Hendelia Czerny, 1903 collected from China, are described as new to science: H. latustigenis sp. nov., H. macrocera sp. nov., H. deltoides sp. nov. and H. flavida sp. nov. An updated key to the species of Hendelia from China is presented.
China, Clusiodinae, druid flies, identification key, new species, taxonomy
Clusiidae (Diptera, Acalyptratae) are species commonly called “druid flies”, and comprise 14 genera and at least 640 species (
There are 59 described species of Hendelia distributed worldwide; 29 species are distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions; four species are known in Japan: H. plumosa (Sasakawa), H. angulosa (Sueyoshi), H. plumipes (Sasakawa) and H. beckeri Czerny; three species are known in Russia (Far East): H. quatuorsetosa (Mamaev), H. bisetosa (Mamaev) and H. unica (Mamaev) (
In this study, four new species are described from China: Hendelia latustigenis sp. nov., H. macrocera sp. nov., H. deltoides sp. nov. and H. flavida sp. nov. A key to the known species of Hendelia from China and some Palaearctic and Oriental species is presented.
Genitalia preparations were made by removing and macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in glacial acetic acid, then rinsing in distilled water before storage in glycerin-filled microvials. Specimens were examined and photographed using a Leica M205A microscope. After examination, genitalia were transferred to fresh glycerin and stored in a microvial on the pin below the specimen or moved to an ethanol tube together with the wet specimens. The coordinates of the collection site were obtained by asking the collectors. Image plates were post-processed with Adobe PHOTOSHOP CC 2019 Extended.
Specimens examined were deposited in the Entomological Museum of Henan Agricultural University (
1 | Two fronto-orbital setae | 2 |
– | Three fronto-orbital setae | 7 |
2 | Cerci large, height is 3.5 times the width | H. beckeri Czerny |
– | Cerci small | 3 |
3 | Mesontum dark brown without stripes | 4 |
– | Mesontum with brown stripes | 5 |
4 | Vibrissae strongly elongated and thickened, setae on the surface of surstylus dense | H. quatuorsetosa (Mamaev) |
– | Vibrissae normal, setae on the surface of surstylus sparse | H. bisetosa (Mamaev) |
5 | Setae completely black, middle part of hypandrium with a finger-like projection | H. latustigenis sp. nov. |
– | Setae with brown, hypandrium without finger-like projection | 6 |
6 | Legs yellow; postocellar seta smaller than ocellar seta | H. angulosa (Sueyoshi) |
– | Legs yellow except fore tarsus and most of fore tibia brownish-black, and hind tibia with pale brown rings near both apices; postocellar seta and ocellar seta almost the same length | H. plumosa (Sasakawa) |
7 | Vibrissae long and strong; interfrontal setae also very strong and nearly parallel | H. macrocera sp. nov. |
– | Vibrissae and interfrontal setae normal, no obvious extension | 8 |
8 | Face entirely black | H. unica (Mamaev) |
– | Face not entirely black | 9 |
9 | Setae yellow (at least for the head); mesonotum without stripes | 10 |
– | Setae black; mesontum with stripes | 11 |
10 | Mesonotum yellow, anterior margin and postpronotum brown | H. formosana (Hennig) |
– | Mesonotum black, mesonotum pollinose, weakly shining | H. plumipes (Sasakawa) (female) |
11 | Gena with 3 or 4 subgenal setae; thorax with 1 wide brownish-black longitudinal stripe | H. freyi (Soós) |
– | Gena not 3 subgenal setae; thorax with 3 thin pale brown stripes | 12 |
12 | Front half of the face dark brown and the back half yellow; abdomen mainly dark brown | H. deltoides sp. nov. |
– | Frons and face light yellow; abdomen mainly light yellow | H. flavida sp. nov. |
Holotype : • 1 ♂; China, Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Taibai Mt.; 33°57'18″N, 107°45'48″E; 1711 m; 2015. VII. 29; leg. Ning Jinjin. Paratypes: • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; 2015.VII.30; leg. Li Xuankun; • 1 ♂; China, Chongqing, Yingtiaoling Nature Reserve; 31°28'44.93"N, 109°53'26.19"E; 1373 m; 2022. VI. 26; leg. Xu Rongzhen; • 1 ♂; China, Chongqing, Yingtiaoling Nature Reserve; 31°28'44.93"N, 109°53'26.19"E; 1373 m; 2022.VI.26; leg. GuanYuliang.
Head mostly yellow; palpus white; face dark brown and back half yellow. Thorax mainly yellow; with 3 light brown stripes extending to the scutellum. Surstylus nearly triangular, 1/5 length of genitalia, apex without spines. Hypandrium with 4 setae.
Hendelia deltoides sp. nov. (male) 1 head, lateral view 2 wing 3 epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 4 epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, lateral view 5 hypandrial complex, posterior view 6 hypandrial complex, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: epand – epandrium; cerc – cerci; sur – surstylus; hypd – hypandrium; pregt – pregonite
Male. Body length 4.4–4.6 mm; Wing length 4.2–4.4 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax
(Fig.
Abdomen
mainly brown; anterior edge of each abdominal segment yellowish, setae and setulae dark brown. Male genitalia (Figs
Female. Unknown.
China (Shaanxi, Chongqing).
The specific name “deltoides” refers to the surstylus, which is nearly triangular.
The species is similar to H. angulosa (Sueyoshi), but it can be separated by the face black and the three fronto-orbital setae. In H. angulosa (Sueyoshi), the face is yellow and the head has only two fronto-orbital setae (
Holotype : • ♂; China, Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi; 33°51'3.056″N, 107°50'37.924″E; 1545 m; 2015. VIII. 2; Leg. Li Xuankun. Paratypes: • 2 ♂♂; same data as holotype.
Head mostly yellowish, including face and frons; palpus yellowish-white; interfrontal seta long and strong; pedicel very long. Scutum with Y-shaped brown stripe extending to scutellum. Surstylus nearly “triangular” in shape. Hypandrium with two pairs of ventromedial setae.
Male. Body length 4.3–4.5 mm, Wing length 4.2–4.4 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax
(Fig.
Abdomen
brown, setae and setulae dark brown. Male genitalia (Figs
Female. Unknown.
China (Shaanxi).
The specific name “macrocera” refers to the long antennae.
The new species is similar to H. extensicornis Frey, but can be separated by the long, strong vibrissae; the interfrontal setae are also very strong and nearly parallel. In H. extensicornis Frey, the vibrissae are small and the interfrontal setae are small and crossed (
Holotype : • 1 ♂; China, Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Taibai Mt.; 1711 m; 33°57'18″N, 107°45'48″E; 2015. VII. 30; leg. Li Xuankun. Paratypes: • 1 ♂; same date as holotype.
Head mostly yellowish, palpus yellowish-white. Mesontum with 2 brown stripes extending to the anterior margin of scutellum; hypandrium with medial finger-like projection that has 2 long setae apically.
Male. Body length 4.2–4.5 mm, Wing length 4.1–4.3 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax
width 1.22 mm, mainly light yellow; with narrow brown stripe outside dorsocentral row extending to the anterior margin of scutellum (Fig.
Abdomen
brown; setae and setulae dark brown. Male genitalia (Figs
Female. Unknown.
China (Shannxi).
The specific name “latustigenis” refers to the relatively wide gena.
The new species is distinct from other species in the middle part of the hypandrium with a finger-like projection at the tip of which there are two long setae, and in the lower part of the hypandrium with two or three medium setae. The wings of the type specimen are damaged.
Holotype : • ♂; China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Xianjiudan; 27°56'13.524″N, 98°19'55.250″E; 1679 m; 2013. VII. 3; leg. Li Xuankun. Paratypes: • 2 ♂♂; same data as holotype.
Body mostly yellow. Head and thorax yellowish; palpus white; scutum with 3 indistinct brown stripes. Cerci very small, outline nearly that of an equilateral triangle, fully fused. Pregonite with 4 medial setae, lacking any other smaller setae or setulae.
Male. Body length 3.4–3.6 mm, Wing length 2.2–2.4 mm
Head
(Fig.
Thorax
width 0.98 mm, mainly yellowish with 3 indistinct brown stripes; scutellum, anepisternum and katepisternum yellowish; prescutellar seta absent; 1 postpronotal seta, 2 notopleural setae, 1 postsutural supra-alar seta, 1+2 dorsocentral setae, dark brown, the last long; intra-alar seta absent, 2 postalar setae, dark brown; 1 lateral scutellar seta, 1 apical scutellar seta, strong; 1 anepisternum seta, 1 katepisternal seta. Legs light yellow with tibiae brown. Wing (Fig.
Abdomen
dark yellow and white; setae and setulae brown. Male genitalia (Figs
Female. Unknown.
China (Yunnan).
The specific name “flavida” refers to the colour of this species, which is mostly pale yellow.
The new species is similar to H. plumosa (Sasakawa), but it differs in having a yellowish head, indistinct stripes on the scutum, and fully fused cerci. In H. plumosa (Sasakawa), the head is yellow, the thorax is more distinctly striped, and the cerci are separated (
•1 ♂; China, Hebei, Xinlong, Wulingshan, Shibatan; 40°33'34.524″N, 117°28'53.187″E; 2019. VI. 12; leg. Yang Ding; • 2 ♂♂; China, Sichuan, Pingwu, Wanglang National Natural Reserve; 32°54'29"N, 104°09'28"E; 2480 m; 2017. VIII. 1; leg. Xi Yuqiang; • 1 ♂; China, Hebei, Xinglong, Wulingshan, Dujuanfeng; 40°31'49.569″N, 117°30'26.503″E; 2019. VI. 11; leg. Yang Ding.
China (Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hebei); central Europe to Norway and Finland; eastern and northern coasts of Black Sea; central and eastern Russia, Japan, South Korea.
We are grateful to Prof. Ding Yang (Beijing), Dr Xuankun Li (Beijing), Dr Rongzhen Xu (Beijing), Dr Jinjin Ning (Beijing), Dr Yuliang Guan (Zhengzhou) for their kind help in collecting the specimens.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan (NO. 232300420010), Undergraduate teaching engineering course construction project of Henan Agricultural University (NO. 2023KC03), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31672333), the Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China (NO. 2018FY100400), the earmarked fund for CARS (NO. CARS-27) and the Natural Science Youth Innovation Fund of Henan Agricultural University (NO. KJCX 2019A11).
All authors have contributed equally.
Shuai-Lai Yang https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6813-8949
Xin-Ming Yin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-3557
Yu-Qiang Xi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-8904
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.